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Marone PA, Trampota J, Weisman S. A Safety Evaluation of a Nature-Identical l-Ergothioneine in Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:568-83. [PMID: 27306320 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816653375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
l-(+) Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring thiol amino acid with antioxidant properties and potential benefits as a dietary supplement. Despite its century-old identification and wide distribution in human food, little is known of its mechanism of action and safety. The nature-identical biomimetic of l-(+) ergothioneine, produced by Mironova Labs and supplied as Mironova (EGT+), has been investigated in the present studies for its mutagenic and toxicologic potential. In a plate incorporation and preincubation assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, 100, 1,535, and 1,537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strain, at dose concentrations of 1.58, 5, 15.8, 50, 158, 500, 1,580, and 5,000 μg/plate with and without metabolic activation, no cytotoxicity or mutagenicity was observed. Following a preliminary 28-day study, a repeated dose 90-day gavage study at dose levels of 0, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d in Sprague Dawley rats, in which dose-proportional systemic absorption was confirmed by plasma analysis, no adverse clinical, body weight/gain, food consumption and efficiency, clinical pathology, or histopathological changes associated with the administration of the nature-identical ergothioneine were observed. In conclusion, EGT+ administered over 90 days was well tolerated with a no adverse effect level at 1,600 mg/kg bw/d, the highest dose tested for male and female rats. In addition, the nature-identical test substance, EGT+ was not mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation assay at plate concentrations of up to 5,000 μg/mL in the presence or absence of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Ann Marone
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, USA
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Zullo G, Albero G, Neglia G, De Canditiis C, Bifulco G, Campanile G, Gasparrini B. L-ergothioneine supplementation during culture improves quality of bovine in vitro–produced embryos. Theriogenology 2016; 85:688-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Saini V, Cumming BM, Guidry L, Lamprecht DA, Adamson JH, Reddy VP, Chinta KC, Mazorodze JH, Glasgow JN, Richard-Greenblatt M, Gomez-Velasco A, Bach H, Av-Gay Y, Eoh H, Rhee K, Steyn AJC. Ergothioneine Maintains Redox and Bioenergetic Homeostasis Essential for Drug Susceptibility and Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:572-585. [PMID: 26774486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) maintains metabolic equilibrium to survive during infection and upon exposure to antimycobacterial drugs are poorly characterized. Ergothioneine (EGT) and mycothiol (MSH) are the major redox buffers present in Mtb, but the contribution of EGT to Mtb redox homeostasis and virulence remains unknown. We report that Mtb WhiB3, a 4Fe-4S redox sensor protein, regulates EGT production and maintains bioenergetic homeostasis. We show that central carbon metabolism and lipid precursors regulate EGT production and that EGT modulates drug sensitivity. Notably, EGT and MSH are both essential for redox and bioenergetic homeostasis. Transcriptomic analyses of EGT and MSH mutants indicate overlapping but distinct functions of EGT and MSH. Last, we show that EGT is critical for Mtb survival in both macrophages and mice. This study has uncovered a dynamic balance between Mtb redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, which critically influences Mtb drug susceptibility and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bridgette M Cumming
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Loni Guidry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dirk A Lamprecht
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - John H Adamson
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - James H Mazorodze
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Pathology, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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Halliwell B, Cheah IK, Drum CL. Ergothioneine, an adaptive antioxidant for the protection of injured tissues? A hypothesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:245-250. [PMID: 26772879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a diet-derived, thiolated derivative of histidine with antioxidant properties. Although ET is produced only by certain fungi and bacteria, it can be found at high concentrations in certain human and animal tissues and is absorbed through a specific, high affinity transporter (OCTN1). In liver, heart, joint and intestinal injury, elevated ET concentrations have been observed in injured tissues. The physiological role of ET remains unclear. We thus review current literature to generate a specific hypothesis: that the accumulation of ET in vivo is an adaptive mechanism, involving the regulated uptake and concentration of an exogenous natural compound to minimize oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester L Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, 138648, Singapore
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Cheah IK, Tang R, Ye P, Yew TSZ, Lim KHS, Halliwell B. Liver ergothioneine accumulation in a guinea pig model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A possible mechanism of defence? Free Radic Res 2015; 50:14-25. [PMID: 26634964 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1099642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
L-ergothioneine (ET), a putative antioxidant compound acquired by animals through dietary sources, has been suggested to accumulate in certain cells and tissues in the body that are predisposed to high oxidative stress. In the present study, we identified an elevation of ET in the liver of a guinea pig model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), elucidated a possible mechanism for the increased uptake and investigated the possible role for this accumulation. This increase in liver ET levels correlated with cholesterol accumulation and disease severity. We identified an increase in the transcriptional factor, RUNX1, which has been shown to upregulate the expression of the ET-specific transporter OCTN1, and could consequently lead to the observable elevation in ET. An increase was also seen in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) which seemingly corresponds to ET elevation. No significant increase was observed in oxidative damage markers, F2-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyls, which could possibly be attributed to the increase in liver ET through direct antioxidant action, induction of HSP70, or by chelation of Fe(2+), preventing redox chemistry. The data suggest a novel mechanism by which the guinea pig fatty liver accumulates ET via upregulation of its transporter, as a possible stress response by the damaged liver to further suppress oxidative damage and delay tissue injury. Similar events may happen in other animal models of disease, and researchers should be aware of the possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- a Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Richard Tang
- a Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Peng Ye
- a Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Terry S Z Yew
- a Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Keith H S Lim
