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Duranton C, Bedossa T, Gaunet F. The perception of dogs’ behavioural synchronization with their owners depends partially on expertise in behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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52
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Feng LC, Howell TJ, Bennett PC. Practices and perceptions of clicker use in dog training: A survey-based investigation of dog owners and industry professionals. J Vet Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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53
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Byosiere SE, Feng LC, Chouinard PA, Howell TJ, Bennett PC. Relational concept learning in domestic dogs: Performance on a two-choice size discrimination task generalises to novel stimuli. Behav Processes 2017; 145:93-101. [PMID: 29056526 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One central issue in the study of animal cognition concerns conceptual behaviour, where an organism categorises objects, events, and relationships so as to transfer previously learned rules to novel contexts. In this study, we investigated whether or not dogs demonstrate conceptual behaviour in the form of simple relational class concept learning. A two-choice visual discrimination task was used to assess if dogs are capable of simple relational class concept learning by generalising the same rule (i.e. circle is larger or smaller than) to various novel shapes. Eight purebred Lagotto Romagnolos were included in the study. The results demonstrated that they were capable of generalising a previously learned size discrimination rule to novel stimuli; however, there were differences in dog's generalization capabilities across certain shapes. Considering their unique relationship with humans, and their immediacy in everyday life, a better understanding of conceptual behaviour and generalising abilities in domestic dogs may have implications for training and management methods, as well as contributing to comparative psychology and applied ethology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynna C Feng
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe A Chouinard
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiffani J Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pauleen C Bennett
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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54
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Iotchev IB, Kis A, Bódizs R, van Luijtelaar G, Kubinyi E. EEG Transients in the Sigma Range During non-REM Sleep Predict Learning in Dogs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12936. [PMID: 29021536 PMCID: PMC5636833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are phasic bursts of thalamo-cortical activity, visible in the cortex as transient oscillations in the sigma range (usually defined in humans as 12-14 or 9-16 Hz). They have been associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation and sleep stability in humans and rodents. Occurrence, frequency, amplitude and duration of sleep spindles co-vary with age, sex and psychiatric conditions. Spindle analogue activity in dogs has been qualitatively described, but never quantified and related to function. In the present study we used an adjusted version of a detection method previously validated in children to test whether detections in the dogs show equivalent functional correlates as described in the human literature. We found that the density of EEG transients in the 9-16 Hz range during non-REM sleep relates to memory and is characterized by sexual dimorphism similarly as in humans. The number of transients/minute was larger in the learning condition and for female dogs, and correlated with the increase of performance during recall. It can be concluded that in dogs, automatic detections in the 9-16 Hz range, in particular the slow variant (<13 Hz), are functional analogues of human spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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55
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The effects of domestication and ontogeny on cognition in dogs and wolves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11690. [PMID: 28916808 PMCID: PMC5601471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognition is one of the most flexible tools enabling adaptation to environmental variation. Living close to humans is thought to influence social as well as physical cognition of animals throughout domestication and ontogeny. Here, we investigated to what extent physical cognition and two domains of social cognition of dogs have been affected by domestication and ontogeny. To address the effects of domestication, we compared captive wolves (n = 12) and dogs (n = 14) living in packs under the same conditions. To explore developmental effects, we compared these dogs to pet dogs (n = 12) living in human families. The animals were faced with a series of object-choice tasks, in which their response to communicative, behavioural and causal cues was tested. We observed that wolves outperformed dogs in their ability to follow causal cues, suggesting that domestication altered specific skills relating to this domain, whereas developmental effects had surprisingly no influence. All three groups performed similarly in the communicative and behavioural conditions, suggesting higher ontogenetic flexibility in the two social domains. These differences across cognitive domains need to be further investigated, by comparing domestic and non-domesticated animals living in varying conditions.
