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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Circulating Tumor Cells, the Precursors of Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:11-34. [PMID: 32304077 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells offer an unprecedented window into the metastatic cascade, and to some extent can be considered as intermediates in the process of metastasis. They exhibit dynamic oscillations in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity and provide important opportunities for prognosis, therapy response monitoring, and targeting of metastatic disease. In this manuscript, we review the involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in the early steps of metastasis and what we have learned about its contribution to genomic instability and genetic diversity, tumor progression and therapeutic responses using cell culture, mouse models and circulating tumor cells enriched from patients.
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PLAGL2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mediates colorectal cancer metastasis via β-catenin-dependent regulation of ZEB1. Br J Cancer 2019; 122:578-589. [PMID: 31827238 PMCID: PMC7028997 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that the pleomorphic adenoma gene like-2 (PLAGL2) is involved in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. Enhanced PLAGL2 expression was observed in several malignant tumours. However, the exact function of PLAGL2 and its underlying mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of PLAGL2 was performed. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the role of PLAGL2 in the progression of CRC. Results Enhanced PLAGL2 expression was significantly associated with EMT-related proteins in CRC. The data revealed that PLAGL2 promotes CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PLAGL2 promoted the expression of ZEB1. PLAGL2 enhanced the expression and nuclear translocation of β-catenin by decreasing its phosphorylation. The depletion of β-catenin neutralised the regulation of ZEB1 that was caused by enhanced PLAGL2 expression. The small-molecule inhibitor PNU-74654, also impaired the enhancement of ZEB1 that resulted from the modified PLAGL2 expression. The depletion of ZEB1 could block the biological function of PLAGL2 in CRC cells. Conclusions Collectively, our findings suggest that PLAGL2 mediates EMT to promote colorectal cancer metastasis via β-catenin-dependent regulation of ZEB1.
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Dern K, Burns TA, Watts MR, van Eps AW, Belknap JK. Influence of digital hypothermia on lamellar events related to IL-6/gp130 signalling in equine sepsis-related laminitis. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:441-448. [PMID: 31509270 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is consistently increased in the digital lamellae in different studies of sepsis-related laminitis (SRL). IL-6 signalling through the gp130 receptor activates similar signalling (i.e. mTORC1-related signalling) previously reported to be activated in models of endocrinopathic laminitis. OBJECTIVES To assess the activation state of signalling proteins downstream of IL-6/gp130 receptor complex activation in an experimental model of SRL. STUDY DESIGN Randomised experimental study. METHODS Lamellar phospho-(P) protein concentrations downstream of the IL-6/gp130 receptors were assessed in the oligofructose (OF) model of SRL. Fifteen Standardbred horses were administered water (CON, n = 8) or oligofructose (OF, n = 7) via a nasogastric tube. At 12 h post-OF/water administration, one randomly assigned forelimb was exposed to continuous digital hypothermia (CDH) by placement in ice water (ICE, maintained at <7°C); the other forelimb was maintained at ambient temperature (AMB). Lamellar tissue samples were collected after 24 h of CDH from both ICE and AMB forelimbs and immediately snap-frozen. Lamellar proteins of interest were assessed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Immunoblotting revealed increase (P<0.05) in the phosphorylation states of Akt (Ser 473), RPS6 (Ser235/236), RPS6 (Ser240/244), STAT3 (Ser727) and STAT3 (Tyr705) in lamellar tissue from OF-treated animals (AMB OF vs. AMB CON limbs); CDH resulted in decreased (P<0.05) lamellar concentrations of phosphorylated Akt, p70S6K, RPS6 (235/236), RPS6 (240/244) and STAT3 (S727) in OF-treated animals (AMB OF vs. ICE OF). Immunofluorescence showed that activated/phosphorylated forms of RPS6 and STAT3 were primarily localised to lamellar epithelial cells. MAIN LIMITATIONS The nature, sequence and timing of sub-cellular events in this experimental model may differ from those that accompany naturally occurring sepsis. CONCLUSIONS There were increased lamellar concentrations of activated signalling proteins downstream of the IL-6/Gp130 receptor complex in OF-treated horses; CDH inhibited this activation for the majority of the proteins assessed. These results demonstrate similar lamellar signalling (e.g. mTORC1-related signalling) and, therefore, possible therapeutic targets occurring in sepsis-related laminitis as previously reported in models of endocrinopathic laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dern
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - T A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - M R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A W van Eps
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Jolly MK, Celià-Terrassa T. Dynamics of Phenotypic Heterogeneity Associated with EMT and Stemness during Cancer Progression. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1542. [PMID: 31557977 PMCID: PMC6832750 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity contribute to the generation of diverse tumor cell populations, thus enhancing cancer aggressiveness and therapy resistance. Compared to genetic heterogeneity, a consequence of mutational events, phenotypic heterogeneity arises from dynamic, reversible cell state transitions in response to varying intracellular/extracellular signals. Such phenotypic plasticity enables rapid adaptive responses to various stressful conditions and can have a strong impact on cancer progression. Herein, we have reviewed relevant literature on mechanisms associated with dynamic phenotypic changes and cellular plasticity, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness, which have been reported to facilitate cancer metastasis. We also discuss how non-cell-autonomous mechanisms such as cell-cell communication can lead to an emergent population-level response in tumors. The molecular mechanisms underlying the complexity of tumor systems are crucial for comprehending cancer progression, and may provide new avenues for designing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rojas-Sanchez G, Cotzomi-Ortega I, Pazos-Salazar NG, Reyes-Leyva J, Maycotte P. Autophagy and Its Relationship to Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition: When Autophagy Inhibition for Cancer Therapy Turns Counterproductive. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040071. [PMID: 31554173 PMCID: PMC6956138 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of autophagy for cancer therapy has gained recent interest in clinical settings. Although inhibition of autophagy is currently being used in clinical trials for the treatment of several malignancies, autophagy has been shown to have diverse implications for normal cell homeostasis, cancer cell survival, and signaling to cells in the tumor microenvironment. Among these implications and of relevance for cancer therapy, the autophagic process is known to be involved in the regulation of protein secretion, in tumor cell immunogenicity, and in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical step in the process of cancer cell invasion. In this work, we have reviewed recent evidence linking autophagy to the regulation of EMT in cancer and normal epithelial cells, and have discussed important implications for the manipulation of autophagy during cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Nidia G Pazos-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-CIBIOR, IMSS, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
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Nath B, Bidkar AP, Kumar V, Dalal A, Jolly MK, Ghosh SS, Biswas G. Deciphering Hydrodynamic and Drug-Resistant Behaviors of Metastatic EMT Breast Cancer Cells Moving in a Constricted Microcapillary. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1194. [PMID: 31404980 PMCID: PMC6722803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induces cell migration, invasion, and drug resistance, and consequently, contributes to cancer metastasis and disease aggressiveness. This study attempted to address crucial biological parameters to correlate EMT and drug-treated cancer cells traversing through microcapillaries, reminiscent of metastatic conditions. MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells induced to undergo EMT by treatment with 20 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were initially passed through several blockages and then through a constricted microchannel, mimicking the flow of invasive metastatic cells through constricted blood microcapillaries. EMT cells acquired enhanced migratory properties and retained 50% viability, even after migration through wells 10-15 μm in size and a constricted passage of 7 μm and 150 μm in length at a constant flow rate of 50 μL/h. The hydrodynamic properties revealed cellular deformation with a deformation index, average transit velocity, and entry time of 2.45, 12.3 mm/s, and 31,000 μs, respectively for a cell of average diameter 19 μm passing through one of the 7 μm constricted sections. Interestingly, cells collected at the channel outlet regained epithelial character, undergoing reverse transition (mesenchymal to epithelial transition, MET) in the absence of EGF. Remarkably, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed increases of 2- and 2.7-fold in the vimentin and fibronectin expression in EMT cells, respectively; however, their expression reduced to basal level in the MET cells. A scratch assay revealed the pronounced migratory nature of EMT cells compared with MET cells. Furthermore, the number of colonies formed from EMT cells and paclitaxel-treated EMT cells after passing through a constriction were found to be 95 ± 10 and 79 ± 4, respectively, confirming that the EMT cells were more drug resistant with a concomitant two-fold higher expression of the multi-drug resistance (MDR1) gene. Our results highlight the hydrodynamic and drug-evading properties of cells that have undergone an EMT, when passed through a constricted microcapillary that mimics their journey in blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Nath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Anil P Bidkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Amaresh Dalal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Gautam Biswas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India.
