51
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Wang A, Auzanneau FI. Synthesis of LeaLex oligosaccharide fragments and efficient one-step deprotection. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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52
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Joined use of oxazolidinone and desymmetric amino protection: a new strategy for protection of glucosamine. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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53
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Vibert A, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC. Efficient alternative for the reduction of N-trichloroacetyl groups in synthetic chondroitin oligosaccharide intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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54
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Jacquinet JC, Lopin-Bon C, Vibert A. From polymer to size-defined oligomers: a highly divergent and stereocontrolled construction of chondroitin sulfate A, C, D, E, K, L, and M oligomers from a single precursor: part 2. Chemistry 2010; 15:9579-95. [PMID: 19621396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, stereocontrolled, and highly divergent approach for the preparation of oligomers of chondroitin sulfate (CS) A, C, D, E, K, L, and M variants, starting from a single precursor easily obtained by semisynthesis from abundant natural polymer is reported for the first time. Common intermediates were designed that allowed the straightforward construction of O-sulfonated species either on the D-galactosamine unit (CS-A, -C, and -E) or on both D-glucuronic acid and D-galactosamine units (CS-D and CS-K, -L, and -M). This strategy represents a successful improvement and brings a definitive answer toward the synthesis of such complex molecules with numerous relevant biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Jacquinet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 6005 Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex, France.
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55
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Vibert A, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC. From Polymer to Size-Defined Oligomers: A Step Economy Process for the Efficient and Stereocontrolled Construction of Chondroitin Oligosaccharides and Biotinylated Conjugates Thereof: Partâ
1. Chemistry 2009; 15:9561-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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56
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Dinkelaar J, Gold H, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Synthesis of Hyaluronic Acid Oligomers using Chemoselective and One-Pot Strategies. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4208-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dinkelaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Gold
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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57
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Boutet J, Guerreiro C, Mulard LA. Efficient Synthesis of Six Tri- to Hexasaccharide Fragments of Shigella flexneri Serotypes 3a and/or X O-Antigen, Including a Study on Acceptors Containing N-Trichloroacetylglucosamine versus N-Acetylglucosamine. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2651-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802127z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Boutet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules (URA CNRS 2128), 28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules (URA CNRS 2128), 28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules (URA CNRS 2128), 28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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58
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Schwardt O, Gäthje H, Vedani A, Mesch S, Gao GP, Spreafico M, von Orelli J, Kelm S, Ernst B. Examination of the Biological Role of the α(2→6)-Linked Sialic Acid in Gangliosides Binding to the Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG). J Med Chem 2009; 52:989-1004. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801058n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Heiko Gäthje
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Angelo Vedani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mesch
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gan-Pan Gao
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Morena Spreafico
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes von Orelli
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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59
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Karskela M, Virta P, Malinen M, Urtti A, Lönnberg H. Synthesis and cellular uptake of fluorescently labeled multivalent hyaluronan disaccharide conjugates of oligonucleotide phosphorothioates. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2549-58. [PMID: 19053300 DOI: 10.1021/bc800260y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clustered hyaluronan disaccharides were studied as mediators of cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides through receptor-mediated endocytosis. For this purpose, a synthetic route for preparation of an appropriately protected hyaluronic acid dimer bearing an aldehyde tether (1) was devised. Up to three non-nucleosidic phosphoramidite building blocks (2), each bearing two phthaloyl protected aminooxy groups, were then inserted into the 3'-terminus of the desired phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide, and 6-FAM phosphoramidite was introduced into the 5'-terminus. After completion of the chain assembly, the aldehyde-tethered sugar ligands were attached to the deprotected aminooxy functions by on-support oximation. Three fluorescein-labeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotide glycoconjugates (28-30) containing two, four, or six hyaluronan disaccharides were prepared. The influence of the hyaluronan moieties on the cellular uptake of the thioated oligonucleotides was tested in a cell line expressing the hyaluronan receptor CD44. Specific uptake was not detected with this combination of multiple hyaluronan disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Karskela