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56
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Abstract
The oxytocin system has recently received increasing attention due to its effect on complex human behaviours. In parallel to this, over the past couple of decades, the human-analogue social behaviour of dogs has been intensively studied. Combining these two lines of research (e.g. studying the relationship between dog social behaviour and the oxytocin system) is a promising new research area. The present paper reviews the existing literature on how oxytocin is related to different aspects of human-directed social behaviour in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - József Topál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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58
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Free-ranging dogs show age related plasticity in their ability to follow human pointing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180643. [PMID: 28715475 PMCID: PMC5513426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in pet dogs' and captive wolves' ability to follow human communicative intents have led to the proposition of several hypotheses regarding the possession and development of social cognitive skills in dogs. It is possible that the social cognitive abilities of pet dogs are induced by indirect conditioning through living with humans, and studying free-ranging dogs can provide deeper insights into differentiating between innate abilities and conditioning in dogs. Free-ranging dogs are mostly scavengers, indirectly depending on humans for their sustenance. Humans can act both as food providers and as threats to these dogs, and thus understanding human gestures can be a survival need for the free-ranging dogs. We tested the responsiveness of such dogs in urban areas toward simple human pointing cues using dynamic proximal points. Our experiment showed that pups readily follow proximal pointing and exhibit weaker avoidance to humans, but stop doing so at the later stages of development. While juveniles showed frequent and prolonged gaze alternations, only adults adjusted their behaviour based on the reliability of the human experimenter after being rewarded. Thus free-ranging dogs show a tendency to respond to human pointing gestures, with a certain level of behavioural plasticity that allows learning from ontogenic experience.
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59
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MacLean EL, Herrmann E, Suchindran S, Hare B. Individual differences in cooperative communicative skills are more similar between dogs and humans than chimpanzees. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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60
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Catala A, Mang B, Wallis L, Huber L. Dogs demonstrate perspective taking based on geometrical gaze following in a Guesser-Knower task. Anim Cogn 2017; 20:581-589. [PMID: 28342160 PMCID: PMC5486476 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is still no consensus about whether animals can ascribe mental states (Theory of Mind) to themselves and others. Showing animals can respond to cues that indicate whether another has visual access to a target or not, and that they are able to use this information as a basis for whom to rely on as an informant, is an important step forward in this direction. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) with human informants are an ideal model, because they show high sensitivity towards human eye contact, they have proven able to assess the attentional state of humans in food-stealing or food-begging contexts, and they follow human gaze behind a barrier when searching for food. With 16 dogs, we not only replicated the main results of Maginnity and Grace (Anim Cogn 17(6):1375-1392, 2014) who recently found that dogs preferred to follow the pointing of a human who witnessed a food hiding event over a human who did not (the Guesser-Knower task), but also extended this finding with a further, critical control for behaviour-reading: two informants showed identical looking behaviour, but due to their different position in the room, only one had the opportunity to see where the food was hidden by a third person. Preference for the Knower in this critical test provides solid evidence for geometrical gaze following and perspective taking in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Catala
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Britta Mang
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Wallis
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Huber
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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61
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Marino L. Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken. Anim Cogn 2017; 20:127-147. [PMID: 28044197 PMCID: PMC5306232 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Domestic chickens are members of an order, Aves, which has been the focus of a revolution in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cognitive, and social complexity. At least some birds are now known to be on par with many mammals in terms of their level of intelligence, emotional sophistication, and social interaction. Yet, views of chickens have largely remained unrevised by this new evidence. In this paper, I examine the peer-reviewed scientific data on the leading edge of cognition, emotions, personality, and sociality in chickens, exploring such areas as self-awareness, cognitive bias, social learning and self-control, and comparing their abilities in these areas with other birds and other vertebrates, particularly mammals. My overall conclusion is that chickens are just as cognitively, emotionally and socially complex as most other birds and mammals in many areas, and that there is a need for further noninvasive comparative behavioral research with chickens as well as a re-framing of current views about their intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Marino
- The Someone Project, The Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy, 4100 Kanab Canyon Road, Kanab, UT, 84741, USA.
