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Zdravkovic ND, Jovanovic IP, Radosavljevic GD, Arsenijevic AN, Zdravkovic ND, Mitrovic SL, Arsenijevic NN. Potential dual immunomodulatory role of VEGF in ulcerative colitis and colorectal carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:936-47. [PMID: 25076849 PMCID: PMC4113587 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progression from ulcerative colitis (UC) toward colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is multistep process that includes gene alterations of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and p16. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of p16, p53 and VEGF in affected tissue and serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 in patients with UC and CRC, respectively. MATHERIALS AND METHODS. Serum levels of cytokine in patients with UC (n=24) and CRC (n=75) and in a healthy group (n=37) were analyzed by ELISA. Endoscopic biopsies specimens of UC and CRC were studied by immunohistochemical staining for p16, p53 and VEGF. RESULTS Patients with UC with presence of extraintestinal manifestations, complications, and positive staining of p16, p53 and VEGF respectively had higher serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Higher percentage of CRC patients had positive staining of p16, p53 and VEGF. CRC patients with positive staining of VEGF had decreased systemic values of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and increased values of immunosuppressive IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Relatively low IL-10 in patients with severe UC is insufficient to compensate IL-6 secretion and subsequently enhanced type 1/17 immune response. In UC patients, p16 and p53 induce enhanced VEGF expression and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6. In CRC patients VEGF seems to have immunosuppressive role. It appears that tumor suppressor gene-VEGF axis have dual role on immune response in inflammation of UC and tumor growth and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan P Jovanovic
- 2. Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gordana D Radosavljevic
- 2. Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar N Arsenijevic
- 2. Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa D Zdravkovic
- 3. Department of Medical informatics and statistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Lj Mitrovic
- 4. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa N Arsenijevic
- 2. Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
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Wilkerson MD, Cabanski CR, Sun W, Hoadley KA, Walter V, Mose LE, Troester MA, Hammerman PS, Parker JS, Perou CM, Hayes DN. Integrated RNA and DNA sequencing improves mutation detection in low purity tumors. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e107. [PMID: 24970867 PMCID: PMC4117748 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying somatic mutations is critical for cancer genome characterization and for prioritizing patient treatment. DNA whole exome sequencing (DNA-WES) is currently the most popular technology; however, this yields low sensitivity in low purity tumors. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) covers the expressed exome with depth proportional to expression. We hypothesized that integrating DNA-WES and RNA-seq would enable superior mutation detection versus DNA-WES alone. We developed a first-of-its-kind method, called UNCeqR, that detects somatic mutations by integrating patient-matched RNA-seq and DNA-WES. In simulation, the integrated DNA and RNA model outperformed the DNA-WES only model. Validation by patient-matched whole genome sequencing demonstrated superior performance of the integrated model over DNA-WES only models, including a published method and published mutation profiles. Genome-wide mutational analysis of breast and lung cancer cohorts (n = 871) revealed remarkable tumor genomics properties. Low purity tumors experienced the largest gains in mutation detection by integrating RNA-seq and DNA-WES. RNA provided greater mutation signal than DNA in expressed mutations. Compared to earlier studies on this cohort, UNCeqR increased mutation rates of driver and therapeutically targeted genes (e.g. PIK3CA, ERBB2 and FGFR2). In summary, integrating RNA-seq with DNA-WES increases mutation detection performance, especially for low purity tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wilkerson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R Cabanski
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisle E Mose
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - D Neil Hayes
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Lee SH, Kim H, Kim WY, Han HS, Lim SD, Kim WS, Kim S, Hwang TS. Genetic alteration and immunohistochemical staining patterns of ovarian high-grade serous adenocarcinoma with special emphasis on p53 immnnostaining pattern. Pathol Int 2014; 63:252-9. [PMID: 23714252 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated p53, KRAS, BRAF and CTNNB1 mutation and p53, WT1, p16 and beta-catenin expression in 31 ovarian high-grade serous adenocarcinoma. Twenty-five (80.6%) tumors contained functional mutations of p53; three frameshift, four nonsense and 19 missense mutations. None of the tumors showed KRAS, BRAF or CTNNB1 mutation. In all 18 tumors with missense mutations, ≥60% of tumor cells were strongly positive for p53 immunostaining whereas all tumors with frameshift or nonsense mutations were completely negative. Missense mutation was correlated with diffuse and strong imunoreaction and frameshift/nonsense mutation was correlated with completely negative immunoreaction (P = 0.000). Tumors with wild-type p53 revealed a wide range of immunostaining patterns. In 27 (87.1%) and 18 (58.1%) tumors, ≥50% of tumor cells were moderate to strongly positive for WT1 and p16, respectively. A considerable intratumoral heterogeneity for p16 expression was present. None of the tumors demonstrated nuclear beta-catenin expression. p53 mutations appear to be a powerful molecular marker for ovarian high-grade serous adenocarcinoma. Using p53 with an appropriate interpretation criteria together with WT1, p16 and beta-catenin, most of the high-grade serous adenocarcinoma could be distinguished from other ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 143-729, Republic of Korea
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Kepp KP, Dasmeh P. A model of proteostatic energy cost and its use in analysis of proteome trends and sequence evolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90504. [PMID: 24587382 PMCID: PMC3938754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A model of proteome-associated chemical energetic costs of cells is derived from protein-turnover kinetics and protein folding. Minimization of the proteostatic maintenance cost can explain a range of trends of proteomes and combines both protein function, stability, size, proteostatic cost, temperature, resource availability, and turnover rates in one simple framework. We then explore the ansatz that the chemical energy remaining after proteostatic maintenance is available for reproduction (or cell division) and thus, proportional to organism fitness. Selection for lower proteostatic costs is then shown to be significant vs. typical effective population sizes of yeast. The model explains and quantifies evolutionary conservation of highly abundant proteins as arising both from functional mutations and from changes in other properties such as stability, cost, or turnover rates. We show that typical hypomorphic mutations can be selected against due to increased cost of compensatory protein expression (both in the mutated gene and in related genes, i.e. epistasis) rather than compromised function itself, although this compensation depends on the protein's importance. Such mutations exhibit larger selective disadvantage in abundant, large, synthetically costly, and/or short-lived proteins. Selection against increased turnover costs of less stable proteins rather than misfolding toxicity per se can explain equilibrium protein stability distributions, in agreement with recent findings in E. coli. The proteostatic selection pressure is stronger at low metabolic rates (i.e. scarce environments) and in hot habitats, explaining proteome adaptations towards rough environments as a question of energy. The model may also explain several trade-offs observed in protein evolution and suggests how protein properties can coevolve to maintain low proteostatic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P. Kepp
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Pouria Dasmeh
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Sun Y, Myers CJ, Dicker AP, Lu B. A novel radiation-induced p53 mutation is not implicated in radiation resistance via a dominant-negative effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87492. [PMID: 24558369 PMCID: PMC3928108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mutations that confer radiation resistance is crucial to developing mechanisms to subvert this resistance. Here we describe the creation of a radiation resistant cell line and characterization of a novel p53 mutation. Treatment with 20 Gy radiation was used to induce mutations in the H460 lung cancer cell line; radiation resistance was confirmed by clonogenic assay. Limited sequencing was performed on the resistant cells created and compared to the parent cell line, leading to the identification of a novel mutation (del) at the end of the DNA binding domain of p53. Levels of p53, phospho-p53, p21, total caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 in radiation resistant cells and the radiation susceptible (parent) line were compared, all of which were found to be similar. These patterns held true after analysis of p53 overexpression in H460 cells; however, H1299 cells transfected with mutant p53 did not express p21, whereas those given WT p53 produced a significant amount, as expected. A luciferase assay demonstrated the inability of mutant p53 to bind its consensus elements. An MTS assay using H460 and H1299 cells transfected with WT or mutant p53 showed that the novel mutation did not improve cell survival. In summary, functional characterization of a radiation-induced p53 mutation in the H460 lung cancer cell line does not implicate it in the development of radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carey Jeanne Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam Paul Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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56