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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60
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Boutet J, Mulard LA. Synthesis of Two Tetra- and Four Pentasaccharide Fragments ofShigella flexneriSerotypes 3a and X O-Antigens from a Common Tetrasaccharide Intermediate. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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61
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Boutet J, Guerreiro C, Mulard LA. Synthesis of branched tri- to pentasaccharides representative of fragments of Shigella flexneri serotypes 3a and/or X O-antigens. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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62
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Efficient route to orthogonally protected precursors of 2-acylamino-2-deoxy-3-O-substituted-β-d-glucopyranose derivatives and use thereof. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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63
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Christensen H, Christiansen MS, Petersen J, Jensen HH. Direct formation of beta-glycosides of N-acetyl glycosamines mediated by rare earth metal triflates. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3276-83. [PMID: 18802633 DOI: 10.1039/b807064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct, mild and efficient protocol for the preparation of beta-glycosides of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) has been developed using peracetylated beta-GlcNAc and beta-GalNAc as donors. All rare Earth metal triflate promoters screened were found to promote glycosylation with Sc(OTf)(3) being superior in terms of reaction rate. Simple alcohol glycosylation was found to proceed smoothly in refluxing dichloromethane, whereas higher temperatures under microwave conditions were needed to attain acceptable yields with less reactive, carbohydrate based glycosyl acceptors. The protocol developed was applied to provide the first example of direct chemical formation of a disaccharide using both GlcNAc as a glycosyl donor and acceptor. The alpha-acetate donor was found to be significantly less reactive than the corresponding beta-anomer necessitating higher reaction temperatures under which glycoside anomerisation was found to occur. It was established, that the anomerisation only took place in the presence of both Sc(OTf)(3) and acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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64
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Chao CS, Chen MC, Lin SC, Mong KKT. Versatile acetylation of carbohydrate substrates with bench-top sulfonic acids and application to one-pot syntheses of peracetylated thioglycosides. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:957-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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65
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Costachel C, Sansonetti PJ, Mulard LA. Linear Synthesis of the Methyl Glycosides of Tetra- and Pentasaccharide Fragments Specific for the Shigella flexneri Serotype 2a O-Antigen. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Costachel
- a Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- b Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- c Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- a Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- b Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- c Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- a Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- b Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- c Unité de Chimie Organique, BGM, and Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, BGM, Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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66
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Mulard LA, Ughetto-Monfrin J. Synthesis of a Tri- and Tetrasaccharide Fragment Specific for the Shigella flexneri Serotype 5a O-Antigen. A Reinvestigation. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309908544033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A. Mulard
- a Unité de Chimie Organique, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire , Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- b Unité de Chimie Organique, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire , Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Joël Ughetto-Monfrin
- a Unité de Chimie Organique, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire , Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