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62
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Bensky MK, Paitz R, Pereira L, Bell AM. Testing the predictions of coping styles theory in threespined sticklebacks. Behav Processes 2016; 136:1-10. [PMID: 28017848 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coping styles theory provides a framework for understanding individual variation in how animals respond to environmental change, and predicts how individual differences in stress responsiveness and behavior might relate to cognitive differences. According to coping styles theory, proactive individuals are bolder, less reactive to stressors, and more routinized than their reactive counterparts. A key tenet of coping styles theory is that variation in coping styles is maintained by tradeoffs with behavioral flexibility: proactive individuals excel in stable environments while more flexible, reactive individuals perform better in variable environments. Here, we assess evidence for coping styles within a natural population of threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We developed a criterion-based learning paradigm to evaluate individual variation in initial and reversal learning. We observed strong individual differences in boldness, cortisol production, and learning performance. Consistent with coping styles, fish that released more cortisol were more timid in response to a predator attack and slower to learn a color discrimination task. However, there was no evidence that reactive individuals performed better when the environment changed (when the rewarded color was reversed). The failure to detect trade-offs between behavioral routinization and flexibility prompts other explanations for the maintenance of differing coping styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles K Bensky
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Ryan Paitz
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Laura Pereira
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alison M Bell
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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63
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Byosiere SE, Feng LC, Woodhead JK, Rutter NJ, Chouinard PA, Howell TJ, Bennett PC. Visual perception in domestic dogs: susceptibility to the Ebbinghaus-Titchener and Delboeuf illusions. Anim Cogn 2016; 20:435-448. [PMID: 28008543 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to geometrical visual illusions has been tested in a number of non-human animal species, providing important information about how these species perceive their environment. Considering their active role in human lives, visual illusion susceptibility was tested in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Using a two-choice simultaneous discrimination paradigm, eight dogs were trained to indicate which of two presented circles appeared largest. These circles were then embedded in three different illusory displays; a classical display of the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion; an illusory contour version of the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion; and the classical display of the Delboeuf illusion. Significant results were observed in both the classical and illusory contour versions of the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion, but not the Delboeuf illusion. However, this susceptibility was reversed from what is typically seen in humans and most mammals. Dogs consistently indicated that the target circle typically appearing larger in humans appeared smaller to them, and that the target circle typically appearing smaller in humans, appeared larger to them. We speculate that these results are best explained by assimilation theory rather than other visual cognitive theories explaining susceptibility to this illusion in humans. In this context, we argue that our findings appear to reflect higher-order conceptual processing in dogs that cannot be explained by accounts restricted to low-level mechanisms of early visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia.
| | - Lynna C Feng
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - Jessica K Woodhead
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Rutter
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - Philippe A Chouinard
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - Tiffani J Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - Pauleen C Bennett
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
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64
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Robinson JL, Baxi M, Katz JS, Waggoner P, Beyers R, Morrison E, Salibi N, Denney TS, Vodyanoy V, Deshpande G. Characterization of Structural Connectivity of the Default Mode Network in Dogs using Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36851. [PMID: 27886204 PMCID: PMC5122865 DOI: 10.1038/srep36851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides us an insight into the micro-architecture of white-matter tracts in the brain. This method has proved promising in understanding and investigating the neuronal tracts and structural connectivity between the brain regions in primates as well as rodents. The close evolutionary relationship between canines and humans may have spawned a unique bond in regard to social cognition rendering them useful as an animal model in translational research. In this study, we acquired diffusion data from anaesthetized dogs and created a DTI-based atlas for a canine model which could be used to investigate various white matter diseases. We illustrate the application of this atlas by calculating DTI tractography based structural connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) regions of the default mode network (DMN) in dogs. White matter connectivity was investigated to provide structural basis for the functional dissociation observed between the anterior and posterior parts of DMN. A comparison of the integrity of long range structural connections (such as in the DMN) between dogs and humans is likely to provide us with new perspectives on the neural basis of the evolution of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Robinson
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Dept. of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Madhura Baxi
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Katz
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Dept. of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul Waggoner
- Canine Detection Research Institute, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ronald Beyers
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Edward Morrison
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology &Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nouha Salibi
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,MR R&D, Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Thomas S Denney
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Dept. of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vitaly Vodyanoy
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology &Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Gopikrishna Deshpande
- AU MRI Research Center, Dept. of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Dept. of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
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66
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Abstract
In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in how dogs understand us humans, given that they show impressive abilities for interacting and communicating with us. Such understanding of heterospecifics is especially interesting because decoding of social signals across the species boundary is challenging. Latent learning during a pet dog’s life in the human environment seems to be a major promotor of this ability. This article reviews recent research on one aspect of this ability: the reading of the human face for the acquisition of important social information, such as identity and emotional expression. Our knowledge of how dogs perceive the human environment and use this information to solve their everyday problems is important for understanding why they fit so well into the human environment.
