51
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Saccone C, Quagliariello E. Biochemical studies of mitochondrial transcription and translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:125-65. [PMID: 131112 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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52
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Mahler HR, Raff RA. The evolutionary origin of the mitochondrion: a nonsymbiotic model. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:1-124. [PMID: 131111 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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53
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Lansman RA, Clayton DA. Mitochondrial protein synthesis in mouse L-cells: effect of selective nicking of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Biol 1975; 99:777-93. [PMID: 1214304 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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54
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Faye G, Kujawa C, Dujon B, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Wolf K, Fukuhara H, Slonimski PP. Localization of the gene coding for the mitochondrial 16 S ribosomal RNA using rho- mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 1975; 99:203-17. [PMID: 1107563 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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55
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Chang AC, Lansman RA, Clayton DA, Cohen SN. Studies of mouse mitochondrial DNA in Escherichia coli: structure and function of the eucaryotic-procaryotic chimeric plasmids. Cell 1975; 6:231-44. [PMID: 1102112 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(75)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mouse mitochondrial DNA genome has been cloned in Escherichia coli by linking it to the pSC101 plasmid replicon at cohesive-ended cleavage sites generated by Eco Rl restriction endonuclease. The four possible configurations of chimeric molecules that contain the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA in their native relationship were distinguished by Hind III restriction endonuclease digestion and electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis. Chimeric molecules utilize the pSC101 replication origin and do not maintain the "D-loop" region or the low frequency of ribonucleotides found in native mitochondrial DNA. Hybridization of the RNA synthesized in E. coli minicells carrying the four types of chimeras indicates that transcription occurs predominately on the light strand of the mitochondrial DNA in all cases. This result implies that initiation of RNA synthesis occurs within the mitochondrial DNA segment. Although specific polypeptide synthetis is directed by the mitochondrial DNA segment of each of the chimeras in E. coli minicells, the molecular weight distribution of the polypeptides synthesized consists primarily of low molecular weight species and thus differs from that observed in mitochondria in mouse L cells.
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56
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Wallace DC, Bunn CL, Eisenstadt JM. Cytoplasmic transfer of chloramphenicol resistance in human tissue culture cells. J Cell Biol 1975; 67:174-88. [PMID: 1176530 PMCID: PMC2109574 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.67.1.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol (cap) resistance has been demonstrated by removing the nuclei of cells of the CAP-resistant HeLa strain 296-1 (enucleation) and fusing them to a CAP-sensitive HeLa strain lacking nuclear thymidine kinase. Plating the fusion products in bromodeoxyuridine and CAP resulted in the growth of about 150 colonies/10(6) parent cells plated. Permanent cell lines (cybrids) grown from such fusions have been designated HEB. A recloned HEB cybrid (HEB7A) has also been enucleated and fused to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)-deficient HeLa cells (S3AG1) and HPRT-deficient lymphocytes (WAL-2A). Cybrids were selected in thioguanine and CAP. In the fusion of enucleated (en) HEB7A to S3AG1, 1,200 colonies/10(6) parents were observed. Fusion of enHEB7A to WAL-2A was done in mass culture and cybrids were obtained on three separate occasions. In every case the parental controls were negative. All isolates tested from the above fusions have the CAP-resistant characteristics, in vivo and in vitro, of the enucleated parent and the nuclear characteristics of the CAP-sensitive parent, such as chromosome number, morphology, and specific isozyme and chromosome markers. Therefore, it can be concluded that CAP resistance is coded in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus of 296-1 cells. Furthermore, this resistance can be transferred to cells of widely different origin and differentiated state. These studies represent the first genetic evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance in human cells.
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57
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Younghusband HB, Egan JB, Inman RB. Characterization of the DNA from bacteriophage P2-186 hybrids and physical mapping of the 186 chromosome. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1975; 140:101-10. [PMID: 1105151 DOI: 10.1007/bf00329778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA from two P2-186 hybrid phages and three 186 Insertion mutants have been characterized by heteroduplex analysis and denaturation mapping. The results allow the orientation of the physical and genetic maps of bacteriophage 186 DNA and put physical limits on the chromosomal locations of the phage attachment sites, immunity genes and tail genees.
