51
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Rushton J. Corrections to a paper on race and sex differences in brain size and intelligence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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52
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The status/reproduction correlation: But what is the mechanism? Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0002999x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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53
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Are our reproductive choices affected by aspects of socioeconomic resources? Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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54
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Some evidence on cultural and reproductive success in the United States. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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55
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Evolutionary psychology: Black box “mechanisms”? Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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56
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57
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Sociobiology or evolutionary psychology? The debate continues. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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58
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Oh no! Not social Darwinism again!. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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59
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Resources and reproduction: What hath the demographic transition wrought? Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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60
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Sexual momentum may be independent of social status. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0003020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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61
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Cultural versus reproductive success: Resolving the conundrum. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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62
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Pérusse is right. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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63
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Problems with the Darwinian hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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64
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Cultural success and the study of adaptive design. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00029976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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65
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The adaptiveness of imaginatively eliminating behaviors: Stripping the cultural varnish from the natural evolutionary woodwork. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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66
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Human status seeking is a Darwinian adaptation. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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67
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Scientism, sexism and sociobiology: One more link in the chain. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0003003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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68
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Beyond reproductive success differentials. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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69
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Stretching the theory beyond its limits. Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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70
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What is the adaptation: Status striving, status itself or parental teaching biases? Behav Brain Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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71
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72
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Bereczkei T. r-selected reproductive strategies among Hungarian Gipsies: A preliminary analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(93)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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73
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Psychology as Ideology. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0193-3973(93)90028-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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74
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Belknap JK, Phillips TJ, O'Toole LA. Quantitative trait loci associated with brain weight in the BXD/Ty recombinant inbred mouse strains. Brain Res Bull 1992; 29:337-44. [PMID: 1393606 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult C57BL/6J (B6) male mice had 37% heavier brains than did DBA/2J (D2) mice, while their body weights did not differ. The BXD recombinant inbred (RI) series of 20 strains, derived from a cross between B6 and D2 inbred strains, was used as the initial screen to determine significant associations between male brain weight and brain:body weight ratio, with allelic variation at 360 known marker gene loci. For brain weight, this yielded five candidate chromosome regions, each reflecting a possible quantitative trait locus (QTL) site affecting brain weight. The second step was to test as many of these five as possible using standard (non-RI) inbred strain data for brain weight previously reported in the literature. For this purpose, only strains possessing the same alleles as the B6 or D2 strains were used. Sufficient data to test two of the five candidate QTL were available. Of these, one was strongly supported as a site affecting brain weight--the D7rp2 region of chromosome 7. For the brain to body weight ratio, four chromosome regions emerged as significantly associated in the BXD series, but none were amenable to testing due to a lack of allelic information for the standard inbred strains. However, two of these regions showed highly significant associations (p less than 0.001, single test) that merit consideration as QTL sites for future testing. These two are the Hba region on chromosome 11 and the D17Tu7 region on chromosome 17. The genetic correlation between brain and body weight was low (r = 0.28), indicating that these two traits are largely genetically independent in the BXD RI series.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Belknap
- Research Service (151W), VA Medical Center, Portland, OR
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75
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Ruck MD, Weininger O. A Response to “Differences in Motor Proficiency According to Gender and Race” by Carol E. Plimpton and Celia Regimbal. Percept Mot Skills 1992. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.1992.75.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Problems which prevented an accurate understanding of apparent differences in children's motor development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dale Ruck
- Centre for Applied Cognitive Science, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
| | - Otto Weininger
- Department of Applied Psychology, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
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76