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67
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Abstract
Because he was trained to. The domestic dog’s accessibility, social intelligence, and evolutionary history with humans have led to increasing interest in canine cognition. Despite a growing body of data on canine behavior and cognitive skills, relatively few advances have been made in understanding canine brain function. Practical and ethical concerns had limited the use of the invasive brain-imaging techniques typically used with primate and rodent models. However, the demonstration that dogs can be trained to cooperatively participate in fMRI studies has opened up a wealth of new data about canine brain function. Many of these studies have investigated the dog’s preternatural social intelligence, focusing on neural pathways associated with different types of reward, including social reward, and face and vocal processing. These studies have implications for our understanding of canine brain function, and potentially, because of dogs’ close relations with humans, for models of human development and pathology.
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68
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Arden R, Bensky MK, Adams MJ. A Review of Cognitive Abilities in Dogs, 1911 Through 2016. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721416667718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we pose and respond to three questions concerning canine cognition: How has the history of this field influenced what we currently know about dog cognition? How confident should we be about what we know? Finally, what should we find out next? We begin by presenting two perspectives on canine cognition. We then survey the existing literature by conducting a quantitative summary of over 100 years of empirical work, focusing on power and replicability. Last, we lament the dearth of individual-differences studies in dog cognition (only three since 1911). We claim that a test of dog IQ with good psychometric properties will benefit basic science on dog and human health (including aging and dementia research). As a complement to an existing rich program of ethological investigation, we argue that individual-differences work on dogs should be a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Arden
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science
| | - Miles K. Bensky
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh and Royal Edinburgh Hospital
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69
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Miklósi Á, Kubinyi E. Current Trends in Canine Problem-Solving and Cognition. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721416666061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dogs have occupied a central place in modern comparative cognition, partly because of their specific past and present relationship with humans. Over the years, we have gained insights about the functioning of the dog’s mind, which has helped us to understand how dogs’ problem-solving abilities differ from those present in related species such as the wolf. Novel methodologies are also emerging that allow for the study of neural and genetic mechanisms that control mental functions. By providing an overview from an ethological perspective, we call for greater integration of the field and a better understanding of natural dog behavior as a way to generate scientific hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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70
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Buttner AP. Neurobiological underpinnings of dogs' human-like social competence: How interactions between stress response systems and oxytocin mediate dogs' social skills. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:198-214. [PMID: 27593441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have been suggested as a natural model for human social cognition, possessing social skills that are in many ways functionally analogous to those of young humans. Researchers have debated the origins of dogs' human-like social competence and the underlying cognitive mechanisms, but only recently have researchers begun to explore their neurobiological underpinnings. In this review, findings from behavioral studies are integrated with what is known about the biological basis of dogs' human-directed social competence, with an emphasis on how stress-mediating systems, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, interact with oxytocin and underlying neural systems to facilitate dogs' interspecific social-cognitive abilities. The working model presented in this paper offers a biological explanation for many of the inconsistent findings from past work on social cognition in dogs and generates questions for future research in the field of canine social competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Phillips Buttner
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Allwine Hall, Room 419, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE, 68182, USA.
