51
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Rees D, Noctor GD, Horton P. The effect of high-energy-state excitation quenching on maximum and dark level chlorophyll fluorescence yield. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 25:199-211. [PMID: 24420350 DOI: 10.1007/bf00033161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1989] [Accepted: 05/09/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The quenching of variable fluorescence yield (qN) and the quenching of dark level fluorescence yield (q0) directly atributable to high-energy-state fluorescence quenching (qE) was studied to distinguish between energy dissipation in the antenna and light harvesting complexes (antenna quenching) and energy dissipation at the reaction centres (reaction centre quenching). A consistent relationship was obtained between qN and q0 in barley leaves, the green alga Dunaliella C9AA and in pea thylakoids with 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DAD) as mediator of cyclic electron flow around PS 1. This correlated well with the relationship obtained using m-dinitrobenzene (DNB), a chemical model for antenna quenching, to quench fluorescence in Dunaliella C9AA or pea thylakoids. The results also correlated reasonably well with theoretical predictions by the Butler model for antenna quenching, but did not correlate with the predictions for reaction centre quenching. It is postulated that qE quenching therefore occures in the antenna and light harvesting complexes, and that the small deviation from the Butler prediction is due to PS 2 heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rees
- Robert Hill Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sheffield University, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
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52
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Horton P, Lee P, Fernyhough P. Emerson enhancement, photosynthetic control and protein phosphorylation in isolated maize mesophyll chloroplasts; dependence upon carbon metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90147-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Lee CB, Rees D, Horton P. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the green alga Dunaliella. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 24:167-173. [PMID: 24419909 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/1989] [Accepted: 11/16/1989] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The relaxation of the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence has been investigated in cells of the green alga Dunaliella following illumination. The relaxation after the addition of DCMU or darkening was strongly biphasic. The uncoupler NH4Cl induced rapid relaxation of both phases, which were therefore both energy-dependent quenching, qE. The proportion of the slow phase of qE increased at increasing light intensity. In the presence of the inhibitors rotenone and antimycin the slow phase of qE was stabilised for in excess of 15 min. NaN3 inhibited the relaxation of almost all the qE. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo and the mechanism of qE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Lee
- Robert Hill Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
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54
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Rees D, Horton P. The mechanisms of changes in Photosystem II efficiency in spinach thylakoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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55
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Allen JF, Harrison MA, Holmes NG. Protein phosphorylation and control of excitation energy transfer in photosynthetic purple bacteria and cyanobacteria. Biochimie 1989; 71:1021-8. [PMID: 2512993 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(89)90106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The function of phosphorylation of light-harvesting polypeptides is well characterised in chloroplasts of green plants, but the prokaryotic cyanobacteria and purple photosynthetic bacteria have quite different light-harvesting polypeptides whose structure and function cannot be controlled in precisely the same way. Nevertheless, cyanobacteria show light-dependent phosphorylation of membrane polypeptides associated with photosystem II and with the light-harvesting phycobilisome, and purple bacteria show light-dependent phosphorylation of low molecular-weight chromatophore membrane polypeptides. In both cases membrane protein phosphorylation is associated with functional changes observed by chlorophyll fluorescence spectroscopy or chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics. Here we report on our recent protein sequence and other data concerning the identities of these phosphoproteins. We also discuss the significance of these findings for regulation by protein phosphorylation of photosynthesis in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Allen
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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56
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Oxborough K, Horton P. A study of the regulation and function of energy-dependent quenching in pea chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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57
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Zucchelli G, Garlaschi FM, Jennings RC. Influence of electrostatic screening by cations on energy coupling between Photosystem II reaction centres and the light-harvesting chlorophyll ab protein complex II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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58
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Chloroplast thylakoid protein phosphorylation is influenced by mutations in the cytochrome bf complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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59