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- a Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Hseu YC, Lo HW, Korivi M, Tsai YC, Tang MJ, Yang HL. Dermato-protective properties of ergothioneine through induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated antioxidant genes in UVA-irradiated Human keratinocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:102-17. [PMID: 26021820 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UVA irradiation-induced skin damage and redox imbalance have been shown to be ameliorated by ergothioneine (EGT), a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid. However, the responsible molecular mechanism with nanomolar concentrations of EGT remains unclear. We investigated the dermato protective efficacies of EGT (125-500nM) against UVA irradiation (15J/cm(2)), and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism in human keratinocyte-derived HaCaT cells. We found that EGT treatment prior to UVA exposure significantly increased the cell viability and prevented lactate dehydrogenase release into the medium. UVA-induced ROS and comet-like DNA formation were remarkably suppressed by EGT with a parallel inhibition of apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced DNA fragmentation (TUNEL), caspase-9/-3 activation, and Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation. Furthermore, EGT alleviated UVA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Dose-dependent increases of antioxidant genes, HO-1, NQO-1, and γ-GCLC and glutathione by EGT were associated with upregulated Nrf2 and downregulated Keap-1 expressions. This was confirmed by increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and inhibition of Nrf2 degradation. Notably, augmented luciferase activity of ARE may explain Nrf2/ARE-mediated signaling pathways behind EGT dermato-protective properties. We further demonstrated that Nrf2 translocation was mediated by PI3K/AKT, PKC, or ROS signaling cascades. This phenomenon was confirmed with suppressed nuclear Nrf2 activation, and consequently diminished antioxidant genes in cells treated with respective pharmacological inhibitors (LY294002, GF109203X, and N-acetylcysteine). Besides, increased basal ROS by EGT appears to be crucial for triggering the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. Silencing of Nrf2 or OCTN1 (EGT carrier protein) signaling with siRNA showed no such protective effects of EGT against UVA-induced cell death, ROS, and apoptosis, which is evidence of the vitality of Nrf2 translocation and protective efficacy of EGT in keratinocytes. Our findings conclude that EGT at nanomolar concentrations effectively ameliorated UVA-induced skin damage, and may be considered as a desirable food supplement for skin protection and/or preparation of skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Wei Lo
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ju Tang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Huang SJ, Lin CP, Tsai SY. Vitamin D2 content and antioxidant properties of fruit body and mycelia of edible mushrooms by UV-B irradiation. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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58
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Mechanistic studies of a novel C-S lyase in ergothioneine biosynthesis: the involvement of a sulfenic acid intermediate. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11870. [PMID: 26149121 PMCID: PMC4493562 DOI: 10.1038/srep11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a histidine thio-derivative isolated in 1909. In ergothioneine biosynthesis, the combination of a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme catalyzed oxidative C-S bond formation reaction and a PLP-mediated C-S lyase (EgtE) reaction results in a net sulfur transfer from cysteine to histidine side-chain. This demonstrates a new sulfur transfer strategy in the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing natural products. Due to difficulties associated with the overexpression of Mycobacterium smegmatis EgtE protein, the proposed EgtE functionality remained to be verified biochemically. In this study, we have successfully overexpressed and purified M. smegmatis EgtE enzyme and evaluated its activities under different in vitro conditions: C-S lyase reaction using either thioether or sulfoxide as a substrate in the presence or absence of reductants. Results from our biochemical characterizations support the assignment of sulfoxide 4 as the native EgtE substrate and the involvement of a sulfenic acid intermediate in the ergothioneine C-S lyase reaction.
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59
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Fu P, MacMillan JB. Spithioneines A and B, Two New Bohemamine Derivatives Possessing Ergothioneine Moiety from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces spinoverrucosus. Org Lett 2015; 17:3046-9. [PMID: 26024315 PMCID: PMC4892649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spithioneines A and B (1 and 2), two new bohemamine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids possessing an unusual ergothioneine moiety, were isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces spinoverrucosus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, CD spectra, and chemical degradation and synthesis. Compounds 1 and 2 are rare natural products that incorporate the amino acid ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
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60
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Vit A, Mashabela GT, Blankenfeldt W, Seebeck FP. Structure of the Ergothioneine-Biosynthesis Amidohydrolase EgtC. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1490-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pfeiffer C, Bach M, Bauer T, Campos da Ponte J, Schömig E, Gründemann D. Knockout of the ergothioneine transporter ETT in zebrafish results in increased 8-oxoguanine levels. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:178-85. [PMID: 25746775 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a natural compound that humans and other vertebrates must absorb from dietary sources. In general, ET is considered an intracellular antioxidant. However, the precise physiological purpose of ET and the consequences of ET deficiency are still unclear. The ergothioneine transporter ETT (human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a highly specific transporter for the uptake of ET. Here, we sought to identify and knock out ETT from zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine the function of ET. We cloned and assayed three related proteins from zebrafish, only one of which catalyzed the uptake of ET. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the protein is strongly expressed in the skin, brain, kidney, intestine, and eye. In ETT-knockout animals generated by retroviral insertion into exon 1, ET content was reduced by more than 1000-fold compared to the wild type. Thus, ETT is the sole transporter responsible for uptake of ET into zebrafish. ETT-knockout fish did not exhibit obvious differences in morphology or behavior. In whole-fish homogenates, an increase in 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal and malondialdehyde was observed, but only after stress caused by incubation with Pb(2+) or Cu(2+). Comparison of unstressed fish at the level of small molecules by LC-MS difference shading revealed a 3.8-fold increase in 8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine) in the skin of ETT-knockout animals. Our knockout represents a new model for examining the consequences of complete absence of ET. Based on the phenotype observed here, we hypothesize that the specific purpose of ET could be to eliminate singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Pfeiffer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Bach
