51
|
Sekar K, Pack A. Epidiolex as adjunct therapy for treatment of refractory epilepsy: a comprehensive review with a focus on adverse effects. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 30854190 PMCID: PMC6396837 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16515.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Medically refractory epilepsy remains an area of intense clinical and scientific interest since a significant porportion of patients continue to suffer from debilitating seizures despite available therapies. In this setting, recent studies have focused on assessing the benefits of cannabidiol (CBD)-enriched cannabis, a plant based product without psychoactive properties which has been shown to decrease seizure frequency in animal models. More recently, several randomized controlled and open label trials have studied the effects of Epidiolex, a 99% pure oral CBD extract, on patients with refractory epilepsy. This in turn has led to the FDA approval of and more recently, to the Drug Enforcement Administration's placement of Epidiolex into schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). In this review, we summarize the major findings of several recent large-scale studies using this product with a focus on its adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Sekar
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alison Pack
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Opitz BJ, Ostroff ML, Whitman AC. The Potential Clinical Implications and Importance of Drug Interactions Between Anticancer Agents and Cannabidiol in Patients With Cancer. J Pharm Pract 2019; 33:506-512. [PMID: 30776990 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019828920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify and examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between cannabidiol (CBD)-only products, such as CBD oil, and anticancer agents. A literature search of PubMed (1980 to September 2018) and the Cochrane Collection (1980 to September 2018) was performed using the following search terms: "cannabidiol," "cancer," "cannabis," "marijuana," and "interaction," as well as any combination of these terms. Literature was excluded if it did not appear in the search when limited to the "full text" filter on PubMed, if it was not published in the English language, or if it did not explore potential pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions of CBD and anticancer agents. There were 10 studies that met these inclusion criteria. The majority of the facts regarding the interactions with CBD were found using in vitro studies and the true in vivo implications are not well-known. Minimal data were available regarding the interactions between CBD and anticancer agents. However, pharmacists should always consider the possibility of interactions and their consequences whenever they are aware of a patient using CBD products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Opitz
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Marissa L Ostroff
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Arin C Whitman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Bauer FL, Donahoo WT, Hollis HW, Tsai AG, Pottorf BJ, Johnson JM, Silveira LJ, Husain FA. Marijuana's Influence on Pain Scores, Initial Weight Loss, and Other Bariatric Surgical Outcomes. Perm J 2018; 22:18-002. [PMID: 30010532 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/18-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pain management can be challenging following bariatric surgery, and patients with obesity tend to increase opioid use after undergoing surgery. This report quantifies marijuana (MJ) use and its relationship to pain and other surgery-related outcomes in a population from a state that has legalized MJ. METHODS Data were collected for consecutive patients undergoing weight reduction surgeries between May 1, 2014 and July 31, 2015. Demographics, preoperative comorbidities, medications, and perioperative opioid use were analyzed. The primary outcome evaluated was inpatient opioid pain medication use quantified using natural log morphine equivalents. Secondary outcomes included percentage of total body weight loss after three months, postoperative complications, and changes in medical comorbidities. RESULTS A total of 434 patients, among whom 36 (8.3%) reported MJ use, comprised the study population. Perioperative opioid requirements were significantly higher in the MJ-user group (natural log morphine equivalents of 3.92 vs 3.52, p = 0.0015) despite lower subjective pain scores (3.70 vs 4.24, p = 0.07). MJ use did not affect percentage of 90-day total body weight loss, development of postoperative complications, or improvement in medical comorbidities. CONCLUSION Perioperative opioid use was significantly higher in the MJ-user group despite lower subjective pain scores. The difference in opioid requirements suggests an interaction between MJ use and opioid tolerance or pain threshold. The percentage of total body weight loss, improvement in medical comorbidity, and incidence of postoperative complications at 90-day follow-up were not affected by MJ use in this cohort analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Bauer
- At the time of this study a Surgeon in the Department of Graduate Medical Education General Surgery at Saint Joseph Hospital in Denver, CO.
| | - William T Donahoo
- At the time of this study an Attending Physician in the Department of Metabolic-Surgical Weight Management at Kaiser Permanente Colorado, and a Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism at the University of Florida in Gainesville.
| | - Harris W Hollis
- At the time of this study a Senior Research Advisor in the Department of Graduate Medical Education General Surgery at Saint Joseph Hospital in Denver, CO.
| | - Adam G Tsai
- Attending Physician in the Department of Metabolic-Surgical Weight Management at Kaiser Permanente Colorado.
| | - Brian J Pottorf
- Attending General Surgeon at Longmont United Hospital in Longmont, CO.
| | - Jason M Johnson
- Program Director of the General Surgery Residency in the Department of Graduate Medical Education General Surgery at Saint Joseph Hospital in Denver, CO.