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Packham NK. Is the 9 kDa thylakoid membrane phosphoprotein functionally and structurally analogous to the 'H' subunit of bacterial reaction centres? FEBS Lett 1988; 231:284-90. [PMID: 3282925 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the amino acid sequence of the 9 kDa (phospho)protein of chloroplasts has been determined, the function of this thylakoid membrane protein in photosynthetic electron transport and the reason for its physiological control remains unclear. In this paper, I briefly review the evidence which indicates that the phosphorylation of the 9 kDa protein results in a partial inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by increasing the stability of the semiquinone bound to QA the primary, plastoquinone-binding site of photosystem II (PS II). I propose that in its dephosphorylated state, the 9 kDa thylakoid membrane protein may serve PS II to ensure efficient photochemical charge separation by aiding the transfer of reducing equivalents out of the reaction centre to the attendant plastoquinone pool. This function is analogous to that proposed for the H-subunit of the reaction centre of photosynthetic eubacteria. Whether these two proteins have evolved from a common ancestral reaction centre protein is discussed in the light of a comparison of their amino acid sequences and predicted secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Packham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
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60
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Allen JF, Melis A. The rate of P-700 photooxidation under continuous illumination is independent of State 1-State 2 transitions in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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61
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Horton P, Hague A. Studies on the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated barley protoplasts. IV. Resolution of non-photochemical quenching. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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62
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Phosphorylation of the 9 kDa Photosystem II-associated protein and the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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63
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Black MT, Meyer D, Widger WR, Cramer WA. Light-regulated methylation of chloroplast proteins. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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64
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Laasch H. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts under conditions of stressed photosynthesis. PLANTA 1987; 171:220-226. [PMID: 24227329 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/1986] [Accepted: 01/06/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence after short-time light, heat and osmotic stress was investigated with intact chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea L. The proportions of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (q N ) which are related (q E ) and unrelated (q I ) to the transthylakoid proton gradient (ΔpH) were determined. Light stress resulted in an increasing contribution of q Ito total q N.The linear dependence of q. Eand ΔpH, as seen in controls, was maintained. The mechanisms underlying this type of quenching are obviously unaffected by photoin-hibition. In constrast, q Ewas severely affected by heat and osmotic stress. In low light, the response of q Eto changes in ΔpH was enhanced, whereas it was reduced in high light. The data are discussed with reference to the hypothesis that q Eis related to thermal dissipation of excitation energy from photosystem II. It is shown that q Eis not only controlled by ΔpH, but also by external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laasch
- Botanisches Institut der Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-4000, Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
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65
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66
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Heil WG, Senger H. Correlation between thylakoid protein phosphorylation and molecular organization of the photosynthetic apparatus in a dynamic system. PLANTA 1987; 170:362-369. [PMID: 24232966 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1986] [Accepted: 09/08/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In-vitro thylakoid protein phosphorylation has been studied in synchronized cells of Scenedesmus obliquus at the 8- and 16-h of the life cycle, stages which are characterized by the maximum and minimum photosynthetic activities, respectively. The stage of maximum photosynthetic activity (8-h) is characterized by the highest protein phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo, by the largest proportion of the heavy subfraction of thylakoids, and by maximum oligomerization of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex, altogether creating the highest energy charge of the thylakoid membranes. Protein phosphorylation in vitro decreases the amount of the heavy subfraction and increases the amount of oligomerization of the antenna of photosystem I (PSI) (increase of chlorophyll b in the light fraction). Concomittantly, PSII units become smaller (longer time for the rise in fluorescence induction) and photosynthetic efficiency increases (decrease of fluorescence yield). In-vivo protein phosphorylation is controlled mainly endogenously during the 8-h of the life cycle but is exogenously modulated by light to optimize the photosynthetic activity by redistribution of pigment-protein complexes. In-vitro protein phosphorylation seems to restore partially the conditions prevalent in vivo and lost during the preparation of membranes. The effect is greater in 16-h cells which have less-stable membranes. The regulatory mechanism between membrane stabilization and oligomerization on the one hand and redistribution of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex from PSII to PSI on the other hand remains unexplained. We have confirmed that the mechanism of protein