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Edgar Schömig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Zimmerman MT, Bayse CA, Ramoutar RR, Brumaghim JL. Sulfur and selenium antioxidants: challenging radical scavenging mechanisms and developing structure-activity relationships based on metal binding. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 145:30-40. [PMID: 25600984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because sulfur and selenium antioxidants can prevent oxidative damage, numerous animal and clinical trials have investigated the ability of these compounds to prevent the oxidative stress that is an underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, among others. One of the most common sources of oxidative damage is metal-generated hydroxyl radical; however, very little research has focused on determining the metal-binding abilities and structural attributes that affect oxidative damage prevention by sulfur and selenium compounds. In this review, we describe our ongoing investigations into sulfur and selenium antioxidant prevention of iron- and copper-mediated oxidative DNA damage. We determined that many sulfur and selenium compounds inhibit Cu(I)-mediated DNA damage and that DNA damage prevention varies dramatically when Fe(II) is used in place of Cu(I) to generate hydroxyl radical. Oxidation potentials of the sulfur or selenium compounds do not correlate with their ability to prevent DNA damage, highlighting the importance of metal coordination rather than reactive oxygen species scavenging as an antioxidant mechanism. Additional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and UV-visible studies confirmed sulfur and selenium antioxidant binding to Cu(I) and Fe(II). Ultimately, our studies established that both the hydroxyl-radical-generating metal ion and the chemical environment of the sulfur or selenium significantly affect DNA damage prevention and that metal coordination is an essential mechanism for these antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Ria R Ramoutar
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - Julia L Brumaghim
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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Bhattacharya M, Srivastav P, Mishra H. Optimization of process variables for supercritical fluid extraction of ergothioneine and polyphenols from Pleurotus ostreatus and correlation to free-radical scavenging activity. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bello MH, Mogannam JC, Morin D, Epstein L. Endogenous ergothioneine is required for wild type levels of conidiogenesis and conidial survival but does not protect against 254 nm UV-induced mutagenesis or kill. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 73:120-7. [PMID: 25446508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine, a histidine derivative, is concentrated in conidia of ascomycetous fungi. To investigate the function of ergothioneine, we crossed the wild type Neurospora crassa (Egt(+)) and an ergothioneine non-producer (Egt(-), Δegt-1, a knockout in NCU04343.5) and used the Egt(+) and Egt(-) progeny strains for phenotypic analyses. Compared to the Egt(+) strains, Egt(-) strains had a 59% reduction in the number of conidia produced on Vogel's agar. After storage of Egt(+) and Egt(-) conidia at 97% and 52% relative humidity (RH) for a time course to either 17 or 98 days, respectively, Egt(-) strains had a 23% and a 18% reduction in life expectancy at 97% and 52% RH, respectively, compared to the Egt(+) strains. Based on a Cu(II) reduction assay with the chelator bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt, ergothioneine accounts for 38% and 33% of water-soluble antioxidant capacity in N. crassa conidia from seven and 20 day-old cultures, respectively. In contrast, ergothioneine did not account for significant (α=0.05) anti-oxidant capacity in mycelia, which have lower concentrations of ergothioneine than conidia. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ergothioneine has an antioxidant function in vivo. In contrast, experiments on the spontaneous mutation rate in Egt(+) and Egt(-) strains and on the effects of 254 nm UV light on mutation rate and conidial viability do not support the hypothesis that ergothioneine protects DNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Bello
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - John C Mogannam
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - Dexter Morin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States.
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Jones GW, Doyle S, Fitzpatrick DA. The evolutionary history of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the antioxidant ergothioneine. Gene 2014; 549:161-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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66
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Li RWS, Yang C, Sit ASM, Kwan YW, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM, Chan SW, Hausman M, Vanhoutte PM, Leung GPH. Uptake and protective effects of ergothioneine in human endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:691-700. [PMID: 25022513 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a thiourea derivative of histidine found in food, especially mushrooms. Experiments in cell-free systems and chemical assays identified this compound as a powerful antioxidant. Experiments were designed to test the ability of endothelial cells to take up ergothioneine and hence benefit from protection against oxidative stress. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting demonstrated transcription and translation of an ergothioneine transporter in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Uptake of [(3)H]ergothioneine occurred by the organic cation transporter novel type-1 (OCTN-1), was sodium-dependent, and was reduced when expression of OCTN-1 was silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The effect of ergothioneine on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HBMECs was measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein and lucigenin, and the effect on cell viability was studied using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. ROS production and cell death induced by pyrogallol, xanthine oxidase plus xanthine, and high glucose were suppressed by ergothioneine. The antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of ergothioneine were abolished when OCTN-1 was silenced using siRNA. The expression of NADPH oxidase 1 was decreased, and those of glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enhanced by the compound. In isolated rat basilar arteries, ergothioneine attenuated the reduction in acetylcholine-induced relaxation caused by pyrogallol, xanthine oxidase plus xanthine, or incubation in high glucose. Chronic treatment with the compound improved the response to acetylcholine in arteries of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In summary, ergothioneine is taken up by endothelial cells via OCTN-1, where the compound then protects against oxidative stress, curtailing endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W S Li
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - C Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Albert S M Sit
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Y W Kwan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Simon M Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Maggie P M Hoi
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - S W Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Marvin Hausman
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - George P H Leung
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (R.W.S.L., A.S.M.S., P.M.V., G.P.H.L.); Ethnic Drug Screening and Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China (C.Y.); School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Y.W.K.); Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (S.M.Y.L., M.P.M.H.); State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (S.W.C.); and Entia Biosciences Inc., Sherwood, Oregon (M.H.)