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The Transcription Factor Elf3 Is Essential for a Successful Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080858. [PMID: 31404945 PMCID: PMC6721682 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) are two critical biological processes that are involved in both physiological events such as embryogenesis and development and also pathological events such as tumorigenesis. They present with dramatic changes in cellular morphology and gene expression exhibiting acute changes in E-cadherin expression. Despite the comprehensive understanding of EMT, the regulation of MET is far from being understood. To find novel regulators of MET, we hypothesized that such factors would correlate with Cdh1 expression. Bioinformatics examination of several expression profiles suggested Elf3 as a strong candidate. Depletion of Elf3 at the onset of MET severely impaired the progression to the epithelial state. This MET defect was explained, in part, by the absence of E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. Moreover, during MET, ELF3 interacts with the Grhl3 promoter and activates its expression. Our findings present novel insights into the regulation of MET and reveal ELF3 as an indispensable guardian of the epithelial state. A better understanding of MET will, eventually, lead to better management of metastatic cancers.
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Chen Y, Chen L, Zhang JY, Chen ZY, Liu TT, Zhang YY, Fu LY, Fan SQ, Zhang MQ, Gan SQ, Zhang NL, Shen XC. Oxymatrine reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells by depressing α Ⅴβ 3 integrin/FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling activation. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6253-6265. [PMID: 31496729 PMCID: PMC6691185 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s209056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxymatrine, an alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herb Sophora flavescens Aiton, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-immune, anti-hepatic fibrosis, and anti-cancer properties. However, the effects of oxymatrine on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells are still unclear. Aim The present study was performed to investigate whether oxymatrine reverses EMT in breast cancer cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Materials and methods MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. Wound-healing assay and transwell chamber assay were used to assess cell migration and invasion, respectively. Immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to study the expression of EMT-related molecules and αⅤβ3 integrin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling transduction. Fibronectin, a physiologic ligand of αⅤβ3 integrin, was used to stimulate αⅤβ3 integrin signaling. Results Our results demonstrated that oxymatrine effectively suppressed the viability of MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 breast cancer cells, and oxymatrine showed less cytotoxicity on normal breast mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. In addition, oxymatrine reversed EMT in the MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells at nontoxic concentrations. Oxymatrine significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, downregulated the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells, but upregulated the expression of E-cadherin in 4T1 cells. The mechanism revealed that oxymatrine decreased the expression of αⅤ and β3 integrin and their co-localization. It also inhibited αⅤβ3 integrin downstream activation by suppressing the phosphorylation of FAK, PI3K, and Akt. Furthermore, oxymatrine prevented fibronectin-induced EMT and αⅤβ3 integrin/FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling activation. Conclusion Our results revealed that oxymatrine effectively reversed EMT in breast cancer cells by depressing αⅤβ3 integrin/FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling. Thus, oxymatrine could be a potential therapeutic candidate with anti-metastatic potential for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Qiannan Medical College For Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Yue Chen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Fu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Qin Fan
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Qin Zhang
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Quan Gan
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nen-Ling Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Gerashchenko TS, Novikov NM, Krakhmal NV, Zolotaryova SY, Zavyalova MV, Cherdyntseva NV, Denisov EV, Perelmuter VM. Markers of Cancer Cell Invasion: Are They Good Enough? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1092. [PMID: 31344926 PMCID: PMC6723901 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion, or directed migration of tumor cells into adjacent tissues, is one of the hallmarks of cancer and the first step towards metastasis. Penetrating to adjacent tissues, tumor cells form the so-called invasive front/edge. The cellular plasticity afforded by different kinds of phenotypic transitions (epithelial-mesenchymal, collective-amoeboid, mesenchymal-amoeboid, and vice versa) significantly contributes to the diversity of cancer cell invasion patterns and mechanisms. Nevertheless, despite the advances in the understanding of invasion, it is problematic to identify tumor cells with the motile phenotype in cancer tissue specimens due to the absence of reliable and acceptable molecular markers. In this review, we summarize the current information about molecules such as extracellular matrix components, factors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proteases, cell adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton proteins involved in cell migration and invasion that could be used as invasive markers and discuss their advantages and limitations. Based on the reviewed data, we conclude that future studies focused on the identification of specific invasive markers should use new models one of which may be the intratumor morphological heterogeneity in breast cancer reflecting different patterns of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Nikita M Novikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Krakhmal
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sofia Y Zolotaryova
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina V Zavyalova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
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Guo H, Du X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang C, Li M, Hua X, Zhang XA, Yan J. Specific miRNA-G Protein-Coupled Receptor Networks Regulate Sox9a/Sox9b Activities to Promote Gonadal Rejuvenation in Zebrafish. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1189-1199. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Guo
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Du
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Department of Aquaculture; Shanghai Ocean University; Lingang New City, Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyou Li
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences; People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources; Ministry of Education; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Xin A. Zhang
- Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Physiology; The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma USA
| | - Jizhou Yan
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences; People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources; Ministry of Education; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Ferritinophagic Flux Activation in CT26 Cells Contributed to EMT Inhibition Induced by a Novel Iron Chelator, DpdtpA. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8753413. [PMID: 31320987 PMCID: PMC6610730 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8753413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to metastasis and drug resistance; inhibition of EMT may attenuate metastasis and drug resistance. It has been demonstrated that ferritinophagy involves the process of many diseases; however, the relationship between EMT and ferritinophagy was not fully established. Some iron chelators show the ability to inhibit EMT, but whether ferritinophagy plays a role in EMT is largely unknown. To this end, we investigated the effect of a novel iron chelator, DpdtpA (2,2 ′-di-pyridylketone dithiocarbamate propionic acid), on EMT in the CT26 cell line. The DpdtpA displayed excellent antitumor (IC50 = 1.5 ± 0.2 μM), leading to ROS production and apoptosis occurrence. Moreover, the ROS production correlated with ferritin degradation. The upregulation of LC3-II and NCOA4 from immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis revealed that the occurrence of ferritinophagy contributed to ROS production. Furthermore, DpdtpA could induce an alteration both in morphology and in epithelial-mesenchymal markers, displaying significant EMT inhibition. The correlation analysis revealed that DpdtpA-induced ferritinophagy contributed to the EMT inhibition, implying that NCOA4 involved EMT process, which was firstly reported. To reinforce this concept, the ferritinophagic flux (NCOA4/ferritin) in either treated by TGF-β1 or combined with DpdtpA was determined. The results indicated that activating ferritinophagic flux would enhance ROS production which accordingly suppressed EMT or implementing the EMT suppression seemed to be through “fighting fire with fire” strategy. Taken together, our data demonstrated that ferritinophagic flux was a dominating driving force in EMT proceeding, and the new finding definitely will enrich our knowledge of ferritinophagy in EMT process.
