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Martin JC, Joffre F, Siess MH, Vernevaut MF, Collenot P, Genty M, Sébédio JL. Cyclic fatty acid monomers from heated oil modify the activities of lipid synthesizing and oxidizing enzymes in rat liver. J Nutr 2000; 130:1524-30. [PMID: 10827204 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.6.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic fatty acid monomers purified from a heated linseed oil were given for 2 wk to adult rats as triacylglycerol at two dose levels, i.e., 0.1 and 1 g/100 g diet, to determine their effect on some aspects of lipid metabolism. Indirect evidence of a peroxisome proliferator-like effect was observed, as determined by an elevation of some characteristic enzyme activities, such as peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase, and the microsomal omega- but also (omega-1)-laurate hydroxylase (CYP4A1 and CYP2E1, respectively). The dietary cyclic fatty acids induced a coordinated regulation between the activities of the lipogenic enzymes studied (Delta9-desaturase, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase) and peroxisomal oxidation, but not with mitochondrial beta-oxidation. The dose-dependent decrease of Delta9-desaturase activity (P < 0.05) with cyclic fatty acid monomer intake was accompanied by a similar decrease of the monounsaturated fatty acid level in liver. The increase in the gamma-linolenic acid level also suggested an increase in Delta6-desaturase activity with cyclic fatty acid intake (P < 0.05). In addition, our results strongly suggested that the altered liver levels of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids were due to the peroxisomal retroconversion process in rats fed cyclic acids. Finally, an effect of these cyclic compounds on the carbohydrate metabolism cannot be disregarded because they decreased liver glycogen concentration. We conclude that cyclic fatty acid monomers affect different aspects of lipid metabolism, including a phenotypic peroxisome proliferator response. This provides the ground for further studies investigating the biochemical pathways that underlie the nutritional effect of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Martin
- Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 21034 Dijon Cédex, France
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52
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Determination of nonvolatile components of heated soybean oils separated with high-efficiency mixed-bed polystyrene/divinylbenzene columns. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-999-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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53
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Warner K. Impact of high-temperature food processing on fats and oils. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 459:67-77. [PMID: 10335369 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4853-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Fats and oils are heated at high temperatures during baking, grilling and pan frying; however, deep fat frying is the most common method of high temperature treatment. Deep fat frying is a popular food preparation method because it produces desirable fried food flavor, golden brown color and crisp texture. For example, in the U.S. in 1994, approximately 12 billion pounds of fats and oils were used with 5.5 billion pounds used for frying and baking (USDA, 1995). Fried snack foods accounted for 2.9 billion pounds of oil, whereas 2 billion pounds were used for frying in restaurants (USDA, 1995). Because of such large consumption of frying oils and fats, the effects of high temperatures on these oils and fats is of major concern both for product quality and nutrition. This chapter will discuss the process of frying and the chemical and physical reactions that occur. The products formed from these reactions will be reviewed as well as information on the effects of the products and the control of these deteriorative reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Warner
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA
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54
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Dobson G, Sebedio JL. Monocyclic dienoic fatty acids formed from γ-linolenic acid in heated evening primrose oil. Chem Phys Lipids 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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55
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Preparation of malvalic and sterculic acid methyl esters fromBombax mungubaandSterculia foetidaseed oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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56
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Effect of fatty acid positional distribution and triacylglycerol composition on lipid by-products formation during heat treatment: III-Cyclic fatty acid monomers study. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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57
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van den Berg JDJ, Boon JJ, van den Berg KJ, Fiedler I, Miller MA. Identification of an Original Non-Terpenoid Varnish from the Early 20th Century Oil Painting “The White Horse” (1929), by H. Menzel. Anal Chem 1998; 70:1823-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9710238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit D. J. van den Berg
- MOLART project, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J. Boon
- MOLART project, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Jan van den Berg
- MOLART project, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Fiedler
- Conservation Department, The Art Institute of Chicago, 111 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60603-6110
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58
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Flickinger BD, McCusker RH, Perkins EG. The effects of cyclic fatty acid monomers on cultured porcine endothelial cells. Lipids 1997; 32:925-33. [PMID: 9307932 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of polyunsaturated oils used in food applications and preparation continues to appreciate as a result of positive health claims. With polyunsaturated oils inherently more susceptible to oxidative and thermal degradation, the formation of new fatty acid species increases considerably. The presence of one species known as cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) has been detected as a component of many oils subjected to various thermal processes including deep-fat frying. The effect of CFAM on metabolic processes has not been fully characterized. In this study, confluent porcine aortic endothelial cells incorporated CFAM into their polar and nonpolar lipid fractions following a 48-h exposure to 31 and 62 ppm CFAM in the culture medium. Subsequently, the influence of CFAM incorporation on various membrane-dependent physical properties and biochemical processes was investigated. CFAM decreased the lipid packing order of the membrane bilayer core but did not alter the lipid packing order of lipid chain segments at or near the lipid-water interface of the membrane. CFAM led to significant reductions in Ca2+ ATPase activity and monolayer integrity while eliciting a significant increase of prostacyclin synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Flickinger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA
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59
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60
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Jie MSFLK, Pasha MK, Syed-Rahmatullah MSK. Fatty acids, fatty acid analogues and their derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/np9971400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Aitzetmüller K. Intended use ofMalvales seed oils in novel food formulations—A warning. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02517981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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62