- b Unité de Chimie Organique, Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire , Institut Pasteur , 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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Werz DB, Ranzinger R, Herget S, Adibekian A, von der Lieth CW, Seeberger PH. Exploring the structural diversity of mammalian carbohydrates ("glycospace") by statistical databank analysis. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:685-91. [PMID: 18041818 DOI: 10.1021/cb700178s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of three major classes of mammalian carbohydrates, mainly glycolipids and O- and N-linked glycans, deposited in the databank GLYCOSCIENCES.de was subjected to statistical analyses. Size, chain length, and branching complexity were accessed and revealed that the average oligosaccharide is composed of about eight monosaccharide units. About a quarter of all oligosaccharides are strictly linear, and the remainder are branched at least once. Glucosamine, galactose, and mannose are dominating and comprise ~75% of the monosaccharides within mammalian oligosaccharide frameworks. alpha-Linked sialic acid, alpha-linked fucose, and beta-linked galactose decorate the majority of reducing termini. Glucose as the most abundant carbohydrate in mammals plays only a very minor role within these structures. Particular emphasis was placed on analyzing the way the monosaccharide units are linked within the oligomeric framework. Just 11 monosaccharide connections account for >75% of all linkages. Thus, the number of structural combinations found in nature, the part of the occupied mammalian glycospace, is much smaller than expected. As a result, a potential set of building blocks for oligosaccharide assembly is presented. This potential building block set was correlated with the accessible 3299 mammalian carbohydrate structures in the GLYCOSCIENCES.de databank. Only 36 building blocks are required to construct 75% of the 3299 mammalian oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Werz
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Present address: Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - René Ranzinger
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herget
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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68
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Lopin C, Jacquinet JC. From polymer to size-defined oligomers: an expeditious route for the preparation of chondroitin oligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:2574-8. [PMID: 16532503 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystel Lopin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique - UMR CNRS 6005, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex, France
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69
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N-Dimethylphosphoryl-protected glucosamine trichloroacetimidate as an effective glycosylation donor. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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70
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71
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Bongat AFG, Demchenko AV. Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:374-406. [PMID: 17125757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new methods for stereoselective glycoside synthesis and convergent oligosaccharide assembly has been critical for the area of glycosciences. At the heart of this account is the discussion of the approaches for stereoselective synthesis of glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars that have emerged during the past two decades. The introductory part provides general background information and describes the key features and challenges for the synthesis of this class of compounds. Subsequently, major approaches to the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxyglycosides are categorized and discussed. Each subsection elaborates on the introduction (or protection) of the amino functionality, synthesis of glycosyl donors by introduction of a suitable leaving group, and glycosidation. Wherever applicable, the deprotection of a temporary amino group substituent and the conversion onto the natural acetamido functionality is described. The conclusions part evaluates the current standing in the field and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F G Bongat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri--St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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72
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Lemanski G, Ziegler T. Synthesis of Pentasaccharide Fragments Related to theO-Specific Polysaccharide ofShigella flexneri Serotype 1a. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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73
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Lopin C, Jacquinet JC. From Polymer to Size-Defined Oligomers: An Expeditious Route for the Preparation of Chondroitin Oligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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74
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75
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Ramasamy V, Ramakrishnan B, Boeggeman E, Ratner DM, Seeberger PH, Qasba PK. Oligosaccharide Preferences of β1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I: Crystal Structures of Met340His Mutant of Human β1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I with a Pentasaccharide and Trisaccharides of the N-Glycan Moiety. J Mol Biol 2005; 353:53-67. [PMID: 16157350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (beta4Gal-T1) transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues of the branched N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins. In an N-linked biantennary oligosaccharide chain, one antenna is attached to the 3-hydroxyl-(1,3-arm), and the other to the 6-hydroxyl-(1,6-arm) group of mannose, which is beta-1,4-linked to an N-linked chitobiose, attached to the aspargine residue of a protein. For a better understanding of the branch specificity of beta4Gal-T1 towards the GlcNAc residues of N-glycans, we have carried out kinetic and crystallographic studies with the wild-type human beta4Gal-T1 (h-beta4Gal-T1) and the mutant Met340His-beta4Gal-T1 (h-M340H-beta4Gal-T1) in complex with a GlcNAc-containing pentasaccharide and several GlcNAc-containing trisaccharides present in N-glycans. The oligosaccharides used were: pentasaccharide GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6 (GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3)Man; the 