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58
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Bernard U, Pühler A, Mayer F, Küntzel H. Denaturation map of the circular mitochondrial genome of Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 402:270-8. [PMID: 126085 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A denaturation map of mitochondrial DNA from the wild type strain 5256 of Neurospora crassa was constructed by computer analysis of the contour length distribution of single- and double-stranded regions of nineteen circular and three full length linear molecules after partial denaturation. The data suggest that mitochondrial DNA in this strain is a homogeneous population of a circular molecule of molecular weight 41 - 10(6) with an asymmetric distribution of AT-rich regions, and that linear molecules derive from this genome by random breaks during isolation.
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59
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Abstract
The endosymbiont and episome theories about the origin of mitochondria are reviewed. Biochemical and genetic data, relevant to these theories are discussed. An alternative theory is also proposed; this theory is that nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs developed from compartmentalized duplicate prokaryote DNAs.
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60
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Mitchell CH, England JM, Attardi G. Isolation of chloramphenicol-resistant variants from a human cell line. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1975; 1:215-34. [PMID: 800292 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Variant clones resistant to 40 microng/ml chloramphenicol were isolated from the human cell line VA2-B after treatment with either ethyl methanesulfonate or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Among 17 clones analyzed, one variant, CAP-23, was investigated in detail. CAP-23 cells in the presence of 40 or 100 microng/ml chloramphenicol grew at essentially the same rate as cells in the absence of the drug; chloramphenicol resistance persisted even after 20 generations in the absence of the drug. No obvious morphological changes in mitochondria were observed by electron microscopy of thin sections of CAP-23 cells. In vivo mitochondrial protein synthesis in CAP-23 cells was inhibited little, if any, by chloramphenicol, and the variant showed and partial cross resistance to mikamycin and carbomycin. In vitro protein synthesis in mitochondria isolated from CAP-23 cells showed, likewise, low levels of inhibition by chloramphenicol. This suggests that the drug resistance of the variant CAP-23 is due to altered mitochondria.
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61
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Wellauer PK, Reeder RH. A comparison of the structural organization of amplified ribosomal DNA from Xenopus mulleri and Xenopus laevis. J Mol Biol 1975; 94:151-61. [PMID: 1142438 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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62
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63
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Forsheit AB, Davidson N, Brown DD. An electron microscope heteroduplex study of the ribosomal DNAs of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri. J Mol Biol 1974; 90:301-14. [PMID: 4453019 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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64
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Murphy WI, Attardi G. Use of a DNA probe for mapping by electron microscopy the ribosomal sequences in ribosomal RNA precursors from duck cells. J Mol Biol 1974; 90:65-76. [PMID: 4453013 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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65
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Deonier RC, Otsubo E, Lee HJ, Davidson N. Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli. VII. Mapping the ribosomal RNA genes of plasmid F14. J Mol Biol 1974; 89:619-29. [PMID: 4615162 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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66
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Wallace RB, Freeman KB. Multiple species of methionyl-tRNA from mouse liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60:1440-5. [PMID: 4421492 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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67
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Randerath E, Chia LL, Morris HP, Randerath K. Base analysis of RNA by 3H postlabeling--a study of ribothymidine content and degree of base methylation of 4 S RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 366:159-67. [PMID: 4376020 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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68
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Casey JW, Hsu HJ, Getz GS, Rabinowitz M. Transfer RNA genes in mitochondrial DNA of grande (wild-type) yeast. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:735-47. [PMID: 4372363 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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69
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70
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Wheeldon LW, Dianoux AC, Bof M, Vignais PV. Stable and labile products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 46:189-99. [PMID: 4854380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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71
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Wellauer PK, Reeder RH, Carroll D, Brown DD, Deutch A, Higashinakagawa T, Dawid IB. Amplified ribosomal DNA from Xenopus laevis has heterogeneous spacer lengths. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:2823-7. [PMID: 4527647 PMCID: PMC388564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.7.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco R(1) restriction endonuclease makes two cuts in each repeating unit of amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from Xenopus laevis. The locations of these cuts have been established by comparison of the secondary structure of single-stranded Eco R(1) fragments (as visualized in the electron microscope) with that of X. laevis rRNAs and of long strands of uncut rDNA. Of the two classes of fragments generated, the smaller one contains 90% of the 28S rRNA gene, has a duplex molecular weight of 3.0 x 10(6) and is homogeneous in size. The larger class of molecules contains 80% of the 18S rRNA gene and all of the nontranscribed spacer. These latter fragments are heterogeneous with molecular weights ranging from 4.0 to 5.9 x 10(6). The distribution of sizes within the large class of fragments varies among different preparations of rDNA, and heterogeneity is present in the DNA amplified from the rDNA of a single nucleolar organizer. The heterogeneity is located in the nontranscribed spacer region which is variable in length. This has been demonstrated by the formation of deletion loops in heteroduplexes made between larger fragments of different lengths.