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71
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D'Aniello B, Scandurra A, Alterisio A, Valsecchi P, Prato-Previde E. The importance of gestural communication: a study of human-dog communication using incongruent information. Anim Cogn 2016; 19:1231-1235. [PMID: 27338818 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed how water rescue dogs, which were equally accustomed to respond to gestural and verbal requests, weighted gestural versus verbal information when asked by their owner to perform an action. Dogs were asked to perform four different actions ("sit", "lie down", "stay", "come") providing them with a single source of information (in Phase 1, gestural, and in Phase 2, verbal) or with incongruent information (in Phase 3, gestural and verbal commands referred to two different actions). In Phases 1 and 2, we recorded the frequency of correct responses as 0 or 1, whereas in Phase 3, we computed a 'preference index' (percentage of gestural commands followed over the total commands responded). Results showed that dogs followed gestures significantly better than words when these two types of information were used separately. Females were more likely to respond to gestural than verbal commands and males responded to verbal commands significantly better than females. In the incongruent condition, when gestures and words simultaneously indicated two different actions, the dogs overall preferred to execute the action required by the gesture rather than that required verbally, except when the verbal command "come" was paired with the gestural command "stay" with the owner moving away from the dog. Our data suggest that in dogs accustomed to respond to both gestural and verbal requests, gestures are more salient than words. However, dogs' responses appeared to be dependent also on the contextual situation: dogs' motivation to maintain proximity with an owner who was moving away could have led them to make the more 'convenient' choices between the two incongruent instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Alterisio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Valsecchi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Prato-Previde
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
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72
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Behaviour directed towards inaccessible food predicts consumption—A novel way of assessing food preference. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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73
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Müller CA, Riemer S, Virányi Z, Huber L, Range F. Inhibitory Control, but Not Prolonged Object-Related Experience Appears to Affect Physical Problem-Solving Performance of Pet Dogs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147753. [PMID: 26863141 PMCID: PMC4749342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infants develop an understanding of their physical environment through playful interactions with objects. Similar processes may influence also the performance of non-human animals in physical problem-solving tasks, but to date there is little empirical data to evaluate this hypothesis. In addition or alternatively to prior experiences, inhibitory control has been suggested as a factor underlying the considerable individual differences in performance reported for many species. Here we report a study in which we manipulated the extent of object-related experience for a cohort of dogs (Canis familiaris) of the breed Border Collie over a period of 18 months, and assessed their level of inhibitory control, prior to testing them in a series of four physical problem-solving tasks. We found no evidence that differences in object-related experience explain variability in performance in these tasks. It thus appears that dogs do not transfer knowledge about physical rules from one physical problem-solving task to another, but rather approach each task as a novel problem. Our results, however, suggest that individual performance in these tasks is influenced in a complex way by the subject’s level of inhibitory control. Depending on the task, inhibitory control had a positive or a negative effect on performance and different aspects of inhibitory control turned out to be the best predictors of individual performance in the different tasks. Therefore, studying the interplay between inhibitory control and problem-solving performance will make an important contribution to our understanding of individual and species differences in physical problem-solving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corsin A. Müller
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie Riemer
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Animal Behaviour, Cognition and Welfare Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Zsófia Virányi
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Huber
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friederike Range
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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74
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The effect of training and breed group on problem-solving behaviours in dogs. Anim Cogn 2016; 19:571-9. [PMID: 26861484 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-0960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dogs have become the focus of cognitive studies looking at both their physical and social problem-solving abilities (Bensky et al. in Adv Stud Behav, 45:209-387, 2013), but very little is known about the environmental and inherited factors that may affect these abilities. In the current study, we presented a manipulation task (a puzzle box) and a spatial task (the detour) to 128 dogs belonging to four different breed groups: Herding, Mastiff-like, Working and Retrievers (von Holdt et al. in Nature 464:898-902, 2010). Within each group, we tested highly trained and non-trained dogs. Results showed that trained dogs were faster at obtaining the reward in the detour task. In the manipulation task, trained dogs approached the apparatus sooner in the first familiarization trial, but no effect of breed emerged on this variable. Furthermore, regardless of breed, dogs in the trained group spent proportionally more time interacting with the apparatus and were more likely to succeed in the test trial than dogs in the non-trained group, whereas regardless of training, dogs in the working breed group were more likely to succeed than dogs in the retriever and herding breed groups (but not the mastiff-like group). Finally, trained dogs were less likely to look at a person than non-trained dogs during testing, but dogs in the herding group more likely to do so than dogs in the retriever and working but not the mastiff-like breed groups. Overall, results reveal a strong influence of training experience but less consistent differences between breed groups on different components thought to affect problem solving.