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Are There Shared Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Different Clinical Forms of Laminitis and What Are the Implications for Prevention and Treatment? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:379-398. [PMID: 31126692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is a consequence of primary disease processes elsewhere in the body. The key pathophysiologic events are insulin dysregulation in endocrinopathic laminitis, ischemia in supporting limb laminitis, and inflammation in sepsis-related laminitis. These apparently disparate mechanisms converge to cause lamellar attachment failure through epithelial cell adhesion loss and stretch, possibly mediated by common growth factor signaling pathways. Tissue damage through mechanical distraction, inflammation, pain, and a proliferative epithelial healing response are features of acute laminitis regardless of the cause. Preventive and treatment strategies based on knowledge of these unique and common mechanistic events are likely to improve clinical outcomes.
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63
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Carvalho JADV, Barbosa CCDL, Feher O, Maldaun MVC, Camargo VPD, Moraes FY, Marta GN. Systemic dissemination of glioblastoma: literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 65:460-468. [PMID: 30994848 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.65.3.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant tumor from the central nervous system in adults. However, the presence of systemic metastasis is an extremely rare event. The objective of this study was to review the literature, evaluating the possible biological mechanisms related to the occurrence of systemic metastasis in patients diagnosed with GBM. RESULTS The mechanisms that may be related to GBM systemic dissemination are the blood-brain barrier breach, often seen in GBM cases, by the tumor itself or by surgical procedures, gaining access to blood and lymphatic vessels, associated with the acquisition of mesenchymal features of invasiveness, resistance to the immune mechanisms of defense and hostile environment through quiescence. CONCLUSIONS Tumor cells must overcome many obstacles until the development of systemic metastasis. The physiologic mechanisms are not completely clear. Although not fully understood, the pathophysiological understanding of the mechanisms that may be associated with the systemic spread is salutary for a global understanding of the disease. In addition, this knowledge may be used as a basis for a therapy to be performed in patients diagnosed with GBM distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Chaul de Lima Barbosa
- Department of Radiology and Oncology - Clinical Oncology Unit; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp); Sao Paulo, Brasil.,Department of Clinical Oncology - Hospital Sírio-Libanês; Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Olavo Feher
- Department of Radiology and Oncology - Clinical Oncology Unit; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp); Sao Paulo, Brasil.,Department of Clinical Oncology - Hospital Sírio-Libanês; Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Calfat Maldaun
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital Sírio-Libanês; Sao Paulo, Brasil.,Division of Neurosurgery, Santa Paula Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Veridiana Pires de Camargo
- Department of Radiology and Oncology - Clinical Oncology Unit; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp); Sao Paulo, Brasil.,Department of Clinical Oncology - Hospital Sírio-Libanês; Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fabio Y Moraes
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Queen's University - Kingston Health Science Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Nader Marta
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brasil
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64
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Huang H, Wright S, Zhang J, Brekken RA. Getting a grip on adhesion: Cadherin switching and collagen signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118472. [PMID: 30954569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental biological process that is hijacked during tumor progression. Cadherin switching, which disrupts adherens junctions and alters cadherin-associated signaling pathways, is common during EMT. In many tumors, substantial extracellular matrix (ECM) is deposited. Collagen is the most abundant ECM constituent and it mediates specific signaling pathways by binding to integrins and discoidin domain receptors (DDRs). The interaction of the collagen receptors results in activation of signaling pathways that promote tumor progression including an induction of the cadherin switching. DDR inhibitors have demonstrated anticancer therapeutic efficacy preclinically by inhibiting the collagen signaling. Understanding how collagen signaling impacts cellular processes including EMT and cadherin switching is of great interest especially given the strong interest in stromal targeted therapies for desmoplastic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huocong Huang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steven Wright
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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65
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Tong H, Liu X, Li T, Qiu W, Peng C, Shen B, Zhu Z. INTS8 accelerates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by upregulating the TGF-β signaling pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1869-1879. [PMID: 30881114 PMCID: PMC6396674 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s184392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of death by malignancy worldwide. HCC has a poor prognosis due to tumor invasiveness and metastasis. There is substantial evidence that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a central role in cancer metastasis. In a previous study, a possible association between integrator complex 8 (INTS8) and the progression and development of HCC was discovered. However, its role and the molecular mechanisms in HCC are poorly understood. Methods The PROGgeneV2 platform database and Kaplan–Meier plotter analysis were used to analyze the potential effects of INTS8 in HCC. Moreover, we performed migration, transwell, and metastasis assays to investigate the effects of INTS8 on HCC cells. In addition, relevant signaling pathways were examined by western blot and RT-qPCR assays. Results We used the PROGgeneV2 platform database and Kaplan–Meier plotter analysis, which indicated that increased expression of INTS8 is associated with poor overall survival of HCC. Moreover, INTS8 expression was higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. INTS8 depletion reduced the invasion and migration of HCC cell lines. Downregulation of INTS8 in vivo resulted in fewer observed metastatic nodules in lungs. Moreover, INTS8 knockdown also increased the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin) following the downregulation of SMAD4. In addition, pretreatment with TGF-β1 could partly prevent the decrease in the expression of SMAD4 and EMT markers induced by INTS8 knockdown. Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest that INTS8 accelerates the EMT in HCC by upregulating the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, ;
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- France National Research Center International Joint Laboratory (CNRS-LIAI), Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, ;
| | - Weihua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, ;
| | - Chenghong Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, ;
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, ;
| | - Zhecheng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, ;
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66
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Stokes SM, Belknap JK, Engiles JB, Stefanovski D, Bertin FR, Medina-Torres CE, Horn R, van Eps AW. Continuous digital hypothermia prevents lamellar failure in the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp model of equine laminitis. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:658-664. [PMID: 30636340 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous digital hypothermia can prevent the development and progression of laminitis associated with sepsis but its effects on laminitis due to hyperinsulinaemia are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of continuous digital hypothermia on laminitis development in the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp model. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, controlled (within subject), blinded, experiment. METHODS Eight clinically normal Standardbred horses underwent laminitis induction using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp model (EHC). At initiation of the EHC, one forelimb was continuously cooled (ICE), with the other maintained at ambient temperature (AMB). Dorsal lamellar sections (proximal, middle, distal) were harvested 48 h after initiation of the EHC and were analysed using histological scoring (0-3) and histomorphometry. Cellular proliferation was quantified by counting epidermal cell nuclei staining positive with an immunohistochemical proliferation marker (TPX2). RESULTS Severe elongation and disruption of SEL with dermo-epidermal separation (score of 3) was observed in all AMB feet at one or more section locations, but was not observed in any ICE sections. Overall 92% of the AMB sections received the most severe histological score (grade 3) and 8% were grade 2, whereas ICE sections were classified as either grade 1 (50%) or grade 2 (50%). Relative to AMB feet, ICE sections were 98% less likely to exhibit grades 2 or 3 (OR: 0.02, 95% CI 0.001, 0.365; P<0.01). Histomorphometry measurements of total and nonkeratinised primary epidermal lamellar length were significantly increased (P<0.01) in AMB limbs compared with ICE. TPX2 positive cell counts were significantly increased (P<0.01) in AMB limbs compared with ICE. MAIN LIMITATIONS Continuous digital hypothermia was initiated before recognition of laminitis and therefore the clinical applicability requires further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Continuous digital hypothermia reduced the severity of laminitis in the EHC model and prevented histological lesions compatible with lamellar structural failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Stokes