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The role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of flat urothelial lesions: a study using CK20, CK5/6, P53, Cd138, and Her2/Neu. Ann Diagn Pathol 2014; 18:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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57
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Tomaszek SC, Huebner M, Wigle DA. Prospects for molecular staging of non-small-cell lung cancer from genomic alterations. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 4:499-508. [PMID: 20658911 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Tomaszek
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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58
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Tumour immunogenicity, antigen presentation and immunological barriers in cancer immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2014. [PMID: 24634791 DOI: 10.1155/2014/734515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 20th century, scientists have tried to stimulate the anti-tumour activities of the immune system to fight against cancer. However, the scientific effort devoted on the development of cancer immunotherapy has not been translated into the expected clinical success. On the contrary, classical anti-neoplastic treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the first line of treatment. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence on the immunogenicity of cancer cells, and the capacity of the immune system to expand cancer-specific effector cytotoxic T cells. However, the effective activation of anti-cancer T cell responses strongly depends on efficient tumour antigen presentation from professional antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). Several strategies have been used to boost DC antigen presenting functions, but at the end cancer immunotherapy is not as effective as would be expected according to preclinical models. In this review we comment on these discrepancies, focusing our attention on the contribution of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the lack of therapeutic success of DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Abstract
This issue marks the 50th anniversary of the release of the U.S. Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. Perhaps no other singular event has done more to highlight the effects of smoking on the development of cancer. Tobacco exposure is the leading cause of cancers involving the oral cavity, conductive airways, and the lung. Owing to the many carcinogens in tobacco smoke, smoking-related malignancies have a high genome-wide burden of mutations, including in the gene encoding for p53. The p53 protein is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor in cancer, responsible for a range of critical cellular functions that are compromised by the presence of a mutation. Herein, we review the epidemiologic connection between tobacco exposure and cancer, the molecular basis of p53 mutation in lung cancer, and the normal molecular and cellular roles of p53 that are abrogated during lung tumor development and progression as defined by in vitro and in vivo studies. We also consider the therapeutic potential of targeting mutant p53 in a clinical setting based upon the cellular role of mutant p53 and data from genetic murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don L Gibbons
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 0432, Houston, Texas 77030.
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60
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Negi AK, Kansal S, Bhatnagar A, Agnihotri N. Alteration in apoptosis and cell cycle by celecoxib and/or fish oil in 7,12-dimethyl benzene (α) anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3753-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Tierney LA, Neft RE, Belinsky SA, Lauer FT, Gilliland FD, Crowell RE, Lechner JF. Double-label Suspension Immunohistochemistry for the Detection of Gene Dysfunction in Sputum. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1997.20.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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62
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Li XH, He LP, Luo ZJ. Expression of WWOX and p53 in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1701-1707. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i18.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the expression of WWOX and p53 proteins in gastric cancer, and to analyze the possible mechanisms behind the malignant growth of gastric cancer.
METHODS: The expression of WWOX and p53 proteins was detected by immunohistochemistry in 70 paraffin-embedded samples of gastric cancer and 20 tumor-adjacent normal tissue samples. Statistical analyses were then performed to analyze the relationship between WWOX and p53 expression and clinicopathologic parameters of gastric cancer.
RESULTS: The positive rate of expression of p53 protein in gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in normal gastric tissue (51.42% vs 0.00%, P < 0.05). Expression of p53 protein in gastric cancer was related with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor clinical stage (all P < 0.05). The positive rate of expression of WWOX protein was significantly lower in gastric cancer than in normal gastric tissue (41.43% vs 90.00%, P < 0.05). Expression of WWOX protein in gastric cancer was related with depth of invasion and clinical stage, but not with lymph node metastasis. There is a negative correlation between WWOX and p53 expression in gastric cancer.
CONCLUSION: Detection of expression of p53 protein and WWOX proteins might be useful for early diagnosis and evaluation of prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Kahyaoglu I, Kahyaoglu S, Moraloglu O, Zergeroglu S, Sut N, Batioglu S. Comparison of Ki-67 proliferative index between eutopic and ectopic endometrium: a case control study. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 51:393-6. [PMID: 23040923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the Ki-67 proliferative indices among the stages of the endometriosis were compared to clarify whether the proliferation was increased with increasing disease stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients who underwent surgery either by laparotomy or by laparoscopy with the diagnosis of endometriosis and 21 patients, as controls, who underwent hysterectomy with the diagnosis of myoma uteri and without any endometrial pathology at our hospital between 2005 and 2007 were studied. Biopsy specimens of endometriotic foci and endometriomas in study group, and eutopic endometrium of hysterectomy specimens of control group were studied. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were divided into Group 1 (21 patients in control), Group 2 (19 patients in stage I and II of endometriosis), and Group 3 (19 patients in stage III and IV). A moderate correlation between the stage of endometriosis and the degree of Ki-67 staining was found. When Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining was considered according to the threshold value for CA-125 (35 U/mL), Ki-67 positivity was increased with the increase in CA-125 value, but this increase was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Endometriosis shows some characteristics of tumors such as high rate of invasion, getting autonomy, and proliferation as the disease progresses with subsequent damage to target organs. When the stage of the disease increases, environment becomes more suitable for increased proliferation and invasion. In this study, the increase in proliferative activity as the severity increases is shown by the increase in Ki-67 index. As more studies are being conducted in this field, pathogenesis will be clarified, which could help in the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Kahyaoglu
- Department of Infertility and Reproductive Medicine, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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64
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Altered PTEN, ATRX, CHGA, CHGB, and TP53 expression are associated with aggressive VHL-associated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:165-75. [PMID: 23361940 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome in which 8-17 % of germline mutation carriers develop pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). There is limited data on prognostic markers for PNETs other than Ki-67, which is included in the World Health Organization classification system. Recently, specific genes and pathways have been identified by whole exome sequencing which may be involved in the tumorigenesis of PNETs and may be markers of disease aggressiveness. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers of aggressive disease in VHL-associated PNETs. The protein expression of eight genes (PTEN, CHGA, CHGB, ATRX, DAXX, CC-3, VEGF, and TP53) was analyzed in PNETs by immunohistochemistry and compared to clinical data, VHL genotype, functional imaging results, and pathologic findings. Subcellular distribution of phosphatase and tensin (PTEN), chromogranin A (CHGA), and alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) were significantly different by WHO classifications (p ≤ 0.05). There was decreased PTEN nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (p < 0.01) and decreased CHGA nuclear expression (p = 0.03) in malignant samples as compared to benign. Lower cytoplasmic chromogranin B (CHGB) expression (p = 0.03) was associated with malignant tumors and metastasis. Higher nuclear expression of PTEN was associated with VHL mutations in exon 3 (p = 0.04). Higher PTEN and CHGB expression was associated with higher FDG-PET avidity (p < 0.05). Cytoplasmic expression of CC-3 was associated with higher serum chromogranin A levels (ρ = 0.72, p = 0.02). Lastly, greater cytoplasmic expression of p53 was associated with metastasis. Our findings suggest that altered PTEN, ATRX, CHGA, and CHGB expression are associated with aggressive PNET phenotype in VHL and may serve as useful adjunct prognostic markers to Ki-67 in PNETs.