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75
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The effect of oxytocin on biological motion perception in dogs (Canis familiaris). Anim Cogn 2016; 19:513-22. [PMID: 26742930 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin is involved in the regulation of several complex human social behaviours. There is, however, little research on the effect of oxytocin on basic mechanisms underlying human sociality, such as the perception of biological motion. In the present study, we investigated the effect of oxytocin on biological motion perception in dogs (Canis familiaris), a species adapted to the human social environment and thus widely used to model many aspects of human social behaviour. In a within-subjects design, dogs (N = 39), after having received either oxytocin or placebo treatment, were presented with 2D projection of a moving point-light human figure and the inverted and scrambled version of the same movie. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured as physiological responses, and behavioural response was evaluated by observing dogs' looking time. Subjects were also rated on the personality traits of Neuroticism and Agreeableness by their owners. As expected, placebo-pretreated (control) dogs showed a spontaneous preference for the biological motion pattern; however, there was no such preference after oxytocin pretreatment. Furthermore, following the oxytocin pretreatment female subjects looked more at the moving point-light figure than males. The individual variations along the dimensions of Agreeableness and Neuroticism also modulated dogs' behaviour. Furthermore, HR and HRV measures were affected by oxytocin treatment and in turn played a role in subjects' looking behaviour. We discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms of human (and non-human) social skills.
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76
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A reappraisal of successive negative contrast in two populations of domestic dogs. Anim Cogn 2016; 19:471-81. [PMID: 26742929 PMCID: PMC4824810 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
When an anticipated food reward is unexpectedly reduced in quality or quantity, many mammals show a successive negative contrast (SNC) effect, i.e. a reduction in instrumental or consummatory responses below the level shown by control animals that have only ever received the lower-value reward. SNC effects are believed to reflect an aversive emotional state, caused by the discrepancy between the expected and the actual reward. Furthermore, how animals respond to such discrepancy has been suggested to be a sign of animals’ background mood state. However, the occurrence and interpretation of SNC effects are not unequivocal, and there is a relative lack of studies conducted outside of laboratory conditions. Here, we tested two populations of domestic dogs (24 owned pet dogs and 21 dogs from rescue kennels) in a SNC paradigm following the methodology by Bentosela et al. (J Comp Psychol 123:125–130, 2009), using a design that allowed a within-, as well as a between-, subjects analysis. We found no evidence of a SNC effect in either population using a within- or between-subjects design. Indeed, the within-subjects analysis revealed a reverse SNC effect, with subjects in the shifted condition showing a significantly higher level of response, even after they received an unexpected reduction in reward quality. Using a within-, rather than a between-, subjects design may be beneficial in studies of SNC due to higher sensitivity and statistical power; however, order effects on subject performance need to be considered. These results suggest that this particular SNC paradigm may not be sufficiently robust to replicate easily in a range of environmental contexts and populations.