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Cranial capacity related to sex, rank, and race in a stratified random sample of 6,325 U.S. military personnel. INTELLIGENCE 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(92)90017-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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77
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78
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Rushton J. Life-history comparisons between orientals and whites at a Canadian university. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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79
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Allen G, Eriksson AW, Fellman J, Parisi P, Vandenberg SG. Twinning and the r/K reproductive strategy: a critique of Rushton's theory. ACTA GENETICAE MEDICAE ET GEMELLOLOGIAE 1992; 41:73-83. [PMID: 1488860 DOI: 10.1017/s0001566000002531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The theory of r selection, favoring population growth, as opposed to K selection, favoring more efficient utilization of resources, has in recent years been applied by Rushton to contrast human ethnic groups in terms of their r/K reproductive strategies, suggesting the existence of a continuum from r groups, producing many offspring but providing little parental care, to K groups, producing few offspring but providing much parental care. Rushton's theory, which is largely based on ethnic differences in twinning rates, is here critically examined. It is pointed out that twinning rate differences are not necessarily genetic in origin since various environmental factors clearly play a role, and also that twinning, as a mode of reproduction, is not necessarily an r strategy, considering the high prenatal and perinatal selection to which it has been, and still is, associated. Moreover, Rushton misinterprets a number of relevant aspects related to the biology of twinning. The claim that ethnic differences in twinning rates provide evidence for an r/K typology in human populations with respect to reproductive strategies does not appear to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Allen
- U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland
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80
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MacDonald K. A perspective on Darwinian psychology: The importance of domain-general mechanisms, plasticity, and individual differences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(91)90025-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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81
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Genetic similarity, human altruism and group selection: A study of the open peer commentaries. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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82
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83
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Cunningham MR, Barbee AP. Differential K-selection versus ecological determinants of race differences in sexual behavior. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(91)90016-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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84
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85
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86
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87
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Rushton JP. A response to C. Owen Lovejoy. Soc Sci Med 1991; 32:237. [PMID: 2014420 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90067-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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88
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Abstract
It is proposed that different levels of testosterone are the physiological basis in males of the racial differences in sexual drive which form the core of the different r/K reproduction strategies documented by J. P. Rushton. There is direct evidence for higher testosterone levels in Negroids than in Caucasoids and indirect evidence from the incidence of cancer of the prostate. Prostatic cancer is a function of testosterone levels and shows increasing incidence from Mongoloids to Caucasoids to Negroids. It is further proposed that in females the hormonal basis of differential r/K behaviour lies in the level of gonadotropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lynn
- University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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89
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Does every smart boy have a smart sister? Behav Brain Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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90
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Sex, ethnicity, and hormones. Behav Brain Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0007833x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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91
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92
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Rushton JP. Sir Francis Galton, Epigenetic Rules, Genetic Similarity Theory, and Human Life-History Analysis. J Pers 1990; 58:117-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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93
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Spatial ability: Not enough space to make a sex difference. Behav Brain Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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94
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“Small” gender differences on the SAT: A scenario about social origins. Behav Brain Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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95
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96
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Go back to cognitive theory. Behav Brain Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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97
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Some of the pathological assumptions in the sciences of gender. Behav Brain Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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98
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Abstract
Rushton's (1988) reinterpretation of recent research on brain weight one-sidedly emphasizes the findings of heavier brain weight in whites than in blacks and neglects to comment on a larger difference found between men and women. Rushton explicitly used brain size as indicator of intelligence. His implicit conclusion that women are less intelligent than men is not supported by empirical research.
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99
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100
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Abstract
The scholars who use Social Science & Medicine in their research and teaching, who publish their work in it, participate in its peer review of manuscripts, and attend its conferences belong to various nationalities, disciplines, and cultural traditions. Our common enterprise originated in and depends upon liberal democratic social institutions, and assumes their values. With all our differences and disagreements, we are committed to scientific research in a common effort to improve human health and welfare. Our professional careers are a large part of our personal lives, so that our science, our lives, and our values are a single fabric. The present lecture is a meditation on this situation based upon my own heritage, personal experience, and career in anthropology, and on the recent publication in Social Science & Medicine of an essay that attributed the epidemiology of AIDS to racial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leslie
- Center for Science & Culture, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
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