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J B Engiles
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.,New Bolton Center, Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F R Bertin
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - C E Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Horn
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - A W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Biswas K, Jolly MK, Ghosh A. Stability and mean residence times for hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. Phys Biol 2019; 16:025003. [PMID: 30537698 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aaf7b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and drug resistance remain unsolved clinical challenges. A phenotypic transition that is often implicated in both these processes is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during which epithelial cells weaken their cell-cell adhesion and gain traits of migration and invasion, typical of mesenchymal cells. However, recent studies indicate that apart from these two states, cells can also exist in one or more hybrid E/M state(s), which plays an aggressive role in progression of the disease. Furthermore, computational and experimental studies have identified a variety of phenotypic stability factors (PSFs) that stabilize the hybrid E/M state(s) and can increase disease aggressiveness. In this work, we study EMT regulatory networks, in the presence of different PSFs, as dynamical systems subjected to random fluctuations. The cells thus explore different stable E, M, E/M states in the potential landscape and our aim is to quantify the residence time in each of these states. Our stochastic simulations indicate an universal feature that the mean residence time (MRT) in the hybrid E/M state is enhanced in the presence of PSFs. We demonstrate that the feature is consistent for a variety of PSFs, namely, GRHL2, OVOL, ΔNp63α, miR-145/OCT4, participating in the core EMT regulatory network. Our results reveal potential targets for pushing cells out of a hybrid E/M state and thus halting metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuheli Biswas
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
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Liu Z, Chen J, Yuan W, Ruan H, Shu Y, Ji J, Wu L, Tang Q, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Cheng Y, He S, Shu X. Nuclear factor I/B promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and 5-fluorouracil resistance. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:86-98. [PMID: 30320939 PMCID: PMC6317934 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) is a widely studied transcription factor that participates in tumor progression; nevertheless, studies on NFIB in colorectal cancer (CRC) are limited. In our study, Western blot and RT‐PCR analyses showed that NFIB was overexpressed in CRC tissues and cell lines, which was consistent with our bioinformatic analysis results. Furthermore, NFIB expression was closely related to the TNM stage of CRC. NFIB promoted cell proliferation and migration and inhibited cell apoptosis in vitro. Meanwhile, we discovered that NFIB accelerated xenograft tumor growth in vivo. In addition, NFIB weakened the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). NFIB induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) by upregulating snail expression, which was accompanied by decreased E‐cadherin and Zo‐1 expression and increasedd Vimentin expression. Because the Akt pathway plays an important role in CRC progression, we examined whether there was a correlation between NFIB and the Akt pathway in cell proliferation and migration. Our results showed that NFIB promoted cell proliferation and increased 5‐FU resistance by activating the Akt pathway. In summary, our findings suggested that NFIB induced EMT of CRC cells via upregulating snail expression and promoted cell proliferation and 5‐FU resistance by activating the Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengYi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - JinHuang Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - WenZheng Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - HaiLong Ruan
- Department of Urology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Shu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - JinTong Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - ZiLi Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - XuDan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - YiFeng Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - ShuYa He
- General Office, Publicity and Education Center, Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - XiaoGang Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liu X, Li Q, Zhou J, Zhang S. ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 accelerates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells by upregulating the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5868-5874. [PMID: 30333865 PMCID: PMC6176408 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest fatality rates of all gynecological malignancies worldwide. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves an essential role in the progression of OC. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying EMT in OC may increase the survival rate. ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7) is a candidate regulator of OC progression. However, the role of ABCA7 in OC is unclear. Using the PROGgeneV2 platform, the present study revealed that increased expression of ABCA7 is associated with poor outcomes in OC. The expression of ABCA7 was higher in OC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. ABCA7-knockdown decreased the migration of OC cells and the activation of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4). Notably, downregulation of ABCA7 also increased the expression of an epithelial marker (E-cadherin) and decreased that of a mesenchymal marker (N-cadherin). In addition, the decreased expression of SMAD4 and EMT markers induced by ABCA7 depletion could be rescued by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) stimulation. Overall, these findings suggested that ABCA7 accelerates EMT in OC by upregulating the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nursing, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
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Gao D, Wang L, Zhang H, Yan X, Yang J, Zhou R, Chang X, Sun Y, Tian S, Yao Z, Zhang K, Liu Z, Ma Z. Spleen tyrosine kinase
SYK
(L) interacts with
YY
1 and coordinately suppresses
SNAI
2
transcription in lung cancer cells. FEBS J 2018; 285:4229-4245. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Xiaojie Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Ruimin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Xinzhong Chang
- Department of Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Center Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education Tianjin Medical University China
| | - Zhenyi Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology School of Basic Medical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics Tianjin Medical University China
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Jolly MK, Somarelli JA, Sheth M, Biddle A, Tripathi SC, Armstrong AJ, Hanash SM, Bapat SA, Rangarajan A, Levine H. Hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes promote metastasis and therapy resistance across carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:161-184. [PMID: 30268772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the major unsolved clinical challenges, and account for nearly all cancer-related deaths. Both metastasis and therapy resistance are fueled by epithelial plasticity, the reversible phenotypic transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). EMT and MET have been largely considered as binary processes, where cells detach from the primary tumor as individual units with many, if not all, traits of a mesenchymal cell (EMT) and then convert back to being epithelial (MET). However, recent studies have demonstrated that cells can metastasize in ways alternative to traditional EMT paradigm; for example, they can detach as clusters, and/or occupy one or more stable hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotypes that can be the end point of a transition. Such hybrid E/M cells can integrate various epithelial and mesenchymal traits and markers, facilitating collective cell migration. Furthermore, these hybrid E/M cells may possess higher tumor-initiation and metastatic potential as compared to cells on either end of the EMT spectrum. Here, we review in silico, in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence for the existence of one or more hybrid E/M phenotype(s) in multiple carcinomas, and discuss their implications in tumor-initiation, tumor relapse, therapy resistance, and metastasis. Together, these studies drive the emerging notion that cells in a hybrid E/M phenotype may occupy 'metastatic sweet spot' in multiple subtypes of carcinomas, and pathways linked to this (these) hybrid E/M state(s) may be relevant as prognostic biomarkers as well as a promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Maya Sheth