| | | | - Farah A Husain
- At the time of this study an Attending Physician in the Department of Metabolic-Surgical Weight Management at Kaiser Permanente Colorado, and an Assistant Professor of Surgery in the Bariatric Surgery Division in the Department of Surgery at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Slaven
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oren Levine
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Prester L, Mikolić A, Jurič A, Fuchs N, Neuberg M, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Brčić Karačonji I. Effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on irinotecan-induced clinical effects in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 294:128-134. [PMID: 30130528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of the great interest for research on the potential use of cannabis preparations as co-medication for alleviation of toxic effects in cancer management, we investigated the influence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) to modulate irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced toxicity. Male Wistar rats were treated either with a single irinotecan intraperitoneal dose, 100 mg/kg body-weight (b.w.), or with irinotecan in combination with THC (7 mg/kg b.w., p.o., administered repeatedly for 1, 3 and 7 days). Serial blood samples were obtained up to seven days after dosing and were analyzed for complete blood count and biochemical parameters (liver enzymes, creatinine, inflammatory markers, and lipid status). Serial urine samples were collected in the first 24 h to monitor the time-course of THC metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (THC-COOH) excretion with concomitant irinotecan treatment or without. Both irinotecan and irinotecan + Δ9-THC administration caused moderate leukopenia but a greater decrease in leukocyte count was observed in the irinotecan + Δ9-THC treated compared to the single irinotecan suggesting higher cytotoxic effects in combined treatment. Irinotecan treatment induced elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in rats without diarrheal symptoms and without an increase in circulating pro-inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, the elevation of AST was not observed in the irinotecan + Δ9-THC group. The median creatinine-corrected urinary THC-COOH concentration was higher in the irinotecan + THC group compared to the THC-only group in a time-dependent manner, suggesting a possible early interaction between cannabinoids and irinotecan. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of cannabinoids particularly on hematological toxicity, irinotecan metabolism and their role as a possible modifiable factor among irinotecan-treated hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ljerka Prester
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Mikolić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Jurič
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Fuchs
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Balayssac D, Pereira B, Darfeuille M, Cuq P, Vernhet L, Collin A, Vennat B, Authier N. Use of Psychotropic Medications and Illegal Drugs, and Related Consequences Among French Pharmacy Students - SCEP Study: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:725. [PMID: 30065649 PMCID: PMC6056660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of psychotropic medications and illegal drugs is a worldwide public health issue, leading to addiction, psychiatric and somatic disorders, and death. Pharmacy students are more exposed to psychotropic medications than other students (non-medical), which could lead to an overuse. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychotropic drug use (medications and illegal drugs) by French pharmacy students, by carrying out a nationwide cross-sectional study. The relation of these medications and illegal drug use with several comorbidities and academic achievement was also assessed. Methods: This online survey was performed by emails sent to all French pharmacy faculties over a period of 66 days (March 16, 2016 to May 20, 2016). The survey assessed the prevalence of uses of psychotropic medications and illegal drugs during the last 3 months. These uses were compared to student characteristics (personal and university) and comorbidities (anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue). Results: Of the 2,609 questionnaires received, 2,575 were completed and useable for the analysis. Among French pharmacy students and during the 3 last months, 9.4% have used psychotropic medications, 21.5% illegal drugs and 3.3% both psychotropic medications and illegal drugs. Psychotropic medications were used in the cases of a medical prescription (49.0%), a self-medication (42.4%) or a non-medical intent (26.3%). Stress scores of the last 7 days were higher for psychotropic medication users compared to non-users and illegal drug users. Proportions of anxiety and depression at the time of answer were higher for psychotropic medication users than for non-users and illegal drug users. Fatigue scores of the last 7 days were lower for illegal drug users compared to non-users and self-medicated students. Annual average marks of the last year, attendance and perception of study difficulty were lower for illegal drug users than for non-users. Conclusion: French pharmacy students were less exposed to psychotropic medications and illegal drugs than the general French population. However, in comparison to other students in other countries, the use of psychotropic medications seemed to be lower, but with a proportionally higher use of anxiety/sedative medications and a lower use of opioid medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Balayssac
- Inserm U1107, NEURO-DOL, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maxime Darfeuille
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Cuq
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Vernhet
- UMR Inserm 1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aurore Collin
- Inserm U1107, NEURO-DOL, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brigitte Vennat
- ACCePPT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Authier
- Inserm U1107, NEURO-DOL, Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pharmacologie Médicale, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Müller HH, Kornhuber J, Sperling W. The behavioral profile of spice and synthetic cannabinoids in humans. Brain Res Bull 2015; 126:3-7. [PMID: 26548494 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of synthetic cannabinoids (spice) is increasing. The number of descriptions of (new) clinical side effects is also increasing. We screened relevant publications for articles about spice with a focus on the clinical manifestations of the use of this drug. Spice creates diffuse psychiatric and somatic effects that are only partially similar to those of natural cannabinoids. Most of the observed effects are related to sympathomimetic-cardiac effects and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Clinical treatment is primarily based on intensive apparative and laboratory monitoring and supportive therapy. Because the exact active ingredients of spice are often difficult to determine with standard specific toxicology testing, the assessment and analysis of consumed substances by specialized laboratories is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge H Müller
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Head of Department: Prof. Dr. Alexandra Philipsen), Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Hermann-Ehlers-Straße 7, D-26160 Bad Zwischenahn, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sperling
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|