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65
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Fang F, Zheng Q, Zhang J, Dong B, Zhu S, Huang X, Wang Y, Zhao B, Li S, Xiong H, Chen J, Wu N, Song SW, Chang C, Yang Y. Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4-associated protein 16 promotes non-small cell lung carcinoma by activating estrogen receptor β and blocking testicular orphan nuclear receptor 2. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:297-305. [PMID: 23129017 PMCID: PMC3583481 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible involvement of estrogen receptors (ERs) and testicular orphan nuclear receptors (TRs) in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has been suggested, but their precise roles and their relationship remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether TR4-associated protein 16 (TRA16) regulates the ERβ and TR2 pathways and could be a potential target in NSCLC. We used tissue microarrays including NSCLC tissues (n=154) and negative controls (n=14) to examine the expression of TRA16 and ERβ, and in vitro reporter gene assays, the mammalian two-hybrid method and immunoprecipitation in Cos-1 cells to investigate the relationships among TRA16, ERβ and TR2. We found that TRA16 was highly expressed in approximately 90% of the NSCLC tissues examined. TRA16 overexpression was significantly associated with TNM stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor thrombus in vein, tumor differentiation and prognosis of NSCLC patients, in which TRA16 was shown to be an independent prognostic factor. Introduction of TRA16 into Cos-1 cells enhanced cell proliferation. Co-expression of TRA16 and ERβ in Cos-1 cells using different reporter gene systems and mammalian two-hybrid approaches revealed that TRA16 enhanced ERβ-mediated transcriptional activity. By adopting similar approaches, and immunoprecipitation and immunocytofluorescence assays, we found that TRA16 also interacted with TR2, and blocked the TR2 inhibitory effect on ERβ. Our findings demonstrate that TRA16 could be a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in NSCLC, and promotes cancer cell growth through activation of the ERβ pathway by interacting with ERβ and TR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Ⅱ, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
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66
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Guo L, Liew HP, Camus S, Goh AM, Chee LL, Lunny DP, Lane EB, Lane DP. Ionizing radiation induces a dramatic persistence of p53 protein accumulation and DNA damage signaling in mutant p53 zebrafish. Oncogene 2012; 32:4009-16. [PMID: 23069659 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutant p53 proteins accumulate to high levels in human tumors and in preneoplastic lesions in the skin and fallopian tube. However examination of tissues from mice and fish that are homozygous for mutant p53 surprisingly showed that the protein was present only at low levels except in the tumors that arose in these animals. The mutant protein did accumulate, however, following treatment with ionizing radiation in the same tissues in which the wild-type protein is induced. Here we study in detail the accumulation of mutant and wild-type p53 proteins following ionizing radiation in zebrafish embryos. We found that the mutant protein was induced by lower levels of radiation and reached higher levels than the wild-type protein. Morpholino knockdown of the zebrafish homologs of Mdm2 and Mdm4 caused dramatic accumulation of mutant p53 protein. The most remarkable results were observed by examining p53 protein levels over an extended time course. Mutant p53 protein increased and persisted for days after irradiation and this was accompanied by persistent elevation of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), implying that the resolution of DNA damage signaling in these embryos is severely compromised by mutations in p53. Thus mutation in p53 results in an exaggerated and persistent damage response, which could in turn drive the process of cancer development as high levels of mutant p53 can act as an oncoprotein to drive invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guo
- p53 Laboratory, Biomedical Science Institutes, Singapore
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67
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Zacchetti A, van Garderen E, Rutteman GR. Immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 expression with different antibodies in malignant canine tumours with or without p53 gene mutation. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 5:108-18. [PMID: 19754794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2006.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Six monoclonal antibodies and a polyclonal antibody (CM1) were used to investigate the overexpression of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in six sarcomas and 21 mammary carcinomas from 27 dogs. IHC was compared with p53 gene mutation analysis performed on the same samples. Only the monoclonal PAb240, PAb421 and the CM1 antibodies were able to detect expression of canine p53 protein. CM1 was found to give the highest concordance (8/11) between positive expression of the p53 protein by IHC and the presence of a gene mutation. In the samples that were negative for p53 expression by IHC, but contained a p53 gene mutation according to DNA analysis, the mutation often affected the epitopes that could have been recognized by these antibodies. Only one out of 16 tumours without a p53 gene mutation had a weakly positive IHC result. These findings indicate that in these two types of canine tumours, IHC - particularly with CM1 - can detect many alterations in p53 expression owing to a gene mutation. False-positive results were very infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Inoue K, Kurabayashi A, Shuin T, Ohtsuki Y, Furihata M. Overexpression of p53 protein in human tumors. Med Mol Morphol 2012; 45:115-23. [PMID: 23001293 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-012-0575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
According to the current concept of carcinogenesis, neoplastic transformation consists of multistep accumulations of adverse genetic and epigenetic events. p53 is a transcription factor that regulates cellular response to diverse forms of stress through a complex network which monitors genome integrity and cell homeostasis. Mutant p53 loss-of-function, dominant-negative, and gain-of-function properties have been implicated in the development of a wide variety of human cancers, and it is generally accepted that p53 is a component in biochemical pathways central to human carcinogenesis. Study of p53 has come to the forefront of cancer research, and detection of its abnormalities during the development of tumors may have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. In this review, we focus on recent research on overexpression of mutant p53 in human cancer, with an emphasis on mutant p53 regulation, gain of function of mutant p53 in transcriptional effects, and the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of p53 overexpression in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
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69
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Ciancio N, Galasso MG, Campisi R, Bivona L, Migliore M, Di Maria GU. Prognostic value of p53 and Ki67 expression in fiberoptic bronchial biopsies of patients with non small cell lung cancer. Multidiscip Respir Med 2012; 7:29. [PMID: 22978804 PMCID: PMC3537558 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and the marker for cellular proliferation Ki67 in open lung biopsies are indicated as predictor factors of survival of patients with lung cancer. However, the prognostic value of p53 and Ki67 in fiberoptic bronchial biopsies (FBB) has not been fully investigated. We evaluated p53 and Ki67 immunostaining in FBB from 19 with Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC: 12 adenocarcinomas, 5 squamous cell carcinomas and 2 NSCLC-NOS). Methods FBB specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and immunostained using anti-p53 and anti-Ki67 antibodies. Slides were reviewed by two independent observers and classified as positive (+ve) when the number of cells with stained nuclei exceeded 15% for p53 or when >25% positive cells were observed throughout each section for Ki67. Results Positive (+ve) immunostaining was found in 9 patients for p53 (47.37%) and 8 patients for Ki67 (42.10%). We examined overall survival curves of the patients with Mantel's logrank test, both p53 -ve and Ki67 -ve patients had significantly higher survival rates than p53 + ve (p < 0.005) and Ki67 + ve (p < 0,0001), respectively. Conclusion This study suggests that negative immunostaining of fiberoptic bronchial biopsies for p53 and Ki67 could represent a better prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ciancio
- Pneumology Unit, University of Catania, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, Catania, Italy.