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sharmila A Bapat
- National Center for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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72
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Modeling of mesenchymal hybrid epithelial state and phenotypic transitions in EMT and MET processes of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14323. [PMID: 30254295 PMCID: PMC6156327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms between microRNA-200 and transcription factor ZEB in an individual cancer cell, a minimal dynamic model is proposed to study the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) processes of cancer cells. It is shown that each cancer cell can exit in any of three phenotypic states: the epithelial (E) state, the mesenchymal (M) state, and the epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) hybrid state, and the state of cancer cell can interconvert between different states. The phase diagram shows that there are monostable, bistable, and tristable phenotypic states regions in a parameters plane. It is found that different pathway in the phase diagram can correspond to the EMT or the MET process of cancer cells, and there are two possible EMT processes. It is important that the experimental phenomenon of E/M hybrid state appearing in the EMT process but rather in the MET process can be understood through different pathways in the phase diagram. Our numerical simulations show that the effects of noise are opposite to these of time delay on the expression of transcription factor ZEB, and there is competition between noise and time delay in phenotypic transitions process of cancer cells.
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73
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TTK promotes mesenchymal signaling via multiple mechanisms in triple negative breast cancer. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:69. [PMID: 30206215 PMCID: PMC6133923 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of TTK kinase has been associated with the initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance of breast and other cancers, but its roles remain to be clarified. In this study, we examined the role of TTK in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and found that higher TTK expression correlated with mesenchymal and proliferative phenotypes in TNBC cells. Pharmacologic inhibition and genomic silencing of TTK not only reversed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TNBC cells, but also increased the expression of KLF5, an effector of TGF-β signaling and inhibitor of EMT. In addition, TTK inhibition decreased the expression of EMT-associated micro-RNA miR-21 but increased the expression of miR-200 family members and suppressed TGF-β signaling. To test if upregulation of KLF5 plays a role in TTK-induced EMT, TTK and KLF5 were silenced simultaneously, which reversed the decreased EMT caused by loss of TTK. Consistently, the decrease in miR-21 expression and increase in miR-200 expression caused by TTK silencing were rescued by loss of KLF5. Altogether, this study highlights a novel role and signaling pathway for TTK in regulating EMT of TN breast cancer cells through TGF-β and KLF5 signaling, highlighting targetable signaling pathways for TTK inhibitors in aggressive breast cancer.
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74
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Zhang H, Yang W, Yan J, Zhou K, Wan B, Shi P, Chen Y, He S, Li D. Loss of profilin 2 contributes to enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1118-1128. [PMID: 30015842 PMCID: PMC6065425 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin 2 (PFN2) functions as an actin cytoskeleton regulator and serves an important role in cell motility. However, a role for PFN2 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), particularly in metastasis, has yet to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PFN2 served specific roles in the progression of human CRC. The results demonstrated that PFN2 was differentially expressed in CRC tissues and cell lines by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. PFN2 expression was also negatively associated with the degree of tumor metastasis. Low PFN2 expression in CRC cells was related with enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and, in turn, may increase migratory capabilities. Overexpression of PFN2 in CRC cell lines with a low level of endogenous PFN2 inhibited the EMT process, as well as the associated migration; in addition, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation was upregulated. Inhibition of MLC phosphorylation attenuated the inhibition of EMT and cell migratory abilities induced by PFN2 overexpression in CRC cell lines, the results suggested that PFN2 may suppress cancer EMT and the subsequent metastasis by regulating cytoskeletal reorganization. These results demonstrated that PFN2 may serve a suppressive role in the metastasis of CRC and therefore may provide a new potential target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Kaiping Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Peidong Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Yueyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Songbing He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dechun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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75
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Aiello NM, Maddipati R, Norgard RJ, Balli D, Li J, Yuan S, Yamazoe T, Black T, Sahmoud A, Furth EE, Bar-Sagi D, Stanger BZ. EMT Subtype Influences Epithelial Plasticity and Mode of Cell Migration. Dev Cell 2018; 45:681-695.e4. [PMID: 29920274 PMCID: PMC6014628 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is strongly implicated in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. EMT is thought to be regulated primarily at the transcriptional level through the repressive activity of EMT transcription factors. However, these classical mechanisms have been parsed out almost exclusively in vitro, leaving questions about the programs driving EMT in physiological contexts. Here, using a lineage-labeled mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to study EMT in vivo, we found that most tumors lose their epithelial phenotype through an alternative program involving protein internalization rather than transcriptional repression, resulting in a "partial EMT" phenotype. Carcinoma cells utilizing this program migrate as clusters, contrasting with the single-cell migration pattern associated with traditionally defined EMT mechanisms. Moreover, many breast and colorectal cancer cell lines utilize this alternative program to undergo EMT. Collectively, these results suggest that carcinoma cells have different ways of losing their epithelial program, resulting in distinct modes of invasion and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Aiello
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravikanth Maddipati
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Norgard
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Balli
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Salina Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taiji Yamazoe
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taylor Black
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amine Sahmoud
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emma E Furth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 512 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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76
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Cai X, Shen M, Liu X, Nie J. The Possible Role of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit e (eIF3e) in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Adenomyosis. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:377-385. [PMID: 29871559 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118773490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to be involved in adenomyosis by promoting cell invasion and fibrogenesis. But few studies have identified critical factors that regulate EMT process during adenomyosis. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit e (eIF3e) protein is a component of the multisubunit eIF3 complex essential for cap-dependent translation initiation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether eIF3e is involved in EMT in adenomyosis. Ectopic endometrial tissue samples were collected from 40 premenopausal women with ultrasonographically diagnosed and histologically confirmed adenomyosis. As controls, endometrial samples were obtained from 40 cycling premenopausal women patients who underwent surgery for benign gynecologic disorders or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia but without endometriosis, adenomyosis, nor uterine fibroids. All tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis of eIF3e, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The epithelial component of ectopic endometrium showed significantly reduced immunoreactivity against eIF3e and E-cadherin but elevated immunoreactivity against TGF-β1, Snail, vimentin, and PCNA as compared with that of control endometrium (all P values <.05), and the difference was not affected by age, parity, or menstrual phase. The eIF3e staining levels correlated negatively with those of TGF-β1, vimentin, Snail, and PCNA (both P values <.05). These data suggest that decreased eIF3e expression may pave way for EMT in the development of adenomyosis through activating the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Our study provided novel insights into the development and treatments of adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Cai
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Seventh People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minhong Shen
