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Explaining use of food parenting practices: the importance of predisposing factors and parental cognitions. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:2355-2363. [PMID: 28703083 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high energy intake from energy-dense foods among children in developed countries is undesirable. Improving food parenting practices has the potential to lower snack intakes among children. To inform the development of interventions, we aimed to predict food parenting practice patterns around snacking (i.e. 'high covert control and rewarding', 'low covert control and non-rewarding', 'high involvement and supportive' and 'low involvement and indulgent'). DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted. To predict the patterns of food parenting practices, multinomial logistic regression analyses were run with 888 parents. Predictors included predisposing factors (i.e. parents' and children's demographics and BMI, parents' personality, general parenting, and parenting practices used by their own parents) and parents' cognitions (i.e. perceived behaviour of other parents, subjective norms, attitudes, self-efficacy and outcome expectations). SETTING The Netherlands (October-November 2014). SUBJECTS Dutch parents of children aged 4-12 years old. RESULTS After backward elimination, nineteen factors had a statistically significant contribution to the model (Nagelkerke R 2=0·63). Overall, self-efficacy and outcome expectations were among the strongest explanatory factors. Considering the predisposing factors only, the general parenting factor nurturance most strongly predicted the food parenting clusters. Nurturance particularly distinguished highly involved parents from parents employing a pattern of low involvement. CONCLUSIONS Parental cognitions and nurturance are important factors to explain the use of food parenting practices around snacking. The results suggest that intervention developers should attempt to increase self-efficacy and educate parents about what constitute effective and ineffective parenting practices. Promoting nurturance might be a prerequisite to achieve prolonged change.
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Abstract
People who are overweight or have obesity are estimated to comprise 30% of the global population and up to 59% of companion dogs and cats are estimated to be above their optimal body weight. The prevalence of human and companion obesity is increasing. The direct and indirect costs of obesity and associated comorbidities are significant for human and veterinary healthcare. There are numerous similarities between obesity in people and companion animals, likely related to the shared environmental and lifestyle elements of this multifactorial disease. While the study of human obesity is relatively robust, research conducted in pets is generally limited to small studies, studies with cross-sectional designs or reports that have yet to be replicated. Greater understanding of human obesity may elucidate some of the factors driving the more recent rise in pet obesity. In particular, there are overlapping features of obesity in children and pets that are, in part, related to dependency on their 'parents' for care and feeding. When feeding is used in a coercive and controlling fashion, it may lead to undesirable feeding behaviour and increase the risk for obesity. A 'responsive parenting' intervention teaches parents to respond appropriately to hunger-satiety cues and to recognize and respond to others' distress. Such interventions may impact on childhood overweight and obesity and have the potential to be adapted for use with companion animals. Social behaviour towards people with obesity or owners of pets with obesity is often driven by beliefs about the cause of the obesity. Educating healthcare professionals and the public about the multifactorial nature of this complex disease process is a fundamental step in reducing the bias and stigma associated with obesity. Children living in low-income households have particularly high rates of obesity and as household income falls, rates of obesity also rise in pets and their owners. There are risk regulators (i.e. dynamic components of interconnected systems that influence obesity-related behaviours) and internal factors (i.e. biological determinants of obesity) that may influence the development of both childhood and pet obesity, and poverty may intersect with these variables to exacerbate obesity in low-income environments. This review discusses the costs, behaviours and psychology related to obesity in people and pets, and also proposes potential techniques that can be considered for prevention and treatment of this disease in pets. A 'One Health' approach to obesity suggests that an understanding of human obesity may elucidate some of the factors driving the more recent rise in pet obesity.