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70
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Inactivation of both FHIT and p53 cooperate in deregulating proliferation-related pathways in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:631-42. [PMID: 22425911 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318244aed0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FHIT and p53 are the two most commonly altered tumor suppressor genes in lung cancer, and their molecular status regulates sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Although their functions are independent, there is evidence that their pathways might be interconnected, but little is known at the molecular level. METHODS Microarray profiling of FHIT-transduced lung cancer cells and modulation of FHIT levels by RNA interference in human bronchial cells were used to generate a signature of FHIT-regulated transcripts. Expression of these genes was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 55 primary lung cancer samples characterized for FHIT and p53 expression by immunehistochemistry. RESULTS A signature of FHIT-transcripts, particularly enriched in genes involved in cell cycle control, was identified. This signature showed overlap with p53-regulated genes, indicating possible crosstalk between these proteins. Consistently, transcriptional deregulation after FHIT modulation was higher in p53-negative cells. In primary lung cancers, inactivation of either gene was detected in 48 of 55 cases (87%) and both genes in 23 of 55 (42%) cases, confirming the central role of these pathways. Primary tumors with inactivation of both FHIT and p53 displayed the strongest deregulation of growth-related pathways with high levels of expression of CCNB1, BUB1, CDC6, TOP2A, MCM6, and CENPF. CONCLUSIONS FHIT and p53 seem to rely on common mediators, and inactivation of both genes results in prominent deregulation of growth-related pathways in lung cancer cell lines and primary tumors. This reveals crosstalk between these proteins and suggests a possible distinctive phenotype for tumors with inactivation of both genes.
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71
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Strategies for distinguishing low-grade endometrioid and serous carcinomas of endometrium. Adv Anat Pathol 2012; 19:1-10. [PMID: 22156830 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e318234ab36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Distinction between endometrioid and serous carcinomas of the endometrium has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. Misdiagnosing a serous carcinoma as endometrioid can have significant consequences for the patient and pathologist. Although many cases are straightforward and easy to classify, there are occasional problematic cases. This review focuses on strategies that help differentiate between low-grade endometrioid carcinoma and serous carcinoma of the endometrium. We will discuss clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical differences between the 2 entities and provide practical tips for practicing pathologists when confronted with this differential diagnosis.
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Ochiai H, Ohishi T, Osumi K, Tokuyama J, Urakami H, Seki S, Shimada A, Matsui A, Isobe Y, Murata Y, Endo T, Ishii Y, Hasegawa H, Matsumoto S, Kitagawa Y. Reevaluation of serum p53 antibody as a tumor marker in colorectal cancer patients. Surg Today 2011; 42:164-8. [PMID: 22075664 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We reevaluated the serum p53 antibody (S-p53Ab) ELISA kit, which was approved as a tumor marker of colon cancer in the Japanese Health Insurance System in 2007. METHODS S-p53Ab was measured as a tumor marker in 154 colorectal cancer patients, and the results were categorized by clinical and pathological variables. We then compared the positive frequency of S-p53Ab, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and carbohydrate 19-9 (CA19-9). RESULTS S-p53Ab was positive in 33.1% of the colorectal cancer patients. The positive rate was significantly higher in patients with lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.025) and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.023). In patients with stage I colorectal cancer, the positive rate of S-p53Ab (23.7%) was significantly higher than that of CEA (5.3%) or CA19-9 (7.9%). CONCLUSION The approved kit for S-p53Ab testing was found to be an effective tumor marker of colorectal cancer. The positive rate of S-p53Ab was significantly higher in patients with cancer involvement of the lymphoid tissues. The positive rate of S-p53Ab was higher than that of CEA and CA19-9 in patients with stage I colorectal cancer, suggesting that the S-p53Ab is a useful tumor marker for patients with early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ochiai
- Department of Surgery, National Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1248-53. [PMID: 21552211 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical staining for p53 is used as a surrogate for mutational analysis in the diagnostic workup of carcinomas of multiple sites including ovarian cancers. Strong and diffuse immunoexpression of p53 is generally interpreted as likely indicating a TP53 gene mutation. The immunoprofile that correlates with wild-type TP53, however, is not as clear. In particular, the significance of completely negative immunostaining is controversial. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship of the immunohistochemical expression of p53 with the mutational status of the TP53 gene in ovarian cancer. A total of 57 ovarian carcinomas (43 high-grade serous ovarian/peritoneal carcinomas, 2 malignant mesodermal mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas), 2 low-grade serous carcinomas, 4 clear cell carcinomas, 1 well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, and 5 carcinomas with mixed epithelial differentiation) were analyzed for TP53 mutations by nucleotide sequencing (exons 4-9), and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of p53 expression. Thirty six tumors contained functional mutations and 13 had wild type TP53. Five tumors were found to harbor known TP53 polymorphism and changes in the intron region were detected in three. Tumors with wild-type TP53 displayed a wide range of immunolabeling patterns, with the most common pattern showing ≤10% of positive cells in 6 cases (46%). Mutant TP53 was associated with 60-100% positive cells in 23 cases (64% of cases). This pattern of staining was also seen in three cases with wild-type TP53. Tumors that were completely negative (0% cells staining) had a mutation of TP53 in 65% of cases and wild-type TP53 in 11%. Combining two immunohistochemical labeling patterns associated with TP53 mutations (0% and 60-100% positive cells), correctly identified a mutation in 94% of cases (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis can be used as a robust method for inferring the presence of a TP53 mutation in ovarian carcinomas. In addition to a strong and diffuse pattern of p53 expression (in greater than 60% of cells), complete absence of p53 immunoexpression is commonly associated with a TP53 mutation. Accordingly, this latter pattern, unlike low-level expression (10-50% cells), should not be construed as indicative of wild-type TP53.