1,6-arm trisaccharide, GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6-Manbeta-OR (1,2-1,6-arm); the 1,3-arm trisaccharides, GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3-Manbeta-OR (1,2-1,3-arm) and GlcNAcbeta1,4-Manalpha1,3-Manbeta-OR (1,4-1,3-arm); and the trisaccharide GlcNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAc (chitotriose). With the wild-type h-beta4Gal-T1, the K(m) of 1,2-1,6-arm is approximately tenfold lower than for 1,2-1,3-arm and 1,4-1,3-arm, and 22-fold lower than for chitotriose. Crystal structures of h-M340H-beta4Gal-T1 in complex with the pentasaccharide and various trisaccharides at 1.9-2.0A resolution showed that beta4Gal-T1 is in a closed conformation with the oligosaccharide bound to the enzyme, and the 1,2-1,6-arm trisaccharide makes the maximum number of interactions with the enzyme, which is in concurrence with the lowest K(m) for the trisaccharide. Present studies suggest that beta4Gal-T1 interacts preferentially with the 1,2-1,6-arm trisaccharide rather than with the 1,2-1,3-arm or 1,4-1,3-arm of a bi- or tri-antennary oligosaccharide chain of N-glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velavan Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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76
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Cai Y, Ling CC, Bundle DR. Facile Approach to 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-Glucopyranosides via a Furanosyl Oxazoline. Org Lett 2005; 7:4021-4. [PMID: 16119957 DOI: 10.1021/ol051523k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concise and convenient route that may be easily scaled is reported for the preparation of unprotected beta-glucopyranosides of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Reaction of a wide variety of alcohols with a reactive, readily prepared furanosyl oxazoline under acidic conditions affords the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides in good to high yields. Primary alcohols gave only beta-D-glucopyranosides. A mechanism is proposed for this transformation. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cai
- Alberta Ingenuity Center for Carbohydrate Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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77
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Arihara R, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-?-D-glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2245-9. [PMID: 15747388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Arihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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78
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Arihara R, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-?-D-glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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79
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Love KR, Seeberger PH. Solution Syntheses of Protected Type II Lewis Blood Group Oligosaccharides: Study for Automated Synthesis. J Org Chem 2005; 70:3168-77. [PMID: 15822979 DOI: 10.1021/jo047723b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyl phosphate and trichloroacetimidate monosaccharide building blocks were used in a stepwise solution-phase synthesis of three Lewis blood group oligosaccharides. The syntheses were conducted to establish general routes for the automated assembly of the oligosaccharide portion of biologically important glycolipids. The H-type II pentasaccharide, Le(x) pentasaccharide, and Le(y) hexasaccharide were prepared in high yield. These syntheses served to evaluate the utility and limitations of the 2-(azidomethyl)benzoate ester (AZMB) for the construction of complex carbohydrates. Development of a glucosamine building block containing a N-trichloroacetamide group to mask the C2 amine improved coupling yields and was key for completion of the Le(x) and Le(y) structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Routenberg Love
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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80
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Vocadlo DJ, Withers SG. The chemical synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluorodisaccharide probes of the hen egg white lysozyme mechanism. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:379-88. [PMID: 15680592 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Revised: 12/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranoside (GN2FG-DNP) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranosyl fluoride (GN2FG-F) were prepared using a divergent synthetic approach involving 10 steps. The key steps involved the preparation of 1-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha/beta-d-glucopyranose using Selectfluor(trade mark) in the presence of acetic acid and the subsequent glycosylation of this acceptor to generate the core 2-fluorodisaccharide. After further elaboration, the target molecules were obtained and tested as probes of the mechanism of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). Compound GN2FG-DNP is not a substrate for the enzyme while compound GN2FG-F is cleaved slowly with an apparent K(m) greater than 5mM and a second-order rate constant of k(cat)/K(m)=9.6s(-1)M(-1). Comparison of this value to that estimated for the hydrolysis of beta-chitobiosyl fluoride by HEWL (1200s(-1)M(-1)) [Ballardie, F. W.; Capon, B.; Cuthbert, M. W.; Dearie, W. M. Bioorg. Chem.1977, 6, 483-509] revealed a 126-fold rate decrease upon substitution of a fluorine group for the 2-acetamido group of beta-chitobiosyl fluoride. This decrease resulted in the steady-state accumulation of an intermediate as visualized by mass spectrometry and the ultimate crystallographic determination of its structure [Vocadlo, D. J.; Davies, G. J.; Laine, R.; Withers, S. G. Nature2001, 412, 835-838].