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67
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Pluskal T, Ueno M, Yanagida M. Genetic and metabolomic dissection of the ergothioneine and selenoneine biosynthetic pathway in the fission yeast, S. pombe, and construction of an overproduction system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97774. [PMID: 24828577 PMCID: PMC4020840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a small, sulfur-containing metabolite (229 Da) synthesized by various species of bacteria and fungi, which can accumulate to millimolar levels in tissues or cells (e.g. erythrocytes) of higher eukaryotes. It is commonly marketed as a dietary supplement due to its proposed protective and antioxidative functions. In this study we report the genes forming the two-step ergothioneine biosynthetic pathway in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We identified the first gene, egt1+ (SPBC1604.01), by sequence homology to previously published genes from Neurospora crassa and Mycobacterium smegmatis. We showed, using metabolomic analysis, that the Δegt1 deletion mutant completely lacked ergothioneine and its precursors (trimethyl histidine/hercynine and hercynylcysteine sulfoxide). Since the second step of ergothioneine biosynthesis has not been characterized in eukaryotes, we examined four putative homologs (Nfs1/SPBC21D10.11c, SPAC11D3.10, SPCC777.03c, and SPBC660.12c) of the corresponding mycobacterial enzyme EgtE. Among deletion mutants of these genes, only one (ΔSPBC660.12c, designated Δegt2) showed a substantial decrease in ergothioneine, accompanied by accumulation of its immediate precursor, hercynylcysteine sulfoxide. Ergothioneine-deficient strains exhibited no phenotypic defects during vegetative growth or quiescence. To effectively study the role of ergothioneine, we constructed an egt1+ overexpression system by replacing its native promoter with the nmt1+ promoter, which is inducible in the absence of thiamine. We employed three versions of the nmt1 promoter with increasing strength of expression and confirmed corresponding accumulations of ergothioneine. We quantified the intracellular concentration of ergothioneine in S. pombe (0.3, 157.4, 41.6, and up to 1606.3 µM in vegetative, nitrogen-starved, glucose-starved, and egt1+-overexpressing cells, respectively) and described its gradual accumulation under long-term quiescence. Finally, we demonstrated that the ergothioneine pathway can also synthesize selenoneine, a selenium-containing derivative of ergothioneine, when the culture medium is supplemented with selenium. We further found that selenoneine biosynthesis involves a novel intermediate compound, hercynylselenocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Pluskal
- G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaru Ueno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yanagida
- G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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68
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
During infection,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is exposed to a diverse array of microenvironments in the human host, each with its own unique set of redox conditions. Imbalances in the redox environment of the bacillus or the host environment serve as stimuli, which could regulate virulence. The ability of
M. tuberculosis
to evade the host immune response and cause disease is largely owing to the capacity of the mycobacterium to sense changes in its environment, such as host-generated gases, carbon sources, and pathological conditions, and alter its metabolism and redox balance accordingly for survival. In this article we discuss the redox sensors that are, to date, known to be present in
M. tuberculosis
, such as the Dos dormancy regulon, WhiB family, anti-σ factors, and MosR, in addition to the strategies present in the bacillus to neutralize free radicals, such as superoxide dismutases, catalase-peroxidase, thioredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductases, among others.
M. tuberculosis
is peculiar in that it appears to have a hierarchy of redox buffers, namely, mycothiol and ergothioneine. We discuss the current knowledge of their biosynthesis, function, and regulation. Ergothioneine is still an enigma, although it appears to have distinct and overlapping functions with mycothiol, which enable it to protect against a wide range of toxic metabolites and free radicals generated by the host. Developing approaches to quantify the intracellular redox status of the mycobacterium will enable us to determine how the redox balance is altered in response to signals and environments that mimic those encountered in the host.