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74
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Hirano T. Alcohol consumption and oxidative DNA damage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2895-906. [PMID: 21845164 PMCID: PMC3155335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8072895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effects of alcohol consumption on cancer risk, we measured oxidative DNA damage and its repair activity in the livers and esophagi of rats fed with ethanol. Using our previously designed protocol for feeding rats with a high concentration of ethanol, we examined the effects of ethanol consumption on 8-oxo-Gua generation and repair activity in the livers and esophagi of rats. We found that a high concentration of ethanol accompanied with a vitamin-depleted diet increased 8-oxo-Gua and its repair activity. 8-Oxo-Gua is known to induce point mutations, leading to carcinogenesis. Therefore, these results suggested that a high concentration of ethanol and an irregular diet increased liver and esophageal cancer risk. On the other hand, we showed that a low concentration of ethanol decreased 8-oxo-Gua and its repair activity in the livers of mice treated with a carcinogen. Taken together, the effects of ethanol consumption on cancer risk depend on the ethanol concentration and the diet pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirano
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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75
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Kato K, Kawashiri S, Yoshizawa K, Kitahara H, Okamune A, Sugiura S, Noguchi N, Yamamoto E. Expression form of p53 and PCNA at the invasive front in oral squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:693-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maniwa Y, Nishio W, Yoshimura M. Application of hRad9 in lung cancer treatment as a molecular marker and a molecular target. Thorac Cancer 2011; 2:7-15. [PMID: 27755837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2010.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage sensor proteins work as upstream components of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathways that are essential for cell cycle control and the induction of apoptosis. hRad9 is a member of a family of proteins that act as DNA damage sensors and plays an important role as an upstream regulator of checkpoint signaling. We clarified the significant accumulation of hRad9 in the nuclei of tumor cells in surgically-resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens and found the capacity to produce a functional hRad9 protein was intact in lung cancer cells. This finding suggested that hRad9 was a vital component in the pathways that lead to the survival and progression of NSCLC and suggested that hRad9 was a good candidate for a molecular target to control lung cancer cell growth. RNA interference targeting hRad9 was performed to examine this hypothesis. The impairment of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway induced cancer cell death. hRad9 might be a novel molecular target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Maniwa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshimura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Waltari M, Sihto H, Kukko H, Koljonen V, Sankila R, Böhling T, Joensuu H. Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with tumor p53, KIT, stem cell factor, PDGFR-alpha and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:619-28. [PMID: 20949558 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) contain Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA, and the virus likely has a pivotal role in tumor pathogenesis. p53 and the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase have also been implicated in MCC pathogenesis, but little is known about their association with MCPyV infection. We identified 207 patients diagnosed with MCC in Finland in 1979-2004 and reviewed the histological diagnoses. Adequate clinical information, tumor tissue and DNA were available from 87 confirmed MCC cases. Presence of MCPyV DNA was assessed using quantitative PCR; p53, KIT, phospho-KIT, stem cell factor (SCF) and PDGFRα expression using immunohistochemistry and presence of mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 and PDGFRA exons 10, 12, 14 and 18 using DNA sequencing. Most (77.0%) of the 87 tumors contained MCPyV DNA and 37 (42.5%) expressed KIT, whereas PDGFRα, p53, SCF and pKIT expression was less common (31.9, 22.8, 8.6 and 4.8%, respectively). No KIT or PFGFRA mutations were detected, but 10 (12.5%) of the 80 tumors studied harbored common PDGFRA exon 10 S478P substitution. Tumor p53 and KIT expression were associated with absence of MCPyV DNA (p = 0.01 and 0.009, respectively). Tumor p53 expression was associated with unfavorable MCC-specific survival (p = 0.021) and overall survival (p = 0.046), but tumor KIT expression only when stratified by presence of MCPyV DNA. The results suggest that p53 and KIT expression are associated with absence of MCPyV DNA in MCC, and that the molecular pathogenesis of MCC is multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Waltari
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
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78
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Ozaki T, Nakagawara A. p53: the attractive tumor suppressor in the cancer research field. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:603925. [PMID: 21188172 PMCID: PMC3004423 DOI: 10.1155/2011/603925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is one of the most studied tumor suppressors in the cancer research field. Of note, over 50% of human tumors carry loss of function mutations, and thus p53 has been considered to be a classical Knudson-type tumor suppressor. From the functional point of view, p53 is a nuclear transcription factor to transactivate a variety of its target genes implicated in the induction of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptotic cell death. In response to cellular stresses such as DNA damage, p53 is activated and promotes cell cycle arrest followed by the replacement of DNA lesions and/or apoptotic cell death. Therefore, p53 is able to maintain the genomic integrity to prevent the accumulation of genetic alterations, and thus stands at a crossroad between cell survival and cell death. In this paper, we describe a variety of molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Ozaki
- Laboratory of Anti-Tumor Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Akira Nakagawara
- Laboratory of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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79
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Goh AM, Coffill CR, Lane DP. The role of mutant p53 in human cancer. J Pathol 2010; 223:116-26. [PMID: 21125670 DOI: 10.1002/path.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 (p53) gene are present in a large fraction of human tumours, which frequently express mutant p53 proteins at high but heterogeneous levels. The clinical significance of this protein accumulation remains clouded. Mouse models bearing knock-in mutations of p53 have established that the mutant p53 proteins can drive tumour formation, invasion and metastasis through dominant negative inhibition of wild-type p53 as well as through gain of function or 'neomorphic' activities that can inhibit or activate the function of other proteins. These models have also shown that mutation alone does not confer stability, so the variable staining of mutant proteins seen in human cancers reflects tumour-specific activation of p53-stabilizing pathways. Blocking the accumulation and activity of mutant p53 proteins may thus provide novel cancer therapeutic and diagnostic targets, but their induction by chemotherapy may paradoxically limit the effectiveness of these treatments.