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Mossoba MM, Yurawecz PM, Roach JAG, McDonald RE, Perkins EG. Confirmatory mass-spectral data for cyclic fatty acid monomers. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02525462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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63
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Dobson G, Christie WW, Sebedio JL. Monocyclic saturated fatty acids formed from oleic acid in heated sunflower oils. Chem Phys Lipids 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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64
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Formation of fatty acid geometrical isomers and of cyclic fatty acid monomers during the finish frying of frozen prefried potatoes. Food Res Int 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(95)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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65
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66
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67
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Elucidation of cyclic fatty acid monomer structures. Cyclic and bicyclic ring sizes and double bond position and configuration. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02635662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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68
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Dobson G, Christie WW, Brechany EY, Sebedio JL, Le Quere JL. Silver ion chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of cyclic dienoic acids formed in frying oils. Chem Phys Lipids 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(95)02420-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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69
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Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Roach JA, Lin HS, McDonald RE, Flickinger BD, Perkins EG. Rapid determination of double bond configuration and position along the hydrocarbon chain in cyclic fatty acid monomers. Lipids 1994; 29:893-6. [PMID: 7854017 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the structural elucidation of diunsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) isolated from heated flaxseed oil by complementary gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-matrix isolation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MI-FTIR). Infrared measurements of CFAM were carried out on methyl ester derivatives as well-resolved chromatograms were obtained on a polar 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane capillary GC column. By contrast, electron ionization MS of methyl ester derivatives was of limited value because of double bond migration during the ionization process in the mass spectrometer. This communication reports definitive MS fragmentation patterns that can confirm ring position and double bond position along the fatty acid chain in 1,2-disubstituted CFAM determined as 2-alkenyl-4,4-dimethyl-oxazoline derivatives. Double bond configuration (cis, trans, or conjugated cis,cis) in CFAM was confirmed by GC-MI-FTIR. The presence of CFAM, degradation products found in used frying oils, is a potential source of dietary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mossoba
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
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70
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Identification of unusual cyclopropane monounsaturated fatty acids from the deep-water lake invertebrate Acanthogammarus grewingkii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Sebedio JL, Prevost J, Ribot E, Grandgirard A. Utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography as an enrichment step for the determination of cyclic fatty acid monomers in heated fats and biological samples. J Chromatogr A 1994; 659:101-9. [PMID: 8118554 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to determine traces of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) in oils and animal tissues. This method is a combination of some techniques developed earlier but with the enrichment step being achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instead of urea inclusion. After transformation of the lipids into methyl esters, the latter were hydrogenated after addition of an internal standard (methyl heptadecanoate or ethyl hexadecanoate). The mixture was enriched in CFAM by HPLC on a semi-preparative C18 reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-acetone (90:10, v/v) at 4 ml/min. The enriched fraction containing the CFAM and the internal standard was then analysed by gas chromatography on a polar column (cyanosilicone phase). This method was developed using known mixtures of CFAM isolated from both heated sunflower and linseed oils. Small amounts of CFAM (50 microg/g of sample) were determined with good reproducibility without any loss during the HPLC enrichment step and with no modification of the relative proportions of the CFAM in the mixture. This method can be applied to either heated fats and oils or biological samples (heart cell culture) that contain only traces of CFAM. Ethyl hexadecanoate (16:0 ethyl ester) can be used as an internal standard for samples containing small amounts of 17:0.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sebedio
- INRA, Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Cedex, France
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72
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Silver ion chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of cyclic monoenoic acids formed in frying oils. Chem Phys Lipids 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(93)90039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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73
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Stability of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids during deep fat frying of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.). Food Res Int 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(93)90049-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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74
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P. A, E. R, A. G, J.L. S, A. G. Effects of cyclic fatty acid monomers on the function of cultured rat cardiac myocytes in normoxia and hypoxia. Nutr Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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75
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Ribot E, Grandgirard A, Sébédio JL, Grynberg A, Athias P. Incorporation of cyclic fatty acid monomers in lipids of rat heart cell cultures. Lipids 1992; 27:79-81. [PMID: 1608311 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of newborn rat cardiomyocytes were grown in medium supplemented with cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) which had been isolated from heated linseed oil. The cells were harvested, and lipids were extracted and fractionated using silica cartridges and high-performance liquid chromatography. The CFAM structures isolated from cellular lipids were determined and compared to those that had been supplemented to the medium, using gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We found that CFAM were incorporated into phospholipids and neutral lipids of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, CFAM with a cyclopentyl ring structure were more abundant in cardiomyocytes than were the cyclohexyl ring isomers. Our data suggest that CFAM of the 5-carbon and 6-carbon ring series are metabolized differently in newborn rat cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ribot
- INRA, Station de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments de l'Homme, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Dijon, France
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76
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