- 2 Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- 2 Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jichan Nie
- 2 Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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77
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Peraldo-Neia C, Ostano P, Cavalloni G, Pignochino Y, Sangiolo D, De Cecco L, Marchesi E, Ribero D, Scarpa A, De Rose AM, Giuliani A, Calise F, Raggi C, Invernizzi P, Aglietta M, Chiorino G, Leone F. Transcriptomic analysis and mutational status of IDH1 in paired primary-recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:440. [PMID: 29871612 PMCID: PMC5989353 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective target therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have not been identified so far. One of the reasons may be the genetic evolution from primary (PR) to recurrent (REC) tumors. We aim to identify peculiar characteristics and to select potential targets specific for recurrent tumors. Eighteen ICC paired PR and REC tumors were collected from 5 Italian Centers. Eleven pairs were analyzed for gene expression profiling and 16 for mutational status of IDH1. For one pair, deep mutational analysis by Next Generation Sequencing was also carried out. An independent cohort of patients was used for validation. Results Two class-paired comparison yielded 315 differentially expressed genes between REC and PR tumors. Up-regulated genes in RECs are involved in RNA/DNA processing, cell cycle, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), resistance to apoptosis, and cytoskeleton remodeling. Down-regulated genes participate to epithelial cell differentiation, proteolysis, apoptotic, immune response, and inflammatory processes. A 24 gene signature is able to discriminate RECs from PRs in an independent cohort; FANCG is statistically associated with survival in the chol-TCGA dataset. IDH1 was mutated in the RECs of five patients; 4 of them displayed the mutation only in RECs. Deep sequencing performed in one patient confirmed the IDH1 mutation in REC. Conclusions RECs are enriched for genes involved in EMT, resistance to apoptosis, and cytoskeleton remodeling. Key players of these pathways might be considered druggable targets in RECs. IDH1 is mutated in 30% of RECs, becoming both a marker of progression and a target for therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4829-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peraldo-Neia
- Medical Oncology Division, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy. .,Cancer Genomics Lab, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Biella, Italy.
| | - P Ostano
- Cancer Genomics Lab, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Biella, Italy
| | - G Cavalloni
- Medical Oncology Division, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Y Pignochino
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - D Sangiolo
- Medical Oncology Division, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - L De Cecco
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - E Marchesi
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - D Ribero
- Division of Hepatobilio-Pancreatic and Colorectal Surgery, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, Candiolo, Italy
| | - A Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A M De Rose
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - A Giuliani
- Department of Health's Sciences and Medicine "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - F Calise
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - C Raggi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - P Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,UOC di Gastroenterologia, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - M Aglietta
- Medical Oncology Division, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - G Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Lab, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Biella, Italy
| | - F Leone
- Medical Oncology Division, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy. .,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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78
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Hamilton DH, McCampbell KK, Palena C. Loss of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1 in the Context of Brachyury-Mediated Phenotypic Plasticity Drives Tumor Resistance to Immune Attack. Front Oncol 2018; 8:143. [PMID: 29774202 PMCID: PMC5943507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of mesenchymal features by carcinoma cells is now recognized as a driver of metastasis and tumor resistance to a range of anticancer therapeutics, including chemotherapy, radiation, and certain small-molecule targeted therapies. With the recent successful implementation of immunotherapies for the treatment of various types of cancer, there is growing interest in understanding whether an immunological approach could be effective at eradicating carcinoma cells bearing mesenchymal features. Recent studies, however, demonstrated that carcinoma cells that have acquired mesenchymal features may also exhibit decreased susceptibility to lysis mediated by immune effector cells, including antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, innate natural killer (NK), and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Here, we investigated the mechanism involved in the immune resistance of carcinoma cells that express very high levels of the transcription factor brachyury, a molecule previously shown to drive the acquisition of mesenchymal features by carcinoma cells. Our results demonstrate that very high levels of brachyury expression drive the loss of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21CIP1, p21), an event that results in decreased tumor susceptibility to immune-mediated lysis. We show here that reconstitution of p21 expression markedly increases the lysis of brachyury-high tumor cells mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, NK, and LAK cells, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and chemotherapy. Several reports have now demonstrated a role for p21 loss in cancer as an inducer of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The results from the present study situate p21 as a central player in many of the aspects of the phenomenon of brachyury-mediated mesenchymalization of carcinomas, including resistance to chemotherapy and immune-mediated cytotoxicity. We also demonstrate here that the defects in tumor cell death described in association with very high levels of brachyury could be alleviated via the use of a WEE1 inhibitor. Several vaccine platforms targeting brachyury have been developed and are undergoing clinical evaluation. These studies provide further rationale for the use of WEE1 inhibition in combination with brachyury-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kristen K McCampbell
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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79
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Zhou H, Wu G, Ma X, Xiao J, Yu G, Yang C, Xu N, Zhang B, Zhou J, Ye Z, Wang Z. Attenuation of TGFBR2 expression and tumour progression in prostate cancer involve diverse hypoxia-regulated pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:89. [PMID: 29699590 PMCID: PMC5921809 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling and hypoxic microenvironment have respectively been reported to be involved in disease progression in malignancies of prostate. Emerging evidence indicates that downregulation of TGFBR2, a pivotal regulator of TGF-β signaling, may contribute to carcinogenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the biological function and regulatory mechanism of TGFBR2 in PCa remain poorly understood. In this study, we propose to investigate the crosstalk of hypoxia and TGF-β signaling and provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory pathways in PCa. Methods Prostate cancer cell lines were cultured in hypoxia or normoxia to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on TGFBR2 expression. Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and demethylation agents was used to evaluate the methylation regulation of TGFBR2 promoter. Besides, silencing of EZH2 via specific siRNAs or chemical inhibitor was used to validate the regulatory effect of EZH2 on TGFBR2. Moreover, we conducted PCR, western blot, and luciferase assays which studied the relationship of miR-93 and TGFBR2 in PCa cell lines and specimens. We also detected the impacts of hypoxia on EZH2 and miR-93, and further examined the tumorigenic functions of miR-93 on proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via a series of experiments. Results TGFBR2 expression was attenuated under hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced EZH2 promoted H3K27me3 which caused TGFBR2 promoter hypermethylation and contributed to its epigenetic silencing in PCa. Besides, miR-93 was significantly upregulated in PCa tissues and cell lines, and negatively correlated with the expression of TGFBR2. Ectopic expression of miR-93 promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion in PCa, and its expression could also be induced by hypoxia. In addition, TGFBR2 was identified as a bona fide target of miR-93. Conclusions Our findings elucidate diverse hypoxia-regulated pathways including EZH2-mediated hypermethylation and miR-93-induced silencing contribute to attenuation of TGFBR2 expression and promote cancer progression in prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0764-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guanqing Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Urology, Aerospace Center Hospital(ASCH), Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Xueyou Ma