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69
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Vit A, Misson L, Blankenfeldt W, Seebeck FP. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the ergothioneine-biosynthetic methyltransferase EgtD. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:676-80. [PMID: 24817736 PMCID: PMC4014345 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1400805x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine is an amino-acid betaine derivative of histidine that was discovered more than one century ago. Despite significant research pointing to a function in oxidative stress defence, the exact mechanisms of action of ergothioneine remain elusive. Although both humans and bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis seem to depend on ergothioneine, humans are devoid of the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Therefore, its biosynthesis may emerge as potential drug target in the development of novel therapeutics against tuberculosis. The recent identification of ergothioneine-biosynthetic genes in M. smegmatis enables a more systematic study of its biology. The pathway is initiated by EgtD, a SAM-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes a trimethylation reaction of histidine to give N(α),N(α),N(α)-trimethylhistidine. Here, the recombinant production, purification and crystallization of EgtD are reported. Crystals of native EgtD diffracted to 2.35 Å resolution at a synchrotron beamline, whereas crystals of seleno-L-methionine-labelled protein diffracted to 1.75 Å resolution and produced a significant anomalous signal to 2.77 Å resolution at the K edge. All of the crystals belonged to space group P212121, with two EgtD monomers in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Vit
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laëtitia Misson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Peter Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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70
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Song H, Her AS, Raso F, Zhen Z, Huo Y, Liu P. Cysteine oxidation reactions catalyzed by a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme (OvoA) in ovothiol biosynthesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:2122-5. [PMID: 24684381 PMCID: PMC3998768 DOI: 10.1021/ol5005438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OvoA in ovothiol biosynthesis is a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme catalyzing the oxidative coupling between histidine and cysteine. It can also catalyze the oxidative coupling between hercynine and cysteine, yet with a different regio-selectivity. Due to the potential application of this reaction for industrial ergothioneine production, in this study, we systematically characterized OvoA by a combination of three different assays. Our studies revealed that OvoA can also catalyze the oxidation of cysteine to either cysteine sulfinic acid or cystine. Remarkably, these OvoA-catalyzed reactions can be systematically modulated by a slight modification of one of its substrates, histidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, United States
| | - Ampon Sae Her
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, United States
| | - Fiona Raso
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, United States
| | - Zhibin Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, United States
| | - Yuda Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, United States
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71
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Qiao F, Shi W, Dong J, Lv W, Ai S. Functional hybrids of layered double hydroxides with hemin: synergistic effect for peroxynitrite-scavenging activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between heme and LDHs results in a synergistic effect, which leads to an efficient ONOO−scavenging ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmin Qiao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Shi
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian, P. R. China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lv
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Ai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian, P. R. China
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72
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Song H, Leninger M, Lee N, Liu P. Regioselectivity of the oxidative C-S bond formation in ergothioneine and ovothiol biosyntheses. Org Lett 2013; 15:4854-7. [PMID: 24016264 PMCID: PMC4166525 DOI: 10.1021/ol402275t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (5) and ovothiol (8) are two novel thiol-containing natural products. Their C-S bonds are formed by oxidative coupling reactions catalyzed by EgtB and OvoA enzymes, respectively. In this work, it was discovered that in addition to catalyzing the oxidative coupling between histidine and cysteine (1 → 6 conversion), OvoA can also catalyze a direct oxidative coupling between hercynine (2) and cysteine (2 → 4 conversion), which can shorten the ergothioneine biosynthetic pathway by two steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Norman Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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73
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De Luna P, Bushnell EAC, Gauld JW. A Density Functional Theory Investigation into the Binding of the Antioxidants Ergothioneine and Ovothiol to Copper. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4057-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402514w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phil De Luna
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Eric A. C. Bushnell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - James W. Gauld
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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74
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Ergothioneine is a secreted antioxidant in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3202-7. [PMID: 23629716 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02572-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) and mycothiol (MSH) are two low-molecular-weight thiols synthesized by mycobacteria. The role of MSH has been extensively investigated in mycobacteria; however, little is known about the role of ERG in mycobacterial physiology. In this study, quantification of ERG at various points in the growth cycle of Mycobacterium smegmatis revealed that a significant portion of ERG is found in the culture media, suggesting that it is actively secreted. A mutant of M. smegmatis lacking egtD (MSMEG_6247) was unable to synthesize ERG, confirming its role in ERG biosynthesis. Deletion of egtD from wild-type M. smegmatis and an MSH-deficient mutant did not affect their susceptibility to antibiotics tested in this study. The ERG- and MSH-deficient double mutant was significantly more sensitive to peroxide than either of the single mutants lacking either ERG or MSH, suggesting that both thiols play a role in protecting M. smegmatis against oxidative stress and that ERG is able to partly compensate for the loss of MSH.
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75