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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81
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Zhen-Chu G, Yan-Ming D, Xing-Quan X, Ya-Qing Z. Synthesis and Characterization of 2-Deoxy-2-nicotinoylamido-?-D-glucopyranose. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200590190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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82
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Schwardt O, Gao G, Visekruna T, Rabbani S, Gassmann E, Ernst B. Substrate Specificity and Preparative Use of Recombinant Rat ST3Gal III. J Carbohydr Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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83
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Tsuda T, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. A highly stereoselective construction of 1,2-trans-β-glycosidic linkages capitalizing on 2-azido-2-deoxy-d-glycosyl diphenyl phosphates as glycosyl donors. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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84
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Palmacci ER, Seeberger PH. Toward the modular synthesis of glycosaminoglycans: synthesis of hyaluronic acid disaccharide building blocks using a periodic acid oxidation. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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85
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Bélot F, Wright K, Costachel C, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. Blockwise Approach to Fragments of the O-Specific Polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri Serotype 2a: Convergent Synthesis of a Decasaccharide Representative of a Dimer of the Branched Repeating Unit1. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1060-74. [PMID: 14961653 DOI: 10.1021/jo035125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The D'A'B'(E')C'DAB(E)C decasaccharide representative of a dimer of a frame-shifted pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 2a was synthesized as its methyl glycoside by condensing a pentasaccharide donor (D'A'B'(E')C') and a pentasaccharide acceptor (DAB(E)C-OMe). Several convergent routes to these two building blocks, involving either the AB linkage or the BC linkage as the disconnection site, were evaluated in comparison to the linear strategy. The latter was preferred. It is based on the use of the trichloroacetimidate chemistry. The target branched oligosaccharide was designed to probe the recognition at the molecular level of the natural polysaccharide by protective monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bélot
- Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, INSERM 389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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86
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Blattner R, Furneaux RH, Gainsford GJ, Wong H. Unusual Glycosylation of 9-O-Benzylallosamizoline. Aust J Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/ch03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intended selective glycosylation of the 9-O-benzyl ether 4 of allosamizoline 1 with a slight molar excess of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate 6 unexpectedly gave the di-O-glycosylated product 5 in high yield. In its crystalline form, this diglycoside adopts a conformation with the sugar rings extended away from the bicyclic unit of the aglycon and from each other. NMR spectroscopic features indicate that this conformation is not retained in solution.
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87
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Rohlenová A, Ledvina M, Šaman D, Bezouška K. Synthesis of Linear and Branched Regioisomeric Chitooligosaccharides as Potential Mimetics of Natural Oligosaccharide Ligands of Natural Killer Cells NKR-P1 and CD69 Lectin Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20041781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Regioisomer of chitobiose13with β(1→3) glycosidic bond and branched analog of chitotriose25having β(1→4) and β(1→3) glycosidic bonds, were prepared and tested as potential mimetics of natural oligosaccharide ligands for activating lectin receptors NKR-P1A and CD69 of natural killer (NK) cells. The structural requirements of NKR-P1 lectin receptor on effective mimetics of its natural ligands has been discussed. A significant binding activity of the branched trisaccharide25to the receptor CD69 was observed.