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gan Yu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Aerospace Center Hospital(ASCH), Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The third people Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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80
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Roney MSI, Park SK. Antipsychotic dopamine receptor antagonists, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:384-408. [PMID: 29556831 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Despite extensive studies, treating metastatic cancers remains challenging. Years of research have linked a rare set of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) to drug resistance, leading to the suggestion that eradication of CSCs might be an effective therapeutic strategy. However, few drug candidates are active against CSCs. New drug discovery is often a lengthy process. Drug screening has been advantageous in identifying drug candidates. Current understanding of cancer biology has revealed various clues to target cancer from different points of view. Many studies have found dopamine receptors (DRs) in various cancers. Therefore, DR antagonists have attracted a lot of attention in cancer research. Recently, a group of antipsychotic DR antagonists has been demonstrated to possess remarkable abilities to restrain and sensitize CSCs to existing chemotherapeutics by a process called differentiation approach. In this review, we will describe current aspects of CSC-targeting therapeutics, antipsychotic DR antagonists, and their extraordinary abilities to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam Roney
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
- Research Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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81
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Promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by d-kynurenine via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:165-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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82
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Tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer cell dissemination via the Akt/mTOR pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9206-9218. [PMID: 29507684 PMCID: PMC5823632 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis causes high mortality in various malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). Accumulating data has suggested that cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to distant sites at early stage, which is characterized by disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). However, lack of direct evidence of partial localized PCa cells occurring epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and disseminating to distant sites (e.g bone marrow). In this study, we used luciferase labeled PCa cells to establish an EMT mouse model and to detect whether DTCs spread into the bone marrow. We observed tumor cells existing in mouse bone marrow when tumor grew subcutaneously at palpable stage. Studies also showed that ex vivo tumor cells exhibited increased proliferative, migratory, invasive and angiogenesis abilities. When compared ex vivo tumor cells with parental cells, hallmarks of EMT including E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, and ZO-1 were altered significantly. Specifically, the ex vivo tumor cells showed more mesenchymal properties. Angiogenesis markers, including VEGFR2, VEGFR3, MCP-3, I-TAC, I309, uPAR and GROα, were also increased in the ex vivo tumor cells. Intriguingly, MCP-1 expression was dramatically increased in those cells. Mechanistic analyses indicated that AP1 mediates PCa EMT and the appearance of DTCs via the Akt/mTOR pathway. This study may provide potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers of PCa progression and metastasis.
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83
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Dern K, van Eps A, Wittum T, Watts M, Pollitt C, Belknap J. Effect of Continuous Digital Hypothermia on Lamellar Inflammatory Signaling When Applied at a Clinically-Relevant Timepoint in the Oligofructose Laminitis Model. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:450-458. [PMID: 29282770 PMCID: PMC5787192 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although continuous digital hypothermia (CDH) protects lamellae from injury in the oligofructose (OF) model of sepsis-related laminitis (SRL), conflicting results exist from these studies regarding effects of CDH on lamellar inflammatory events. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of CDH on lamellar inflammatory events in normal and OF-treated horses when instituted at a clinically relevant time point (onset of clinical signs of sepsis in this model). ANIMALS Standardbred geldings (n = 15) aged 3-11 years were used. METHODS In a randomized, controlled discovery study, animals were administered either OF (OF group, n = 8) or water (CON group, n = 8) by nasogastric tube and CDH was initiated in one forelimb (ICE) 12 hours later. Lamellar tissue samples were collected 24 hours after initiation of CDH (ICE and ambient [AMB] forelimbs). Lamellar mRNA concentrations of inflammatory mediators and lamellar leukocyte numbers were assessed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively; values from four sample groups (CON AMB, OF AMB, CON ICE, and OF ICE) were analyzed using mixed model linear regression. RESULTS Although lamellar mRNA concentrations of multiple inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL1, MCP2, COX-2) were increased after OF administration (OF AMB group versus CON AMB; P < 0.05), only 2 inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and COX-2) and lamellar leukocyte numbers were decreased with CDH (OF ICE versus OF AMB; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Continuous digital hypothermia initiated at a time point similar to that commonly used clinically (clinical onset of sepsis) resulted in a more focused inhibition of inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dern
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - T Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - J Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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84
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Jolly MK, Tripathi SC, Jia D, Mooney SM, Celiktas M, Hanash SM, Mani SA, Pienta KJ, Ben-Jacob E, Levine H. Stability of the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27067-84. [PMID: 27008704 PMCID: PMC5053633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and its reverse – Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET) – are hallmarks of cellular plasticity during embryonic development and cancer metastasis. During EMT, epithelial cells lose cell-cell adhesion and gain migratory and invasive traits either partially or completely, leading to a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (hybrid E/M) or a mesenchymal phenotype respectively. Mesenchymal cells move individually, but hybrid E/M cells migrate collectively as observed during gastrulation, wound healing, and the formation of tumor clusters detected as Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). Typically, the hybrid E/M phenotype has largely been tacitly assumed to be transient and ‘metastable’. Here, we identify certain ‘phenotypic stability factors’ (PSFs) such as GRHL2 that couple to the core EMT decision-making circuit (miR-200/ZEB) and stabilize hybrid E/M phenotype. Further, we show that H1975 lung cancer cells can display a stable hybrid E/M phenotype and migrate collectively, a behavior that is impaired by knockdown of GRHL2 and another previously identified PSF - OVOL. In addition, our computational model predicts that GRHL2 can also associate hybrid E/M phenotype with high tumor-initiating potential, a prediction strengthened by the observation that the higher levels of these PSFs may be predictive of poor patient outcome. Finally, based on these specific examples, we deduce certain network motifs that can stabilize the hybrid E/M phenotype. Our results suggest that partial EMT, i.e. a hybrid E/M phenotype, need not be ‘metastable’, and strengthen the emerging notion that partial EMT, but not necessarily a complete EMT, is associated with aggressive tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven M Mooney
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Muge Celiktas
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Red and Charline McCombs Institute for The Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Brady Urological Institute, and Departments of Urology, Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,School of Physics and Astronomy and The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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85