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Diep CS, Leung R, Thompson DI, Gor BJ, Baranowski T. Culture and Diet Among Chinese American Children Aged 9-13 Years: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 49:275-284.e1. [PMID: 28027858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine Chinese American children's behaviors, food preferences, and cultural influences on their diet. DESIGN Qualitative individual interviews using constructs from the proposed model of dietary acculturation. SETTING Community centers and Chinese schools in Houston, TX. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five Chinese American children aged 9-13 years. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST Diet, favorite restaurants, and parents' cooking and grocery shopping habits. ANALYSIS Content analysis and thematic data analysis to identify code categories and themes. Coders also identified patterns based on demographic and acculturation factors. RESULTS Overall, participants described their diets and associated behaviors as Asian and non-Asian. Key themes included preference for Asian and non-Asian foods; consumption of non-Asian foods for breakfast and lunch, but Asian foods for dinner; infrequent dining at restaurants; grocery shopping at Asian and non-Asian stores; and familial influences on diet. Acculturated children and children of higher socioeconomic status appeared to prefer and consume a more Westernized/non-Asian diet. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Results illustrate that Chinese American children in this study practiced both Asian and non-Asian dietary behaviors. Findings corroborated existing acculturation research with parents and caregivers; supported constructs in the model of dietary acculturation; and provide guidance for research and programs related to dietary behaviors, determinants, and culture among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra S Diep
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Randall Leung
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Debbe I Thompson
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Beverly J Gor
- Office of Planning, Evaluation and Research for Effectiveness, Houston Health Department, Houston, TX
| | - Tom Baranowski
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Bruening M, McClain D, Moramarco M, Reifsnider E. The Role of SNAP in Home Food Availability and Dietary Intake among WIC Participants Facing Unstable Housing. Public Health Nurs 2017; 34:219-228. [PMID: 28084013 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little nutrition research has been conducted among families with unstable housing. The objective of this study was to examine the role of food stamps (i.e., Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SNAP) in home food availability and dietary intake among WIC families who experienced unstable housing. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Cross-sectional study among vulnerable families. Low-income, multiethnic families with children participating in WIC (n = 54). MEASURES Dietary intake was assessed with 24-hr recalls. Home food availability was assessed with an adapted home food inventory for low-income, multiethnic families. Validation results from adapted home food inventory for these families are also reported. RESULTS SNAP households had more foods than non-SNAP households; few significant associations were observed between food availability and child dietary intake. CONCLUSIONS With few exceptions, the home food environment was not related to children's dietary intake among these vulnerable families. More research is needed on food access for families facing unstable housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Bruening
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Darya McClain
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Michael Moramarco
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth Reifsnider
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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Gerards SMPL, Niermann C, Gevers DWM, Eussen N, Kremers SPJ. Context matters! The relationship between mother-reported family nutrition climate, general parenting, food parenting practices and children's BMI. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1018. [PMID: 27677380 PMCID: PMC5039910 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to explain children’s nutrition behavior or weight often involve investigating the parent-child relationship, typically studying the associations between food parenting practices (FPPs) and child outcomes. However, these behaviors are embedded in a broader system: general parenting (GP, the general emotional climate at home), and the family health climate (an aspect of the broader family system in the context of health). In the current study, we combined the parent-child measures of parenting (FPPs and GP) and the nutritional dimension of the family health climate (family nutrition climate, FNC) to get a broader view of how these concepts are interrelated. The current study had two aims: predicting FPPs using GP and FNC as predictor variables, and investigating the relationship between FPPs and children’s weight in different groups of parents, based on low and high GP and FNC scores. Methods We collected cross-sectional data via an online survey panel. Mothers of 267 children aged 5–12 years filled out a questionnaire assessing demographics (e.g., children’s weight and height), GP, FPPs, and FNC. Bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated between all constructs. Structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypothesized relationships between GP, FNC and FPPs. Hereafter, different groups of parents were identified, using median split, based on a low or high score on GP or a low or high score on FNC. Bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated between FPPs and children’s BMI z-score for these different groups. Results GP and FNC were consistently positively correlated (all r’s ≥.177), and both concepts were positively associated with healthy FPPs (all r’s ≥.214). In families with a positive context (i.e. scoring high on GP and on FNC), healthy FPPs were associated with lower BMI z-scores of the children (r -.229). This association was not found for children with a more negative family context. Conclusions FNC and GP are valuable additional concepts to investigate relationships between FPPs and child outcomes. We recommend that more studies, next to investigating the parent-child system, include a measure of the broader family system, in order to get a broader view of the mechanisms explaining child health behaviors and weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M P L Gerards