phosphorylation is regulated via plastohydroquinone, but experiments with the plastohydroquinone analogue 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-benzoquinone demonstrated that plastohydroquinone is not solely responsible for the differences in protein phosphorylation of 8- and 16-h thylakoids. The inhibitory effect of ADP and the distinct rates of kinase reaction indicate that the adenylate energy charge and changes in the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus also contribute to the observed differences in protein phosphorylation. Phosphorylation in the presence of 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea indicated that the 32-kDa phosphoprotein and the herbicide-binding QB protein may be the same. These experiments also indicated that 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-binding reduces kinase activity directly and not only by inhibiting electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Heil
- Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes, D-6650, Homburg/Saar
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67
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Williams WP, Allen JF. State 1/State 2 changes in higher plants and algae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 13:19-45. [PMID: 24435719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1986] [Accepted: 01/21/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current ideas regarding the molecular basis of State 1/State 2 transitions in higher plants and green algae are mainly centered around the view that excitation energy distribution is controlled by phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC-II). The evidence supporting this view is examined and the relationship of the transitions occurring in these systems to the corresponding transitions seen in red and blue-green algae is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London (KQC), Kensington Campus, Campden Hill, W8 7AH, London
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68
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Black MT, Lee P, Horton P. Changes in topography and function of thylakoid membranes following membrane protein phosphorylation. PLANTA 1986; 168:330-336. [PMID: 24232141 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/1985] [Accepted: 02/18/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in topography and function of pea (Pisum sativum L.) thylakoid membrane fractions following membrane protein phosphorylation have been studied. After protein phosphorylation the stromal membrane fraction had a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio, an increased content of light-harvesting chlorophyll protein and a higher ratio of chlorophyll to cytochrome f. This indicates that a pool of light-harvesting chlorophyll protein migrates from the photosystem II-enriched grana regions to the photosystem I-enriched stroma lamellae, in agreement with Kyle et al. (1984, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 765, 89-96) and Larsson et al. (1983, Eur. J. Biochem. 136, 25-29). Phosphorylation caused a stimulation in the rate of light-limited photosystem-I electron transfer in the unappressed membrane fraction, indicating that the translocated LHC-II becomes functionally associated with photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Black
- Research Institute for Photosynthesis, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
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69
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Mullineaux CW, Boult M, Sanders CE, Allen JF. Fluorescence induction transients indicate altered absorption cross-section during light-state transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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70
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Jennings RC, Islam K, Zucchelli G. Spinach-thylakoid phosphorylation: Studies on the kinetics of changes in photosystem antenna size, spill-over and phosphorylation of light-harvesting chlorophyll ab protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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71
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Ley AC, Mauzerall DC. The extent of energy transfer among Photosystem II reaction centers in Chlorella. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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72
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73
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Jennings RC, Zucchelli G. Studies on thylakoid phosphorylation and noncyclic electron transport. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 246:108-13. [PMID: 3516071 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of thylakoid phosphorylation on noncyclic electron transport in spinach chloroplasts was investigated by measuring both the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and the steady-state redox level of the primary electron acceptor quinone of photosystem II (Q) during electron flow to NADP. These data are compared with the theoretical predictions for an electron transport model which relates both the redox levels of Q and the photosystem II optical cross section to the overall velocity of noncyclic electron flow. It is demonstrated that transfer of 15-20% of the photosystem II antenna to photosystem I may stimulate electron flow to NADP only if Q is less than 60-70% oxidized (this condition exists with our thylakoids, even at extremely low absorption fluxes, when the illumination is not specifically enriched in photosystem I absorbed wavelengths); in phosphorylated thylakoids the steady-state redox level Q is substantially shifted to a more oxidized one (measurements of this parameter using light of different wavelengths quantitatively support the idea that thylakoid phosphorylation leads to increased photosystem I and decreased photosystem II cross sections); thylakoid phosphorylation leads to stimulated noncyclic electron flow to NADP only when the increased photosystem I antenna is able to bring about large increases in the steady-state level of oxidized Q.