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88
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Donohoe TJ, Logan JG, Laffan DDP. Trichloro-oxazolines as Activated Donors for Aminosugar Coupling. Org Lett 2003; 5:4995-8. [PMID: 14682748 DOI: 10.1021/ol0359620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starting from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal, a combination of the Overman rearrangement and subsequent dihydroxylation produces a range of aminosugars. These can be activated by formation of the corresponding trichloro-oxazolines, which are excellent glycosyl donors as they form disaccharides with good (trans) stereoselectivity under mild conditions. Propagation of these trichloro-oxazolines gave trisaccharides that can then be dehalogenated under a variety of conditions. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Donohoe
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
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89
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Takano Y, Kojima N, Nakahara Y, Hojo H, Nakahara Y. Solid-phase synthesis of core 2 O-linked glycopeptide and its enzymatic sialylation. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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90
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A stereocontrolled construction of 2-azido-2-deoxy-1,2-trans-β-glycosidic linkages utilizing 2-azido-2-deoxyglycopyranosyl diphenyl phosphates. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Melean LG, Love KR, Seeberger PH. Toward the automated solid-phase synthesis of oligoglucosamines: systematic evaluation of glycosyl phosphate and glycosyl trichloroacetimidate building blocks. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:1893-916. [PMID: 12433456 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamines are common components of many biologically important oligosaccharides. Reported is a systematic evaluation of glucosamine phosphates and trichloroacetimidates as glycosylating agents for the efficient construction of beta-(1 --> 6) glucosamine linkages. A set of differentially protected glucosamine donors incorporating a host of amine protecting groups, including 2-phthaloyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), trichloroetheoxycarbonyl (Troc) and trichloroacetyl (TCA) protective groups, were prepared. Donors were initially evaluated for reactivity and protecting group compatibility in a solution-phase study with a model 6-hydroxyl galactose acceptor. Based on these results, glucosamine donor 10 was selected for the solution-phase synthesis of a beta-(1 --> 6)-glucosamine pentasaccharide. Finally, building block 10 proved well suited for use in the automated solid-phase synthesis of a repeating unit trisaccharide. An assessment of glucosamine phosphate donors as potential glycosylating agents for a variety of glucosamine linkages is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Melean
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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92
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Takano Y, Habiro M, Someya M, Hojo H, Nakahara Y. Preparation of core 2 type tetrasaccharide carrying decapeptide by benzyl protection-based solid-phase synthesis strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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93
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Bélot F, Costachel C, Wright K, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. Synthesis of the methyl glycoside of a branched octasaccharide fragment specific for the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-antigen. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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Ajaj KA, Hennig L, Findeisen M, Giesa S, Müller D, Welzel P. Synthesis of a complex disaccharide precursor of phosphonate analogues of the antibiotic moenomycin A12. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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95
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Bosse F, Marcaurelle LA, Seeberger PH. Linear synthesis of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens Globo-H, SSEA-3, and Gb3. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6659-70. [PMID: 12227795 DOI: 10.1021/jo025834+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens Globo-H, SSEA-3, and Gb3 were synthesized in a linear fashion using glycosyl phosphate monosaccharide building blocks. All of the building blocks were prepared from readily available common precursors. The difficult alpha-(1-->4-cis)-galactosidic linkage was installed using a galactosyl phosphate donor with high selectivity. Introduction of the beta-galactosamine unit required the screening a variety of amine protecting groups to ensure good donor reactivity and protecting group compatibility. An N-trichloroacetyl-protected galactosamine donor performed best for the installation of the beta-glycosidic linkage. Conversion of the trichloroacetyl group to the N-acetyl group was achieved under mild conditions, fully compatible with the presence of multiple glycosidic bonds. This synthetic strategy is expected to be amenable to the synthesis of the globo-series of tumor antigens on solid-support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Bosse
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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96