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Sotgia S, Zinellu A, Pintus G, Pinna GA, Deiana L, Carru C. Quantification of L-ergothioneine in whole blood by hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography and UV-detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1002-6. [PMID: 23418129 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance LC method was established for the whole blood measurement of L-ergothioneine. Chromatographic separation was achieved in a fairly short time, less than 4 min, on a 100 × 2.1 mm Acquity UPLC BEH HILIC 1.7 μm column with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 100 mmol/L ammonium acetate/ACN/water (5:85:10, v/v/v) that flowed isocratically at 0.250 mL/min. The LOD and the limit of quantification were 3.85 and 11.67 μmol/L, respectively. The method exhibited linearity in a concentration range of 15.63-1000 μmol/L (R(2) > 0.999). Mean recovery was 96.34% whereas intraassay and interassay precision were 1.52 and 1.82% RSD, respectively. On the whole, the developed method is simple, fast, precise, accurate, and sensitive and may be useful for routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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76
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Bushnell EAC, Fortowsky GB, Gauld JW. Model iron-oxo species and the oxidation of imidazole: insights into the mechanism of OvoA and EgtB? Inorg Chem 2012; 51:13351-6. [PMID: 23215044 DOI: 10.1021/ic3021172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A density functional theory cluster and first-principles quantum and statistical mechanics approach have been used to investigate the ability of iron-oxygen intermediates to oxidize a histidine cosubstrate, which may then allow for the possible formation of 2- and 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide, respectively. Namely, the ability of ferric superoxo (Fe(III)O(2)(•-)), Fe(IV)═O, and ferrous peroxysulfur (Fe(III)OOS) complexes to oxidize the imidazole of histidine via an electron transfer (ET) or a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) was considered. While the high-valent mononuclear Fe(IV)═O species is generally considered the ultimate biooxidant, the free energies for its reduction (via ET or PCET) suggest that it is unable to directly oxidize histidine's imidazole. Instead, only the ferrous peroxysulfur complexes are sufficiently powerful enough oxidants to generate a histidyl-derived radical via a PCET process. Furthermore, while this process preferably forms a HisN(δ)(-H)(•) radical, several such oxidants are also suggested to be capable of generating the higher-energy HisC(δ)(-H)(•) and HisC(ε)(-H)(•) radicals. Importantly, the present results suggest that formation of the sulfoxide-containing products (seen in both OvoA and EgtB) is a consequence of the reduction of a powerful Fe(III)OOS oxidant via a PCET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A C Bushnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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77
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Fahey RC. Glutathione analogs in prokaryotes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3182-98. [PMID: 23075826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen is both essential and toxic to all forms of aerobic life and the chemical versatility and reactivity of thiols play a key role in both aspects. Cysteine thiol groups have key catalytic functions in enzymes but are readily damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Low-molecular-weight thiols provide protective buffers against the hazards of ROS toxicity. Glutathione is the small protective thiol in nearly all eukaryotes but in prokaryotes the situation is far more complex. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides an introduction to the diversity of low-molecular-weight thiol protective systems in bacteria. The topics covered include the limitations of cysteine as a protector, the multiple origins and distribution of glutathione biosynthesis, mycothiol biosynthesis and function in Actinobacteria, recent discoveries involving bacillithiol found in Firmicutes, new insights on the biosynthesis and distribution of ergothioneine, and the potential protective roles played by coenzyme A and other thiols. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Bacteria have evolved a diverse collection of low-molecular-weight protective thiols to deal with oxygen toxicity and environmental challenges. Our understanding of how many of these thiols are produced and utilized is still at an early stage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Extensive diversity existed among prokaryotes prior to evolution of the cyanobacteria and the development of an oxidizing atmosphere. Bacteria that managed to adapt to life under oxygen evolved, or acquired, the ability to produce a variety of small thiols for protection against the hazards of aerobic metabolism. Many pathogenic prokaryotes depend upon novel thiol protection systems that may provide targets for new antibacterial agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Fahey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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78
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Characterization of ergothionase from Burkholderia sp. HME13 and its application to enzymatic quantification of ergothioneine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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79
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Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and metabolic modulators as pharmacological interventions to slow ageing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:563-92. [PMID: 23022622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations in many nations today are rapidly ageing. This unprecedented demographic change represents one of the main challenges of our time. A defining property of the ageing process is a marked increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity with age. The incidence of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases increases non-linearly, sometimes exponentially with age. One of the most important tasks in biogerontology is to develop interventions leading to an increase in healthy lifespan (health span), and a better understanding of basic mechanisms underlying the ageing process itself may lead to interventions able to delay or prevent many or even all age-dependent conditions. One of the putative basic mechanisms of ageing is age-dependent mitochondrial deterioration, closely associated with damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Given the central role that mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction play not only in ageing but also in apoptosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and other age-related diseases there is great interest in approaches to protect mitochondria from ROS-mediated damage. In this review, we explore strategies of targeting mitochondria to reduce mitochondrial oxidative damage with the aim of preventing or delaying age-dependent decline in mitochondrial function and some of the resulting pathologies. We discuss mitochondria-targeted and -localized antioxidants (e.g.: MitoQ, SkQ, ergothioneine), mitochondrial metabolic modulators (e.g. dichloroacetic acid), and uncouplers (e.g.: uncoupling proteins, dinitrophenol) as well as some alternative future approaches for targeting compounds to the mitochondria, including advances from nanotechnology.
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80
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Nguyen TH, Giri A, Ohshima T. A rapid HPLC post-column reaction analysis for the quantification of ergothioneine in edible mushrooms and in animals fed a diet supplemented with extracts from the processing waste of cultivated mushrooms. Food Chem 2012; 133:585-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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81
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Chen SY, Ho KJ, Hsieh YJ, Wang LT, Mau JL. Contents of lovastatin, γ-aminobutyric acid and ergothioneine in mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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82