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Christina Niermann
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dorus W M Gevers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Eussen
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stef P J Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Warkentin S, Mais LA, Latorre MDRDDO, Carnell S, Taddei JADAC. Validation of the comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire in parents of preschool children in Brazil. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:603. [PMID: 27435192 PMCID: PMC4952239 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent national surveys in Brazil have demonstrated a decrease in the consumption of traditional food and a parallel increase in the consumption of ultra-processed food, which has contributed to a rise in obesity prevalence in all age groups. Environmental factors, especially familial factors, have a strong influence on the food intake of preschool children, and this has led to the development of psychometric scales to measure parents' feeding practices. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a translated and adapted Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire in a sample of Brazilian preschool-aged children enrolled in private schools. METHODS A transcultural adaptation process was performed in order to develop a modified questionnaire (43 items). After piloting, the questionnaire was sent to parents, along with additional questions about family characteristics. Test-retest reliability was assessed in one of the schools. Factor analysis with oblique rotation was performed. Internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha and correlations between factors, discriminant validity using marker variables of child's food intake, and convergent validity via correlations with parental perceptions of perceived responsibility for feeding and concern about the child's weight were also performed. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 402 preschool children. Factor analysis resulted in a final questionnaire of 43 items distributed over 6 factors. Cronbach alpha values were adequate (0.74 to 0.88), between-factor correlations were low, and discriminant validity and convergent validity were acceptable. CONCLUSIONS The modified CFPQ demonstrated significant internal reliability in this urban Brazilian sample. Scale validation within different cultures is essential for a more comprehensive understanding of parental feeding practices for preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Warkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Discipline of Nutrology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Loefgreen, 1647, CEP: 04040-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laís Amaral Mais
- Department of Pediatrics, Discipline of Nutrology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Loefgreen, 1647, CEP: 04040-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Susan Carnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
This paper describes the epidemiologic evidence linking parent-child relationships, self-regulation, and weight status with a focus on early childhood. The emotional quality of parent-child interactions may influence children's risk for obesity through multiple pathways. Prospective studies linking observer ratings of young children's self-regulation, particularly inhibitory control, to future weight status are discussed. Although findings are preliminary, promoting positive relationships between parents/caregivers and young children holds promise as a component of efforts to prevent childhood obesity. Multi-disciplinary collaborations between researchers with training in developmental science and child health should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 336 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, Ph. # 614 688 3600; Fax # 614 688-3533,
| | - Sarah A. Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205, Ph. #614 722 2000,
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Miller A, Franzen-Castle L, Aguirre T, Krehbiel M, Colby S, Kattelmann K, Olfert MD, Mathews D, White A. Food-related behavior and intake of adult main meal preparers of 9–10 year-old children participating in iCook 4-H: A five-state childhood obesity prevention pilot study. Appetite 2016; 101:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Khandpur N, Charles J, Blaine RE, Blake C, Davison K. Diversity in fathers' food parenting practices: A qualitative exploration within a heterogeneous sample. Appetite 2016; 101:134-45. [PMID: 26930383 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food parenting practices (FPPs) are important in shaping children's dietary behaviors. However, existing FPP knowledge is largely based on research with mothers. PURPOSE This study (1) identified fathers' FPPs; (2) described differences in FPP use by fathers' education and residential status. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 fathers (39 ± 9.1 years; 37.5% non-residential; 40% ≥college education). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. NVivo 10 was used for theme detection, categorization and classification using inductive and deductive approaches. FPPs were identified and their relative distribution was examined across education and residential status. RESULTS Twenty FPPs were identified - 13 responsive practices and 7 unresponsive practices. Having food rules was the most common responsive FPP (81.5%), followed by feeding on schedule (60%) and making healthy food accessible (60%). Common unresponsive FPPs were letting child dictate preferences (70%), incentivizing food consumption (60%) and pressuring the child to eat (35%). Compared to fathers with a college education, more fathers without a college education reported letting child dictate preferences (92% vs. 37%), educating their children about food (37% vs 12%), fewer reported feeding on schedule (50% vs. 75%), modeling healthy practices (29% vs. 50%), and using distraction to feed (4% vs. 37%). Compared to residential fathers, more non-residential fathers monitored (60% vs. 40%) or encouraged (60% vs. 36%) child food intake and let child dictate preferences (87% vs. 60%). CONCLUSIONS Fathers used an extensive variety of FPPs, similar to those identified in mothers. Further study on the influence of fathers' education and residential status on FPP use is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Khandpur
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jo Charles
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel E Blaine
- California State University, Long Beach, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Christine Blake
- University of South Carolina, Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kirsten Davison
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Doub AE, Small M, Birch L. An Exploratory Analysis of Child Feeding Beliefs and Behaviors Included in Food Blogs Written by Mothers of Preschool-Aged Children. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 48:93-103.e1. [PMID: 26601887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed child feeding beliefs and behaviors, types of recipes, and their associations in blogs focused on child feeding. DESIGN The authors selected 13 blogs using purposive snowball sampling, from which 158 blog posts were sampled and coded using directed qualitative content analysis. VARIABLES MEASURED Child feeding beliefs and behaviors and types of recipes were coded using schemes developed from existing literature. ANALYSIS Code frequencies were calculated. Chi-square tests for independence examined associations between child feeding and recipe codes. Bonferroni corrections were applied: P < .05/(n tests). RESULTS Child feeding beliefs and behaviors were coded in 78% and 49% of posts, respectively. Beliefs about children's food preferences (48% of posts) and involving children in food preparation (27% of posts) were the most frequent codes. Recipes were included in 66% of posts. Most recipes were for mixed dishes (32% of recipes), followed by sweets and desserts (19% of recipes). Vegetable recipes were more likely in posts that included behavior encouraging balance and variety (χ2 [1, n = 104] = 18.54; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Blog posts contained information that may influence readers' child feeding practices. Future research should explore how mothers use blogs to learn about child feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Doub
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
| | - Meg Small
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center for the Promotion of Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Leann Birch
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Shloim N, Edelson LR, Martin N, Hetherington MM. Parenting Styles, Feeding Styles, Feeding Practices, and Weight Status in 4-12 Year-Old Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1849. [PMID: 26696920 PMCID: PMC4677105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood is a critical period in the development of obesity. Eating patterns established early in life track into later life. Therefore, parental approaches to feeding in their general parenting style, feeding styles, and specific feeding practices will have a profound impact on how children eat and grow. A systematic research review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify, discuss and integrate recent research investigating the relationship between parenting styles, feeding styles, feeding practices, and body mass index (BMI) in children. Medline (Ovid), PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Food Science and Technology Abstracts were systematically searched using sensitive search strategies. Studies were limited to papers published in English between 2010 and February 2015 with participants aged 4–12 years old with outcomes including obesity, change in weight, or BMI. The search yielded 31 relevant quantitative peer-reviewed papers meeting all inclusion criteria: seven longitudinal, 23 cross-sectional, one randomized control trial. Associations between parenting style and child BMI were strongest and most consistent within the longitudinal studies. Uninvolved, indulgent or highly protective parenting was associated with higher child BMI, whereas authoritative parenting was associated with a healthy BMI. Similarly for feeding styles, indulgent feeding was consistently associated with risk of obesity within cross-sectional studies. Specific feeding practices such as restriction and pressure to eat were linked to BMI, especially within cross-sectional studies. Where child traits were measured, the feeding practice appeared to be responsive to the child, therefore restriction was applied to children with a high BMI and pressure to eat applied to children with a lower BMI. Behaviors and styles that are specific to the feeding context are consistently associated with child BMI. However, since obesity emerges over time, it is through longitudinal, carefully measured (through questionnaire and observation) studies which take account of child appetite and temperament that the association between parenting style, feeding style, specific feeding practices, and child obesity will be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netalie Shloim