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74
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Modification of the interaction between Photosystem II and the light-harvesting chlorophyll ab-protein complex by protein phosphorylation in developing wheat thylakoids exhibiting different degrees of lateral heterogeneity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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75
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Barber J. Regulation of energy transfer by cations and protein phosphorylation in relation to thylakoid membrane organisation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:243-253. [PMID: 24435371 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A brief review is given of the state of knowledge which indicates that the State I-State II transition in higher plants and green algae is due to the reversible phosphorylation of the chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complex. The importance of membrane reorganisational changes in this process is discussed in terms of changes in electrostatic parameters as emphasised by the interplay of the effect of phosphorylation and the background levels of cations surrounding the membrane. It is argued that recognition of this interplay is vital when using the bipartite or tripartite models of Butler to obtain quantitative information of energy transfer between the various pigment complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barber
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2BB, London, UK
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76
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Farchaus J, Dilley RA. Purification and partial sequence of the Mr 10,000 phosphoprotein from spinach thylakoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 244:94-101. [PMID: 3947072 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Mr 10,000 phosphoprotein was purified from photosystem II particles by solubilization of the particles in 5% (w/v) dodecyl dimethylamine oxide, centrifugation in 10% (w/v) sucrose, and three chromatography steps. The purified phosphoprotein showed a unique NH2 terminus indicating a highly purified polypeptide. The amino acid sequence for the first nine residues is NH2-Ala-Thr-Gln-Thr-Val-Glu-Ser-Ser-Ser . . . COOH. The amino acid composition was determined and could also be used to help distinguish the polypeptide from other known thylakoid proteins. The sequence and composition data indicated that the Mr 10,000 phosphoprotein is neither the hydrophobic 8-kDa subunit of the energy coupling complex nor cytochrome b-559, but rather a unique, as yet unidentified, polypeptide associated with photosystem II.
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77
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Bilger W, Schreiber U. Energy-dependent quenching of dark-level chlorophyll fluorescence in intact leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:303-308. [PMID: 24435377 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new type of modulation fluorometer was used in the study of energy-dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (qE) in intact leaves. Under conditions of strong energization of the thylakoid membrane (high light intensity, absence of CO2) not only variable fluorescence, FV, but also dark-level fluorescence, FO, was quenched, leading to definition of a quenching coefficient, qO. Information on qO was shown to be essential for correct determination of photochemical (qQ) and energy dependent quenching (qE) by the saturation pulse method. The relationship between qE and qO was analysed over a range of light intensities at steady state conditions. qE was found to consist of two components, the second of which is linearly correlated with qO. qO and the second component of qE are interpreted to reflect the state 1 - state 2 shift caused by LHC II phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bilger
- Institut für Botanik, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, FRG
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78
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Farchaus J, Dilley R, Cramer W. Selective inhibition of the spinach thylakoid LHC II protein kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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79
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Horton P, Lee P. Phosphorylation of chloroplast membrane proteins partially protects against photoinhibition. PLANTA 1985; 165:37-42. [PMID: 24240955 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/1984] [Accepted: 12/20/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids isolated from peas (Pisum sativum cv. Kelvedon Wonder) and phosphorylated by incubation with ATP have been compared with non-phosphorylated thylakoids in their sensitivity to photoinhibition by exposure to illumination in vitro. Assays of the kinetics of fluorescence induction at 20° C and the fluorescence emission spectra at-196° C indicate a proportionally larger decrease in fluorescence as a result of photoinhibitory treatment of non-phosphorylated compared with phosphorylated thylakoids. It is concluded that protein phosphorylation can afford partial protection to thylakoids exposed to photoinhibitory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Horton
- Research Institute for Photosynthesis, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
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80
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Black MT, Horton P. An investigation of the mechanistic aspects of excitation energy redistribution following thylakoid membrane protein phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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81
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An investigation into the ATP requirement for phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins and for the ATP-induced decrease in the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in chloroplasts at different stages of development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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82
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Horton P, Lee P. Phosphorylation of chloroplast thylakoids decreases the maximum capacity of photosystem-II electron transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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83
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Membrane phosphorylation leads to the partial detachment of the chlorophyll a/b protein from Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Canaani O, Malkin S. Physiological adaptation to a newly observed low light intensity state in intact leaves, resulting in extreme imbalance in excitation energy distribution between the two photosystems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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85
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Canaani O, Malkin S. Distribution of light excitation in an intact leaf between the two photosystems of photosynthesis. Changes in absorption cross-sections following state 1-state 2 transitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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86