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72
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Bunn CL, Wallace DC, Eisenstadt JM. Cytoplasmic inheritance of chloramphenicol resistance in mouse tissue culture cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1681-5. [PMID: 4525288 PMCID: PMC388302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A chloramphenicol-resistant mutant, isolated from mouse A9 cells, was enucleated and fused with a nucleated chloramphenicol-sensitive mouse cell line. Resultant fusion products, cytoplasmic hybrids (or "cybrids"), were selected as resistant to chloramphenicol, and had the nuclear markers and chromosome complement of the chloramphenicol-sensitive parent. These cybrids appeared at the high frequency of 2-8 per 10(4) cells plated. Neither parent produced any colonies when plated under identical selective conditions. Fusion between enucleated chloramphenicol-sensitive cell fragments and the chloramphenicol-sensitive cell produced no resistant colonies, suggesting that chloramphenicol resistance is not due to an increase in the ratio of cytoplasm to nucleus. Furthermore, fusions between resistant and sensitive nucleated cells produced resistant hybrids at a frequency 100 times less than that of resistant cybrids. Thus, these stable chloramphenicol-resistant cybrids result from the fusion of a chloramphenicol-resistant cytoplasm with a chloramphenicol-sensitive cell. It is proposed, therefore, that chloramphenicol resistance is a cytoplasmically inherited characteristic in this mouse cell line.
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73
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Ojala D, Attardi G. Identification of discrete polyadenylate-containing RNA components transcribed from HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:563-7. [PMID: 4521823 PMCID: PMC388048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.2.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation analysis under denaturing conditions of poly(A)-containing RNA from the polysome region of the sedimentation pattern of a HeLa-cell mitochondrial lysate has revealed the occurrence of a discrete RNA component, which sediments in the native state with a sedimentation constant of about 7 S. From the sedimentation behavior under native and denaturing conditions and the poly(A) content, a molecular weight of about 9 x 10(4) has been estimated for this component. RNA.DNA hybridization experiments have indicated that this component is coded for by the light strand of mitochondrial DNA. Evidence for the occurrence of a poly(A)-containing RNA component sedimenting at about 9 S and coded for by the heavy strand has also been obtained.
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74
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75
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76
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77
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Wu M, Davidson N. A technique for mapping transfer RNA genes by electron microscopy of hybrids of ferritin-labeled transfer RNA and DNA: the phi-80hpsu+3-system. J Mol Biol 1973; 78:1-21. [PMID: 4731021 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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78
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79
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Costantino P, Attardi G. Atypical pattern of utilization of amino acids for mitochondrial protein synthesis in HeLa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:1490-4. [PMID: 4514318 PMCID: PMC433526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.5.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of HeLa cell mitochondria, either isolated or in intact cells, to incorporate different labeled amino acids into proteins was investigated. Eight amino acids (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, and lysine), which include most of the charged polar ones, showed a very low amount, if any at all, of chloramphenicol-sensitive incorporation, relative to that expected for an "average" HeLa-cell protein. By contrast, the most hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and methionine) were the most actively incorporated by HeLa mitochondria. The available evidence suggests that pool effects cannot account for this general pattern of utilization of amino acids; furthermore, this pattern is in good agreement with the known hydrophobic properties of proteins synthesized in mitochondria.
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80
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Chow LT, Davidson N. Electron microscope mapping of the distribution of ribosomal genes of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. J Mol Biol 1973; 75:265-79. [PMID: 4199565 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
MESH Headings
- Bacillus subtilis/analysis
- Bacillus subtilis/cytology
- Bacillus subtilis/metabolism
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- DNA, Circular/analysis
- Genes
- Genetic Linkage
- Kinetics
- Mathematics
- Microscopy, Electron
- Models, Biological
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Nucleic Acid Renaturation
- RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Ribosomes
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
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