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77
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Merola I, Lazzaroni M, Marshall-Pescini S, Prato-Previde E. Social referencing and cat-human communication. Anim Cogn 2015; 18:639-48. [PMID: 25573289 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-014-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cats' (Felis catus) communicative behaviour towards humans was explored using a social referencing paradigm in the presence of a potentially frightening object. One group of cats observed their owner delivering a positive emotional message, whereas another group received a negative emotional message. The aim was to evaluate whether cats use the emotional information provided by their owners about a novel/unfamiliar object to guide their own behaviour towards it. We assessed the presence of social referencing, in terms of referential looking towards the owner (defined as looking to the owner immediately before or after looking at the object), the behavioural regulation based on the owner's emotional (positive vs negative) message (vocal and facial), and the observational conditioning following the owner's actions towards the object. Most cats (79 %) exhibited referential looking between the owner and the object, and also to some extent changed their behaviour in line with the emotional message given by the owner. Results are discussed in relation to social referencing in other species (dogs in particular) and cats' social organization and domestication history.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Merola
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Sezione di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy,
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78
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Hecht J, Spicer Rice E. Citizen science: a new direction in canine behavior research. Behav Processes 2014; 110:125-32. [PMID: 25444773 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Researchers increasingly rely on members of the public to contribute to scientific projects-from collecting or identifying, to analyzing and disseminating data. The "citizen science" model proves useful to many thematically distinctive fields, like ornithology, astronomy, and phenology. The recent formalization of citizen science projects addresses technical issues related to volunteer participation--like data quality--so that citizen scientists can make longstanding, meaningful contributions to scientific projects. Since the late 1990s, canine science research has relied with greater frequency on the participation of the general public, particularly dog owners. These researchers do not typically consider the methods and technical issues that those conducting citizen science projects embrace and continue to investigate. As more canine science studies rely on public input, an in-depth knowledge of the benefits and challenges of citizen science can help produce relevant, high-quality data while increasing the general public's understanding of canine behavior and cognition as well as the scientific process. We examine the benefits and challenges of current citizen science models in an effort to enhance canine citizen science project preparation, execution, and dissemination. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine Behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hecht
- Julie Hecht, Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor Spicer Rice
- Eleanor Spicer Rice, Verdant Word, 304 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Hart V, Nováková P, Malkemper EP, Begall S, Hanzal V, Ježek M, Kušta T, Němcová V, Adámková J, Benediktová K, Červený J, Burda H. Dogs are sensitive to small variations of the Earth's magnetic field. Front Zool 2013; 10:80. [PMID: 24370002 PMCID: PMC3882779 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several mammalian species spontaneously align their body axis with respect to the Earth’s magnetic field (MF) lines in diverse behavioral contexts. Magnetic alignment is a suitable paradigm to scan for the occurrence of magnetosensitivity across animal taxa with the heuristic potential to contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of magnetoreception and identify further functions of magnetosensation apart from navigation. With this in mind we searched for signs of magnetic alignment in dogs. We measured the direction of the body axis in 70 dogs of 37 breeds during defecation (1,893 observations) and urination (5,582 observations) over a two-year period. After complete sampling, we sorted the data according to the geomagnetic conditions prevailing during the respective sampling periods. Relative declination and intensity changes of the MF during the respective dog walks were calculated from daily magnetograms. Directional preferences of dogs under different MF conditions were analyzed and tested by means of circular statistics. Results Dogs preferred to excrete with the body being aligned along the North–South axis under calm MF conditions. This directional behavior was abolished under unstable MF. The best predictor of the behavioral switch was the rate of change in declination, i.e., polar orientation of the MF. Conclusions It is for the first time that (a) magnetic sensitivity was proved in dogs, (b) a measurable, predictable behavioral reaction upon natural MF fluctuations could be unambiguously proven in a mammal, and (c) high sensitivity to small changes in polarity, rather than in intensity, of MF was identified as biologically meaningful. Our findings open new horizons in magnetoreception research. Since the MF is calm in only about 20% of the daylight period, our findings might provide an explanation why many magnetoreception experiments were hardly replicable and why directional values of records in diverse observations are frequently compromised by scatter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Hart
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Nováková
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Erich Pascal Malkemper
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Vladimír Hanzal
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Ježek
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kušta
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Němcová
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Adámková
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Benediktová
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Červený
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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