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Kyle DJ, Kuang TY, Watson JL, Arntzen CJ. Movement of a sub-population of the light harvesting complex (LHCII) from grana to stroma lamellae as a consequence of its phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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87
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Ahmad I, Farrar J, Whitbread R. Photosynthesis and chloroplast functioning in leaves of barley infected with brown rust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(83)90025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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88
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Staehelin LA, Arntzen CJ. Regulation of chloroplast membrane function: protein phosphorylation changes the spatial organization of membrane components. J Cell Biol 1983; 97:1327-37. [PMID: 6355117 PMCID: PMC2112674 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.97.5.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A chlorophyll-protein complex of chloroplast membranes, which simultaneously serves as light-harvesting antenna and membrane adhesion factor, undergoes reversible, lateral diffusion between appressed and nonappressed membrane regions under the control of a protein kinase. The phosphorylation-dependent migration process regulates the amount of light energy that is delivered to the reaction centers of photosystems I and II (PS I and PS II), and thereby regulates their rate of turnover. This regulatory mechanism provides a rationale for the finding that the two photosystems are physically separated in chloroplast membranes (PS II in appressed, grana membranes, and PS I in nonappressed, stroma membranes). The feedback system involves the following steps: a membrane-bound kinase senses the rate of PS II vs. PS I turnover via the oxidation-reduction state of the plastoquinone pool, which shuttles electrons from PS II via cytochrome f to PS I. If activated, the kinase adds negative charge (phosphate) to a grana-localized pigment-protein complex. The change in its surface charge at a site critical for promoting membrane adhesion results in increased electrostatic repulsion between the membranes, unstacking, the lateral movement of the complex to adjacent stroma membranes, which differ in their functional composition. The general significance of this type of membrane regulatory mechanism is discussed.
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89
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90
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Satoh K, Fork DC. The relationship between state II to state I transitions and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1983; 4:245-256. [PMID: 24458494 DOI: 10.1007/bf00052128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/1983] [Revised: 03/15/1983] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of electron acceptors, inhibitors of electron flow and uncouplers and inhibitors of photophosphorylation on a state II to I transition were studied. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) did not inhibit the state II to I transition. By contrast, 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), methyl viologen and antimycin A inhibited the transition indicating that the cyclic electron flow around photosystem I, but not the oxidation of electron carriers (such as plastoquinone), induced the state II to I transition. Uncouplers, but not inhibitors of photophosphorylation, inhibited the state transition suggesting that the proton transport through the cyclic electron flow was related to the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Satoh
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 290 Panama Street, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA
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91
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Telfer A, Hodges M, Barber J. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea as a function of magnesium concentration and NADPH-activated light-harvesting chlorophyll ab-protein phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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92
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Saito K, Williams W, Allen J, Bennett J. Comparison of ATP-induced and State 1/State 2-related changes in excitation energy distribution in Chlorella vulgaris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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Biggins J. Mechanism of the light state transition in photosynthesis. I. Analysis of the kinetics of cytochrome f oxidation in State 1 and State 2 in the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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94
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Characterization of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in chloroplasts by fluorescence spectroscopy at 77 K II. ATP-dependent quenching. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Krause G, Briantais JM, Vernotte C. Characterization of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in chloroplasts by fluorescence spectroscopy at 77 K I. ΔpH-dependent quenching. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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96
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Bennett J. Regulation of photosynthesis by reversible phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein. Biochem J 1983; 212:1-13. [PMID: 6347190 PMCID: PMC1152003 DOI: 10.1042/bj2120001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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97
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Horton P, Foyer C. Relationships between protein phosphorylation and electron transport in the reconstituted chloroplast system. Biochem J 1983; 210:517-21. [PMID: 6344866 PMCID: PMC1154252 DOI: 10.1042/bj2100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll protein (LHCP) by the thylakoid protein kinase has been examined in the reconstituted chloroplast system. The level of phosphorylation by [32P]Pi was maximal at high light intensity and in the absence of 3-phosphoglycerate; dephosphorylation resulted from a subsequent decrease in light intensity or from the addition of 3-phosphoglycerate. Addition of ribose 5-phosphate, which acts as an ATP 'sink', also caused dephosphorylation. It is concluded that the degree of phosphorylation is dependent on the redox state and energy state of the system, thereby providing a mechanism for adapting light harvesting to the demands of carbon assimilation.
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98
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Thylakoid protein phosphorylation during State 1—State 2 transitions in osmotically shocked pea chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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Changes in thylakoid polypeptide phosphorylation during membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardii y-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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100
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Horton P, Black MT. A comparison between cation and protein phosphorylation effects on the fluorescence induction curve in chloroplasts treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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