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80
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Soares AB, Altemani A, de Araújo VC. Study of histopathological, morphological and immunohistochemical features of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma: an attempt to predict recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:352-8. [PMID: 20969626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (RPA) is an uncommon and challenging disease. The aim of this study was to review the clinical information obtained by examining RPA patients, to determine its histomorphological features and to verify the expression of the Mcm-2 markers of cell proliferation and the expression of p-53 in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), RPA, and RPA with malignant transformation (TRPA). METHODS A total of 10 cases of PA and 29 cases of RPA were examined in detail for the presence of nodules and their histomorphological features. Cell proliferation and expression of p-53 were detected by the immunohistochemical technique using the antibodies against Mcm-2 and p-53. RESULTS Histopathologically, RPA is very similar to PA; the only difference found was that all the cases of RPA were multinodular. When comparing primary and recurrent tumor, no significant difference was found in terms of cell proliferation and the expression of p-53; however, in the RPA with areas of malignant transformation there was an increased expression of these proteins. CONCLUSION This study showed that recurrences were multinodular, with nodules varying in numbers and sizes. No significant difference in histological features was found between RPA and PA. Moreover, the immunohistochemical study showed a low expression of p-53 and Mcm-2 in PA and RPA and an increased expression of these proteins in the RPA with areas of malignant transformation.
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81
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Barbatis C, Loukas L, Grigoriou M, Nikolaou I, Tsikou-Papafragou A, Marsan N, Gatter KC, Kaklamanis L. p53 Overexpression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M194-7. [PMID: 16696005 PMCID: PMC407961 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.4.m194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aim-To investigate the expression of p53 protein in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx and dysplasia in relation to histological grade and tobacco smoking.Method-Paraffin wax embedded tissue sections from 41 cases of invasive SCC of the larynx, 28 cases of dysplasia and 14 control laryngeal biopsy specimens were studied immunohistochemically using two anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies (DO7 and 1801). The Streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase method was used after microwave antigen retrieval and a semiquantitative method was applied to assess the extent of p53 expression.Results-Of the cases of invasive SCC of the larynx, 78% (32/41), regardless of histological grade, overexpressed p53 compared with only 30% (eight of 28) of cases of mild dysplasia. A gradual increase in p53 expression from mild to severe dysplasia (60%) was observed, and only three of 14 control biopsy specimens of laryngeal nodules showed occasional weakly positive basal cells.Conclusion-The gradual increase in p53 expression from mild to severe dysplasia to invasive SCC indicates that p53 overexpression is an early event in laryngeal carcinogenesis which may lead to invasive malignancy. p53 overexpression may be related to environmental factors as most of the patients smoked tobacco. Microwave postfixation may be essential for the reliable detection of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barbatis
- Department of Histopathology, Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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82
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Li YQ, Pavelic ZP, Wang LJ, McDonald JS, Gleich L, Munck-Wikland E, Dacic S, Danilovic Z, Pavelic LJ, Wilson KM, Gluckman JL, Stambrook PJ. Altered p53 in microdissected, metachronous, premalignant and malignant oral lesions from the same patients. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M269-72. [PMID: 16696020 PMCID: PMC407983 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.5.m269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims-To determine whether mutant p53 alleles harboured by malignant tumours of the oral cavity were also present in previous premalignant lesions at the same site.Methods-Paraffin embedded tumour specimens along with their premalignant counterparts were analysed for p53 alterations using immunohistochemistry, microdissection, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and DNA sequencing.Results-Malignant lesions from five of eight patients showed overexpression of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry. Upon DNA sequencing, two of these five specimens had p53 mutations. Of the five patients whose cancers showed p53 overexpression by immunohistochemistry, three had previous premalignant lesions that also had immunohistochemically detectable p53 protein. However, DNA sequencing showed that none of these three had mutations in the p53 gene. The remaining five premalignant lesions had no immunohistochemically detectable p53 protein.Conclusions-Some premalignant lesions have increased p53 protein which can be detected by staining with antibody to p53. This staining is not caused by mutations in p53 that are found in subsequent tumours at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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83
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Kouvidou C, Kanavaros P, Papaioannou D, Stathopoulos E, Sotsiou F, Datseris G, Tzardi M, Kittas C, Delides G. Expression of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Absence of correlation with the presence of EBV encoded EBER1-2 transcripts and latent membrane protein-1. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M17-22. [PMID: 16695969 PMCID: PMC407914 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.1.m17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims-To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinomas in relation to the expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded EBER messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1).Methods-Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue from 44 nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) was stained by immunohistochemistry for p53, bcl-2 and LMP-1 proteins and by RNA in situ hybridisation for EBER mRNAs.Results-The tumours were divided histologically into 13 cases of keratinising squamous cell NPC (KNPC), 15 cases of non-keratinising squamous cell NPC (NKNPC) and 16 cases of undifferentiated NPC (UNPC). Bcl-2 expression was observed in five of 15 NKNPC cases and in six of 16 UNPC cases; p53 expression was observed in one of 13 KNPC, two of 15 NKNPC and four of 16 UNPC cases. EBER 1-2 transcripts were detected in five of 15 NKNPC and nine of 16 UNPC cases, while LMP-1 expression was observed in one of 16 UNPC cases. All 13 KNPCs were EBV and bcl-2 negative. No correlation was found between the presence of EBER 1-2 transcripts and the detection of bcl-2 or p53 proteins, or both, in NPC cells.Conclusions-The expression of bcl-2 and p53 proteins may be associated with the level of the tumour cell differentiation in NPC. In addition, in view of the important role of the bcl-2 protein in the inhibition of apoptosis, the expression of bcl-2 protein may contribute to tumour cell survival in a proportion of NPCs. Furthermore, in the light of previous findings that the p53 gene in most UNPCs is in the wild-type configuration, mechanisms other than mutation may be responsible for stabilisation of the p53 protein in UNPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kouvidou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Heraklion
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84