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Mycobial enhancement of ergothioneine by submerged cultivation of edible mushroom mycelia and its application as an antioxidative compound. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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83
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Tepwong P, Giri A, Ohshima T. Effect of mycelial morphology on ergothioneine production during liquid fermentation of Lentinula edodes. MYCOSCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-011-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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84
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Bello MH, Barrera-Perez V, Morin D, Epstein L. The Neurospora crassa mutant NcΔEgt-1 identifies an ergothioneine biosynthetic gene and demonstrates that ergothioneine enhances conidial survival and protects against peroxide toxicity during conidial germination. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:160-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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85
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86
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:784-93. [PMID: 22001064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the unique properties of the naturally occurring amino acid, L-ergothioneine (EGT; 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine), have intrigued researchers for more than a century. This widely distributed thione is only known to be synthesized by non-yeast fungi, mycobacteria and cyanobacteria but accumulates in higher organisms at up to millimolar levels via an organic cation transporter (OCTN1). The physiological role of EGT has yet to be established. Numerous in vitro assays have demonstrated the antioxidant and cytoprotective capabilities of EGT against a wide range of cellular stressors, but an antioxidant role has yet to be fully verified in vivo. Nevertheless the accumulation, tissue distribution and scavenging properties, all highlight the potential for EGT to function as a physiological antioxidant. This article reviews our current state of knowledge. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore
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87
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Ferreira LF, Campbell KS, Reid MB. Effectiveness of sulfur-containing antioxidants in delaying skeletal muscle fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1025-31. [PMID: 20980926 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182019a78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reactions involving thiol biochemistry seem to play a crucial role in skeletal muscle fatigue. N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) and L-ergothioneine (ERGO) are thiol-based antioxidants available for human use that have not been evaluated for effects on muscle fatigue. PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that NACA and ERGO delay skeletal muscle fatigue. METHODS We exposed mouse diaphragm fiber bundles to buffer (CTRL), NACA, ERGO, or N-acetylcysteine (NAC; positive control). Treatments were performed in vitro using 10 mM for 60 min at 37 °C. After treatment, we determined the muscle force-frequency and fatigue characteristics. RESULTS The force-frequency relationship was shifted to the left by ERGO and to the right by NACA compared with CTRL and NAC. Maximal tetanic force was similar among groups. The total force-time integral (FTI; N · s · cm) during the fatigue trial was decreased by NACA (420 ± 35, P < 0.05), unaffected by ERGO (657 ± 53), and increased by NAC (P < 0.05) compared with CTRL (581 ± 54). The rate of contraction (dF/dtMAX) during the fatigue trial was not affected by any of the treatments tested. NAC, but not NACA or ERGO, delayed the slowing of muscle relaxation (dF/dtMIN) during fatigue. CONCLUSIONS In summary, NACA and ERGO did not delay skeletal muscle fatigue in vitro. We conclude that these antioxidants are unlikely to improve human exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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88
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Çoyan K, Başpınar N, Bucak MN, Akalın PP. Effects of cysteine and ergothioneine on post-thawed Merino ram sperm and biochemical parameters. Cryobiology 2011; 63:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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89
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Schauss AG, Béres E, Vértesi A, Frank Z, Pasics I, Endres J, Aruoma OI, Hirka G. The Effect of Ergothioneine on Clastogenic Potential and Mutagenic Activity. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:405-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811405856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
L-(+)-ergothioneine has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo and has uses as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in foods, cosmetics, and as a pharmaceutical additive. The clastogenic potential and mutagenic of ergothioneine were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Ergothioneine concentrations up to 5000 μg/mL, with and without metabolic activation, was tested in the chromosome aberration assay with CHL cells and found not to induce structural chromosome aberrations. In the in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, ergothioneine was administered orally to male mice at doses up to 1500 mg/kg for potential genotoxic activity. No increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed. Overall, ergothioneine was not genotoxic in these studies and provides additional experimental evidence supporting the safety of its use as a potential dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Endres
- Natural and Medicine Products Research, AIBMR Life Sciences, Puyallup, WA, USA
| | - Okezie I. Aruoma
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA
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90
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Organic hydroperoxide resistance protein and ergothioneine compensate for loss of mycothiol in Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1981-90. [PMID: 21335456 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01402-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mshA::Tn5 mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis does not produce mycothiol (MSH) and was found to markedly overproduce both ergothioneine and an ~15-kDa protein determined to be organic hydroperoxide resistance protein (Ohr). An mshA(G32D) mutant lacking MSH overproduced ergothioneine but not Ohr. Comparison of the mutant phenotypes with those of the wild-type strain indicated the following: Ohr protects against organic hydroperoxide toxicity, whereas ergothioneine does not; an additional MSH-dependent organic hydroperoxide peroxidase exists; and elevated isoniazid resistance in the mutant is associated with both Ohr and the absence of MSH. Purified Ohr showed high activity with linoleic acid hydroperoxide, indicating lipid hydroperoxides as the likely physiologic targets. The reduction of oxidized Ohr by NADH was shown to be catalyzed by lipoamide dehydrogenase and either lipoamide or DlaT (SucB). Since free lipoamide and lipoic acid levels were shown to be undetectable in M. smegmatis, the bound lipoyl residues of DlaT are the likely source of the physiological dithiol reductant for Ohr. The pattern of occurrence of homologs of Ohr among bacteria suggests that the ohr gene has been distributed by lateral transfer. The finding of multiple Ohr homologs with various sequence identities in some bacterial genomes indicates that there may be multiple physiologic targets for Ohr proteins.