- Biopsychology Group: Human Nutrition, School of Psychology, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - Lisa R Edelson
- Behavior and Perception, Nestlé Research Center Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Martin
- Behavior and Perception, Nestlé Research Center Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion M Hetherington
- Biopsychology Group: Human Nutrition, School of Psychology, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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Doub AE, Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Infant and maternal predictors of early life feeding decisions. The timing of solid food introduction. Appetite 2015; 92:261-8. [PMID: 26025089 PMCID: PMC4499500 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is limited research on the maternal and infant characteristics associated with the timing of solid food introduction. The current study examined how maternal feeding style and infant temperament independently and interactively predicted the age at which infants were introduced to solid food. Data from 115 predominately white, middle-class mothers were collected when infants were 4 and 6 months of age. The timing of solid food introduction was positively correlated with mothers' age, education, breastfeeding at 4 months, self-reported responsiveness to infants' hunger and satiety cues, and negatively correlated with mothers' pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), beliefs about feeding infants solid food prior to 6 months of age, and infants' temperamental motor reactivity. When controlling for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, and milk feeding method at 4 months, the timing of solid food introduction was negatively predicted by mothers' beliefs about feeding solid food prior to 6 months of age. Exploratory interaction analyses suggested that infant temperament marginally moderated maternal feeding style in predicting the timing of solid food introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Doub
- 315 Health and Human Development-East Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Kameron J. Moding
- 315 Health and Human Development-East Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Stifter
- 308 Health & Human Development-East Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, United States
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the state of the art regarding the field of health promotion in the context of childhood obesity prevention in order to learn how we can better prevent childhood obesity. Challenges have been identified that exist within the different steps of health promotion programme development and implementation. Important steps forward include studying behaviours and determinants of behaviours as clusters, upgrading the importance of distal environmental factors in modelling determinants and understanding determinants as a dynamic system: a complex of interacting elements. An important note is that the process of implementation and the analysis thereof should more often come before the analysis of behaviours and the determinants of behaviour. In applied research, the expertise from the 'real world' practitioners should be used in an early stage to find out whether the answers on research questions really help us in preventing childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L S Visscher
- Research Centre for the Prevention of Overweight, Zwolle Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and VU University Amsterdam, PO Box 10090, 8000GB, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
| | - Stef P J Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Gevers DWM, Kremers SPJ, de Vries NK, van Assema P. Patterns of Food Parenting Practices and Children's Intake of Energy-Dense Snack Foods. Nutrients 2015; 7:4093-106. [PMID: 26024296 PMCID: PMC4488774 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous studies of parental influences on children's diets included just a single or a few types of food parenting practices, while parents actually employ multiple types of practices. Our objective was to investigate the clustering of parents regarding food parenting practices and to characterize the clusters in terms of background characteristics and children's intake of energy-dense snack foods. A sample of Dutch parents of children aged 4-12 was recruited by a research agency to fill out an online questionnaire. A hierarchical cluster analysis (n = 888) was performed, followed by k-means clustering. ANOVAs, ANCOVAs and chi-square tests were used to investigate associations between cluster membership, parental and child background characteristics, as well as children's intake of energy-dense snack foods. Four distinct patterns were discovered: "high covert control and rewarding", "low covert control and non-rewarding", "high involvement and supportive" and "low involvement and indulgent". The "high involvement and supportive" cluster was found to be most favorable in terms of children's intake. Several background factors characterized cluster membership. This study expands the current knowledge about parental influences on children's diets. Interventions should focus on increasing parental involvement in food parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorus W M Gevers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands.
| | - Stef P J Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanne K de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands.
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands.
| | - Patricia van Assema
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands.
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