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Mangham DC, Cannon A, Li XQ, Komiya S, Gebhardt MC, Springfield DS, Rosenberg AE, Mankin HJ. p53 overexpression in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour is an uncommon event. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M79-82. [PMID: 16695986 PMCID: PMC407929 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.2.m79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim-To determine the presence of p53 overexpression in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumours (ETs) and to assess whether p53 accumulation has any prognostic value.Methods-From a prospectively compiled database of 76 patients with ETs, suitable tumour tissue was available for 38. The monoclonal antibody pAb1801 was used to detect p53 nuclear protein overexpression. Results-Nuclear staining was detected in the tumours of three (8%) of the 38 patients. Where tumours stained positively, over 10% of the tumour nuclei were postively stained. All three patients whose tumours overexpressed p53 died and in a relatively short time compared with the patients who did not overexpress p53 (mean 3.7 months compared with a mean of 38.7 months in the p53 negative group).Conclusion-Overexpression of p53 in ETs is an uncommon event. Overexpression of p53 has repeatedly been shown to correlate closely with p53 point missense mutations and therefore this oncogenic event appears not to be of primary pathogenic importance in ETs. There is a tentative indication that those uncommon ETs in which p53 overexpression can be detected may be-have more aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mangham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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85
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Regulating effects of herb cake-partitioned moxibustion on the expression of p53 and C-myc protein in rats with ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-010-0395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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86
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Lee EJ, Kim TJ, Kim DS, Choi CH, Lee JW, Lee JH, Bae DS, Kim BG. p53 alteration independently predicts poor outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer: A clinicopathologic study of 131 cases and literature review. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116:533-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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87
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Lee AJ, Hodges NJ, Chipman JK. Modified comet assay as a biomarker of sodium dichromate-induced oxidative DNA damage: Optimization and reproducibility. Biomarkers 2010; 9:103-15. [PMID: 15370870 DOI: 10.1080/13547500410001704891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) is a genotoxic carcinogen that has been associated with an increased risk of nasal and respiratory tract cancers following occupational exposure. Although the precise mechanism(s) remain to be elucidated, there is evidence for a role of oxidative DNA damage in the genotoxicity of Cr(VI). In the current study, human white blood cells were treated in vitro with non-cytotoxic concentrations of sodium dichromate (1-100 microM) for 1 h. Analysis by immunocytochemistry indicated the presence of elevated levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine at concentrations of sodium dichromate greater than 10 microM. In contrast, the lowest concentration of dichromate that resulted in a statistically significant increase in levels of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-dependent DNA strand breaks was 100 nM (p<0.05). In addition, levels of both control and dichromate-induced FPG-dependent strand breaks from blood samples taken from the same individuals over 10 months proved remarkably reproducible in the individuals studied. The coefficients of variation over three different times of the year in control and dichromate-induced oxidative DNA damage for the four individuals were 54, 1, 37 and 4, and 45, 6, 21 and 18%, respectively. In summary, these results indicate that physiologically relevant, nanomolar concentrations of sodium dichromate cause DNA base oxidation in human white blood cells in vitro as assessed by the FPG-modified comet assay. Furthermore, comet assay data from an individual are reproducible over an extended period. This consistency is sufficient to suggest that the modified comet assay might prove to be a useful and sensitive biomonitoring tool for individuals occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lee
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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88
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Garg K, Leitao MM, Wynveen CA, Sica GL, Shia J, Shi W, Soslow RA. p53 overexpression in morphologically ambiguous endometrial carcinomas correlates with adverse clinical outcomes. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:80-92. [PMID: 19855378 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between uterine serous and endometrioid carcinomas can usually be achieved by morphologic examination alone. However, there are occasional 'morphologically ambiguous endometrial carcinomas' that show overlapping serous and endometrioid features and defy histologic classification. The primary aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of p53 overexpression using immunohistochemistry in such tumors. Related aims included (1) assessing interobserver diagnostic concordance for histologic subclassification of these tumors using a panel of pathologists with and without gynecologic pathology expertise and (2) elucidating the histologic features that correlate with p53 status. Thirty-five such cases were identified during the study period. p53 overexpression was seen in 17 of 35 cases. Tumors with p53 overexpression were associated with a significantly inferior progression-free survival and disease-specific survival compared with those that lacked p53 overexpression (3-year progression-free survival and disease-specific survival were 94 and 100% in patients with no p53 overexpression, and 52 and 54% in patients with p53 overexpression; P=0.02 and 0.003, respectively). The consensus diagnosis rendered by gynecologic pathologists was predictive of disease-specific survival (P=0.002), but not progression-free survival (P=0.11). Although the interobserver diagnostic concordance (kappa=0.70) was substantial for gynecologic pathologists, and highly associated with p53 status (77% of 'favor serous' cases showed p53 overexpression, whereas only 25% of 'favor endometrioid' cases showed p53 overexpression; P=0.005), the concordance between the consensus diagnosis of the two specialized pathologists versus each of three non-specialized pathologists was poor (kappa=0.13-0.25). The histologic feature that correlated most with p53 overexpression was the presence of diffuse high nuclear grade. p53 immunohistochemistry assays in morphologically ambiguous endometrial carcinomas are roughly as clinically informative as gynecologic pathology consultation and can be helpful for prognostic assessment and therapeutic decision making in difficult endometrial carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Garg
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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89
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Utility of a dual immunostain cocktail comprising of p53 and CK20 to aid in the diagnosis of non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder biopsies. Diagn Pathol 2009; 4:35. [PMID: 19828048 PMCID: PMC2766363 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distinction between non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder lesions is therapeutically and prognostically important. Our objective is to describe the use of double immunohistochemistry (DIHC) for p53+CK20 as a tool for diagnosing neoplasia in bladder biopsies. Methods p53+CK20 DIHC were examined in 38 reactive atypia, 10 dysplasia, 9 carcinoma in situ (CIS) and 7 invasive carcinoma (IC) cases. CK20 was evaluated according to distribution extent and degree of intensity whereas percentage of positive cells together with staining intensity was taken into account in the evaluation of p53. Results 92% of reactive cases were either CK20(-) or (+) only in the upper 1/3 urothelium. In dysplastic cases CK20 staining distribution was as follows: 60% in 2/3 of the urothelium, 30% full thickness, 10% in the upper 1/3 urothelium. Among CIS cases, 89% had full thickness CK20 positivity, of which 62% were p53(+). 71% of IC cases exhibited strong and full thickness dual staining. Conclusion This is the first study in the literature to use DIHC of p53+CK20 in distinction of non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder lesions. Dual staining by p53+CK20 cocktail allows for histologic correlation and diminishes the risk of losing the area of interest in limited biopsy specimens.