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Hartman MCT, Coward JK. Synthesis of 5-fluoro N-acetylglucosamine glycosides and pyrophosphates via epoxide fluoridolysis: versatile reagents for the study of glycoconjugate biochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:10036-53. [PMID: 12188668 DOI: 10.1021/ja0127234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous carbohydrate-processing enzymes facilitate catalysis via stabilization of positive charges on or near the C-1, C-4, C-5, or C-6 positions. Substrate analogues differing only in the substitution of a fluorine for the axial C-5 hydrogen would possess reduced electron density at these positions and could be useful mechanistic probes of these enzymes. Introduction of this 5-fluoro substituent after radical halogenation was problematic because of the incompatibility of many protecting groups to the radical halogenation and the instability of the subsequent 5-fluoro hexosamines. Thus, to allow easy access to a wide variety of 5-fluoro glycosides and glycosyl phosphates, a versatile method for the introduction of the 5-fluoro group has been developed, the key step being the fluoridolysis of C-5, 6 epoxides. By use of this method, two fluorinated carbohydrates, uridine 5'-diphospho-5-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine and octyl 5-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine, have been synthesized. Initial biochemical investigations of these compounds show that 5-fluoro analogues are useful probes of transition-state charge development in several enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
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97
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Unger FM. The chemistry of oligosaccharide ligands of selectins: significance for the development of new immunomodulatory medicines. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:207-435. [PMID: 11836943 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Unger
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Ultrastructure Research, Agricultural University, Vienna, Austria
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98
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Rye CS, Withers SG. Synthesis and evaluation of potential inhibitors of chondroitin AC lyase from Flavobacterium heparinum. J Org Chem 2002; 67:4505-12. [PMID: 12076149 DOI: 10.1021/jo020089m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin AC lyase from Flavobacterium heparinum degrades chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans via an elimination mechanism, resulting in disaccharides or oligosaccharides with Delta4,5-unsaturated uronic acid residues at their nonreducing end. The syntheses and testing of two potential inhibitors of this lyase are described. Methyl O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranoside, 1, has the trigonal geometry at C5 of the uronic acid moiety expected at the transition state, yet retains the "leaving group" sugar moiety. Surprisingly, compound 1 showed no inhibition of the enzyme. The novel 5-nitro sugar, phenyl (5S)-5-nitro-beta-D-xylopyranoside, 2, is a monosaccharide nitro analogue of the natural substrate, with C5 being a carbon acid of pK(a) 8.8. The rate of reprotonation of the anion generated at this center is sufficiently low that the anion of 2 can be used directly in initial steady-state velocity measurements without significant interference from the conjugate carbon acid. The anion of compound 2 was found to be a competitive inhibitor with a K(i) value of 5 mM, whereas the conjugate acid had a K(i) value of 35 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Rye
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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99
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Barroca N, Jacquinet JC. An access to various sulfation patterns in dermatan sulfate: chemical syntheses of sulfoforms of trisaccharide methyl glycosides. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:673-89. [PMID: 11950464 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses are reported for the first time of alpha-L-IdopA2SO(3)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4SO(3)-(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdopA2SO(3)-(1-->OMe), its disulfated analogue alpha-L-IdopA2SO(3)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdopA2SO(3)-(1-->OMe), and of beta-D-GalpNAc4SO(3)-(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdopA2SO(3)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4SO(3)-(1-->OMe), which represent structural fragments of dermatan sulfate, unavailable directly by chemical or enzymatic degradation of the glycosaminoglycan polymer. These molecules were readily obtained from a pair of key disaccharide intermediates, in which the relative difference of stability of the D-GalNAc 4-hydroxy protecting groups (acetate or pivalate) toward saponification conditions allowed access to various sulfoforms from a common precursor. For the preparation of these blocks, the 4-O-pivaloyl-D-galacto moiety was readily obtained through a one-pot stereospecific intramolecular nucleophilic displacement on an easily available 3-O-pivaloyl-D-gluco precursor, and the L-IdoA moiety through selective radical oxidation at C-6 of a L-ido 4,6-diol derivative with oxoammonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Barroca
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UFR Faculté des Sciences, UMR CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans, France
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100
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Wittmann V, Lennartz D. Copper(II)‐Mediated Activation of Sugar Oxazolines: Mild and Efficient Synthesis of β‐Glycosides of
N
‐Acetylglucosamine. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:8<1363::aid-ejoc1363>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wittmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universität, Marie‐Curie‐Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fax: (internat.) + 49‐(0)69/798‐29148
| | - Dirk Lennartz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universität, Marie‐Curie‐Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fax: (internat.) + 49‐(0)69/798‐29148
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