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91
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Braunshausen A, Seebeck FP. Identification and Characterization of the First Ovothiol Biosynthetic Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1757-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja109378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Braunshausen
- Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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92
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Zhu BZ, Mao L, Fan RM, Zhu JG, Zhang YN, Wang J, Kalyanaraman B, Frei B. Ergothioneine Prevents Copper-Induced Oxidative Damage to DNA and Protein by Forming a Redox-Inactive Ergothioneine−Copper Complex. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:30-4. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100214t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Rui-Mei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Jun-Ge Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Ying-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
| | - Balz Frei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States, and Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-3548, United States
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93
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Schauss AG, Vértesi A, Endres JR, Hirka G, Clewell A, Qureshi I, Pasics I. Evaluation of the safety of the dietary antioxidant ergothioneine using the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Toxicology 2010; 278:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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94
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Bennett LL, Seefeldt T. The Role of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus. J Pharm Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/875512251002600507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the literature on the role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and search sources of promising antioxidants: pharmaceutical, dietary supplements, or investigational compounds. Data Sources: A preliminary literature search of PubMed (1966-June 2010) was performed, using the MeSH database when possible, with the terms antioxidants, oxidative stress, antioxidants and diabetes, insulin resistance, and antioxidants and diabetic neuropathy. Bibliographies of all articles retrieved were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All studies published in English with data describing the role of antioxidants and oxidative stress in humans or animals were included. Data Synthesis: Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and insulin resistance. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were shown to be potent antioxidants in several clinical trials, including the SYDNEY trial, SYDNEY 2 trial, and ALADIN III study, in diabetes with albuminuria, and in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Conclusions: ALA and NAC supplementations, along with a well-balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants, provide a potential approach in the treatment of diabetes associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunawati L Bennett
- LUNAWATI L BENNETT PhD PharmD, Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Science, Lloyd Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL
| | - Teresa Seefeldt
- TERESA SEEFELDT PhD PharmD, Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
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Sugiura T, Kato S, Shimizu T, Wakayama T, Nakamichi N, Kubo Y, Iwata D, Suzuki K, Soga T, Asano M, Iseki S, Tamai I, Tsuji A, Kato Y. Functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 in mouse small intestine and liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1665-72. [PMID: 20601551 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN1/SLC22A4) accepts various therapeutic agents as substrates in vitro and is expressed ubiquitously, although its function in most organs has not yet been examined. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate functional expression of OCTN1 in small intestine and liver, using octn1 gene knockout [octn1(-/-)] mice. After oral administration of [(3)H]ergothioneine ([(3)H]ERGO), a typical substrate of OCTN1, the amount of [(3)H]ERGO remaining in the small intestinal lumen was much higher in octn1(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, uptake of [(3)H]ERGO by human embryonic kidney 293 cells heterologously expressing OCTN1 gene product and uptake of [(3)H]ERGO at the apical surface of intestinal everted sacs from wild-type mice were inhibited by OCTN1 substrates, tetraethylammonium and verapamil. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that OCTN1 is localized on the apical surface of small intestine in mice and humans. These results suggest that OCTN1 is responsible for small intestinal absorption of [(3)H]ERGO. However, the plasma concentration of [(3)H]ERGO after oral administration was higher in octn1(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice, despite the lower absorption in octn1(-/-) mice. This was probably because of efficient hepatic uptake of [(3)H]ERGO, as revealed by integration plot analysis; the uptake clearance was close to the hepatic plasma flow rate. The uptake of [(3)H]ERGO by isolated hepatocytes was minimal, whereas [(3)H]ERGO uptake was observed in isolated nonparenchymal cells. This finding is consistent with immunostaining of OCTN1 in liver sinusoids. Thus, our results indicate that OCTN1 is functionally expressed in nonparenchymal liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sugiura
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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96
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Seebeck FP. In Vitro Reconstitution of Mycobacterial Ergothioneine Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6632-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian P. Seebeck
- Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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97
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Paul BD, Snyder SH. The unusual amino acid L-ergothioneine is a physiologic cytoprotectant. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:1134-40. [PMID: 19911007 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is an unusual sulfur-containing derivative of the amino acid, histidine, which is derived exclusively through the diet. Although ET was isolated a century ago, its physiologic function has not been clearly established. Recently, a highly specific transporter for ET (ETT) was identified in mammalian tissues, which explains abundant tissue levels of ET and implies a physiologic role. Using RNA interference, we depleted cells of its transporter. Cells lacking ETT are more susceptible to oxidative stress, resulting in increased mitochondrial DNA damage, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. ETT is concentrated in mitochondria, suggesting a specific role in protecting mitochondrial components such as DNA from oxidative damage associated with mitochondrial generation of superoxide. In combating cytotoxic effects of pyrogallol, a known superoxide generator, ET is as potent as glutathione. Because of its dietary origin and the toxicity associated with its depletion, ET may represent a new vitamin whose physiologic roles include antioxidant cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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98
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Enhancement of the antioxidants ergothioneine and selenium in Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii basidiomata through cultural practices. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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99
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Markova NG, Karaman-Jurukovska N, Dong KK, Damaghi N, Smiles KA, Yarosh DB. Skin cells and tissue are capable of using L-ergothioneine as an integral component of their antioxidant defense system. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1168-76. [PMID: 19439218 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cellular defense system against harmful levels of reactive oxygen species consists of antioxidant enzymatic activities and small nonenzymatic molecules. L-ergothioneine has long been recognized as a potent and stable low-molecular-weight antioxidant that humans consume with diet and that accumulates in cells normally subjected to high levels of oxidative stress. As L-ergothioneine is plasma membrane-impermeative, its protective function is restricted to cells that express the L-ergothioneine-specific receptor/transporter OCTN1. Here we report for the first time that both as resident skin cells and in culture, epidermal keratinocytes synthesize OCTN1, which enables them to internalize and accumulate L-ergothioneine. This accumulation confers upon the cells an increased antioxidant potential. Consequently, it reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species and DNA, protein, and lipid damage in keratinocytes subjected to solar-simulating UV oxidative stress. Our results suggest that L-ergothioneine not only prevents oxidative damage but also may enable DNA repair in the UV-irradiated cells. The diminished oxidative damage to cellular constituents limits the apoptotic response and results in increased cell viability. The cells' ability to take up, accumulate, and utilize the potent antioxidant L-ergothioneine positions this naturally occurring amino acid and its receptor/transporter as an integral part of the antioxidative defense system of the skin.
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100
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Nakamura T, Yoshida K, Yabuuchi H, Maeda T, Tamai I. Functional Characterization of Ergothioneine Transport by Rat Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter Octn1 (slc22a4). Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1580-4. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Nakamura
- Department of Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Department of Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Tomoji Maeda
- Department of Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Department of Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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