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90
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Abstract
Ample data indicate that mutant p53 proteins not only lose their tumour suppressive functions, but also gain new abilities that promote tumorigenesis. Moreover, recent studies have modified our view of mutant p53 proteins, portraying them not as inert mutants, but rather as regulated proteins that influence the cancer cell transcriptome and phenotype. This influence is clinically manifested as association of TP53 mutations with poor prognosis and drug resistance in a growing array of malignancies. Here, we review recent studies on mutant p53 regulation, gain-of-function mechanisms, transcriptional effects and prognostic association, with a focus on the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Brosh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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91
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Immunohistochemical expression of dogTERT in canine testicular tumours in relation to PCNA, ki67 and p53 expression. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:905-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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92
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Jiang H, Reinhardt HC, Bartkova J, Tommiska J, Blomqvist C, Nevanlinna H, Bartek J, Yaffe MB, Hemann MT. The combined status of ATM and p53 link tumor development with therapeutic response. Genes Dev 2009; 23:1895-909. [PMID: 19608766 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1815309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While the contribution of specific tumor suppressor networks to cancer development has been the subject of considerable recent study, it remains unclear how alterations in these networks are integrated to influence the response of tumors to anti-cancer treatments. Here, we show that mechanisms commonly used by tumors to bypass early neoplastic checkpoints ultimately determine chemotherapeutic response and generate tumor-specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited with targeted therapies. Specifically, evaluation of the combined status of ATM and p53, two commonly mutated tumor suppressor genes, can help to predict the clinical response to genotoxic chemotherapies. We show that in p53-deficient settings, suppression of ATM dramatically sensitizes tumors to DNA-damaging chemotherapy, whereas, conversely, in the presence of functional p53, suppression of ATM or its downstream target Chk2 actually protects tumors from being killed by genotoxic agents. Furthermore, ATM-deficient cancer cells display strong nononcogene addiction to DNA-PKcs for survival after DNA damage, such that suppression of DNA-PKcs in vivo resensitizes inherently chemoresistant ATM-deficient tumors to genotoxic chemotherapy. Thus, the specific set of alterations induced during tumor development plays a dominant role in determining both the tumor response to conventional chemotherapy and specific susceptibilities to targeted therapies in a given malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jiang
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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93
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Bystander effect-induced mutagenicity in HPRT locus of CHO cells following BNCT neutron irradiation: Characteristics of point mutations by sequence analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:S325-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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94
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Pelit A, Bal N, Akova YA, Demirhan B. p53 expression in pterygium in two climatic regions in Turkey. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009; 57:203-6. [PMID: 19384014 PMCID: PMC2683445 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.49394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess accumulation of p53 protein in samples of primary pterygium from people living in two different climatic regions in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Group 1 included 101 pterygium specimens from people in Adana located in southern Turkey. Group 2 included 39 pterygium specimens from people in Ankara, located in the middle of Turkey. Climatic conditions throughout the year are sunnier and warmer in Adana than they are in Ankara. The control group (Group 3) included 30 specimens of conjunctiva that had been excised during cataract surgery from 30 patients without pterygium. The pterygial specimens and control conjunctiva were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53 protein. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare the p53 immunoreactivity. Results: The p53 immunoreactivity in Groups 1 and 2 was greater than it was in the control group (P<0.001). There were no differences in p53 immunoreactivity between Groups 1 and 2 (P= 0.060). Conclusion: The p53 immunoreactivity was not correlated with ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The p53 immunoreactivity in our pterygium specimens suggests that pterygium could be a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Pelit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey.
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95
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Wang W, Bergh A, Damber JE. Increased p53 immunoreactivity in proliferative inflammatory atrophy of prostate is related to focal acute inflammation. APMIS 2009; 117:185-95. [PMID: 19245591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) of prostate has been proposed as a precursor lesion of prostate cancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of p53 protein in PIA lesions and to investigate the relationship between p53 staining and Ki-67, glutathione S-transferase-pi (GSTP1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunohistochemical expression. The results revealed that p53 nuclear immunostaining appeared in PIA lesions in 2.1+/-3.4% (mean+/-SD) of the basal and 0.9+/-2.3% of the luminal epithelial cells. Both these values were significantly higher than those in normal-appearing acini (p<0.0001). Increased p53 expression in luminal cells was related to focal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A positive correlation between p53 expression and Ki-67 was found in COX-2-positive PIA lesions (r=0.610, p<0.0001). Half of the p53-positive epithelial cells expressed diffuse GSTP1 immunostaining in the same lesions. The present study demonstrates an increased p53 expression in PIA lesions, and inflammation, especially acute inflammation, may play a role in the induction of p53 over-expression, particularly as cells in PIA lesions are known to have a reduced defence against DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, the Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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96
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Holstege H, Joosse SA, van Oostrom CTM, Nederlof PM, de Vries A, Jonkers J. High incidence of protein-truncating TP53 mutations in BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3625-33. [PMID: 19336573 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of all hereditary breast cancers are compromised in their DNA repair mechanisms due to loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 function. Previous research has found a strong correlation between BRCA mutation and TP53 mutation. However, TP53 mutation status is often indirectly assessed by immunohistochemical staining of accumulated p53 protein. We sequenced TP53 exons 2 to 9 in 21 BRCA1-related breast cancers and 37 sporadic breast tumors. Strikingly, all BRCA1-related breast tumors contained TP53 mutations, whereas only half of these tumors stained positive for p53 accumulation. Positive p53 staining correlates with the presence of TP53 hotspot mutations in both BRCA1-related and sporadic breast tumors. However, whereas the majority of sporadic breast tumors that stained negative for p53 accumulation had wild-type TP53, the majority of BRCA1-associated breast tumors that stained negative for p53 accumulation had protein-truncating TP53 mutations (nonsense, frameshift, and splice mutations). Therefore, the strong selection for p53 loss in BRCA1-related tumors is achieved by an increase of protein-truncating TP53 mutations rather than hotspot mutations. Hence, immunohistochemical detection of TP53 mutation could lead to misdiagnosis in approximately half of all BRCA1-related tumors. The presence of deleterious TP53 mutations in most, if not all, BRCA1-related breast cancers suggests that p53 loss of function is essential for BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis. BRCA1-related tumors may therefore be treated not only with drugs that target BRCA1 deficiency [e.g., poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors] but also with drugs that selectively target p53-deficient cells. This raises interesting possibilities for combination therapies against BRCA1-deficient breast cancers and BRCA1-like tumors with homologous recombination deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henne Holstege
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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97
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Relationship of immunohistochemistry scores of altered p53 protein expression in relation to patient’s habits and histological grades and stages of squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:342-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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98
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the aim of improving early detection of pancreatic carcinoma, we attempted to make correlations among positive immunohistochemical detection of p53 expression, mutations in the p53 gene, and detailed histologic features of pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS Seven cases of invasive pancreatic ductal carcinoma demonstrating p53 overexpression were analyzed. Serial 4- and 20-microm sections from paraffin blocks were used for immunodetection of p53 protein and microdissection, respectively. We used direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction at 101 p53-positive and 10 p53-negative sites to sequence exons 5 to 8 of p53 and then analyzed these results in concert with detailed histologic features. RESULTS Regardless of the degree of p53 overexpression, we detected p53 point mutations in all p53-positive lesions, including 22 noninvasive sites, 17 invasive areas, and 1 lymph node metastasis. No significant correlations were measured between specific p53 mutations and histologic features. Within individual tumors, the same p53 mutation was generally, but not always, detected in different areas in invasive and noninvasive lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that p53 mutation is an early genetic event affecting a diversity of molecular pathways in pancreatic carcinogenesis and indicates a possibility of early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by detecting a few p53-positive cells obtained from the pancreatic fluid.
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99
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Sanefuji K, Kayashima H, Iguchi T, Sugimachi K, Yamashita YI, Yoshizumi T, Soejima Y, Nishizaki T, Taketomi A, Maehara Y. Characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma developed after achieving sustained virological response to interferon therapy for hepatitis C. J Surg Oncol 2009; 99:32-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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100
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Albino AP. The role of oncogenes and growth factors in progressive melanoma-genesis. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2008; Suppl 2:199-218. [PMID: 1409423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Genes, ras
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Humans
- Melanocytes/drug effects
- Melanocytes/immunology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/pathology
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nevus, Pigmented/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/biosynthesis
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Albino
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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