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Hu HF, Xu WW, Wang Y, Zheng CC, Zhang WX, Li B, He QY. Comparative Proteomics Analysis Identifies Cdc42-Cdc42BPA Signaling as Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Colon Cancer Invasion. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:265-275. [PMID: 29072916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the major causes of treatment failure in the patients with colon cancer. The aim of our study is to find key proteins and pathways that drive invasion and metastasis in colon cancer. Eight rounds of selection of cancer cells invading through matrigel-coated chamber were performed to obtain highly invasive colon cancer sublines HCT116-I8 and RKO-I8. Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture technology was used to identify the differently expressed proteins, and the proteomics data were analyzed by ingenuity pathway analysis. PAK1-PBD immunoprecipitation combined with Western blot were carried out to determine Cdc42 activity, and qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine gene expression. The functional role of Cdc42BPA and Cdc42 pathway in colon cancer invasion was studied by loss-of-function experiments including pharmacological blockade, siRNA knockdown, chamber invasion, and WST-1 assays. Human colon cancer tissue microarray was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for overexpression of Cdc42BPA and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival outcomes. HCT116-I8 and RKO-I8 cells showed significantly stronger invasive potential as well as decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expressions compared with parental cells. The differently expressed proteins in I8 cells compared with parental cells were identified. Bioinformatics analysis of proteomics data suggested that Cdc42BPA protein and Cdc42 signaling pathway are important for colon cancer invasion, which was confirmed by experimental data showing upregulation of Cdc42BPA and higher expression of active GTP-bound form of Cdc42 in HCT116-I8 and RKO-I8 cells. Functionally, pharmacological and genetic blockade of Cdc42BPA and Cdc42 signaling markedly suppressed colon cancer cell invasion and reversed epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Furthermore, compared with adjacent normal tissues, Cdc42BPA expression was significantly higher in colon cancer tissues and further upregulated in metastatic tumors in lymph nodes. More importantly, Cdc42BPA expression was correlated with metastasis and poor survival of the patients with colon cancer. This study provides the first evidence that Cdc42BPA and Cdc42 signaling are important for colon cancer invasion, and Cdc42BPA has potential implications for colon cancer prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen Wen Xu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Can-Can Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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86
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Idoux-Gillet Y, Nassour M, Lakis E, Bonini F, Theillet C, Du Manoir S, Savagner P. Slug/Pcad pathway controls epithelial cell dynamics in mammary gland and breast carcinoma. Oncogene 2017; 37:578-588. [PMID: 28991231 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland morphogenesis results from the coordination of proliferation, cohort migration, apoptosis and stem/progenitor cell dynamics. We showed earlier that the transcription repressor Slug is involved in these functions during mammary tubulogenesis. Slug is expressed by a subpopulation of basal epithelial cells, co-expressed with P-cadherin (Pcad). Slug-knockout mammary glands showed excessive branching, similarly to Pcad-knockout. Here, we found that Slug unexpectedly binds and activates Pcad promoter through E-boxes, inducing Pcad expression. We determined that Pcad can mediate several functions of Slug: Pcad promoted clonal mammosphere growth, basal epithelial differentiation, cell-cell dissociation and cell migration, rescuing Slug depletion. Pcad also promoted cell migration in isolated cells, in association with Src activation, focal adhesion reorganization and cell polarization. Pcad, similarly to Slug, was required for in vitro 3D tubulogenesis. Therefore, Pcad appears to be responsible for epithelial-mesenchymal transition-linked plasticity in mammary epithelial cells. In addition, we found that genes from the Slug/Pcad pathway components were co-expressed and specifically correlated in human breast carcinomas subtypes, carrying pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Idoux-Gillet
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - M Nassour
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - E Lakis
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - F Bonini
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - C Theillet
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - S Du Manoir
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - P Savagner
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
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87
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Heery CR, Palena C, McMahon S, Donahue RN, Lepone LM, Grenga I, Dirmeier U, Cordes L, Marté J, Dahut W, Singh H, Madan RA, Fernando RI, Hamilton DH, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Phase I Study of a Poxviral TRICOM-Based Vaccine Directed Against the Transcription Factor Brachyury. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6833-6845. [PMID: 28855356 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The transcription factor brachyury has been shown in preclinical studies to be a driver of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resistance to therapy of human tumor cells. This study describes the characterization of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector-based vaccine expressing the transgenes for brachyury and three human costimulatory molecules (B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3, designated TRICOM) and a phase I study with this vaccine.Experimental Design: Human dendritic cells (DC) were infected with MVA-brachyury-TRICOM to define their ability to activate brachyury-specific T cells. A dose-escalation phase I study (NCT02179515) was conducted in advanced cancer patients (n = 38) to define safety and to identify brachyury-specific T-cell responses.Results: MVA-brachyury-TRICOM-infected human DCs activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells specific against the self-antigen brachyury in vitro No dose-limiting toxicities were observed due to vaccine in cancer patients at any of the three dose levels. One transient grade 3 adverse event (AE) possibly related to vaccine (diarrhea) resolved without intervention and did not recur with subsequent vaccine. All other AEs related to vaccine were transient and ≤grade 2. Brachyury-specific T-cell responses were observed at all dose levels and in most patients.Conclusions: The MVA-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine directed against a transcription factor known to mediate EMT can be administered safely in patients with advanced cancer and can activate brachyury-specific T cells in vitro and in patients. Further studies of this vaccine in combination therapies are warranted and planned. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 6833-45. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheri McMahon
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Lisa Cordes
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jenn Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William Dahut
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Romaine I Fernando
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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88
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Matrine derivative YF-18 inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation and migration through down-regulating Skp2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11729-11738. [PMID: 28036296 PMCID: PMC5355299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death which needs novel drugs to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we examined the ability of YF-18, a novel matrine derivative to inhibit the growth and migration of lung cancer cells. By cell cycle analysis, wound healing and transwell assays, we found that YF-18 induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibited migration of lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Further results indicated that YF-18 inhibited cell proliferation and migration through down-regulating Skp2 and up-regulating its substrates, p27 and E-cadherin. Moreover, YF-18 inhibited A549-luciferase cell xenograft tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. The findings indicate that YF-18 bears therapeutic potentials for lung cancer.
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89
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Wang P, Ma M, Zhang S. EGF-induced urokinase plasminogen activator receptor promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2325-2334. [PMID: 28849196 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling has been shown to induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in many types of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of EGF-induced EMT in gastric cancer remains largely unknown. In the present study, we found that human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 and BGC-823 underwent EMT phenotypic changes upon exposure to EGF. The induction of EMT was consistent with aggressive characteristics such as increased cell migration, invasion and clonogenic growth. Additionally, EGF stimulation also led to the upregulation of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) both at mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of uPAR by siRNA significantly attenuated EMT induction by EGF in SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells. Furthermore, EGF increased ERK1/2 activity and blocking ERK1/2 signaling with its inhibitor, U0126, markedly inhibited EGF-induced uPAR expression and consequently EMT. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that EGF induced aggressiveness of gastric cancer cells by activating EMT, which involved the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway and, subsequently, uPAR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225599, P.R. China
| | - Maoyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225599, P.R. China
| | - Shanhui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225599, P.R. China
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90
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Hugo HJ, Gunasinghe NPAD, Hollier BG, Tanaka T, Blick T, Toh A, Hill P, Gilles C, Waltham M, Thompson EW. Epithelial requirement for in vitro proliferation and xenograft growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells: oncogenic rather than tumor-suppressive role of E-cadherin. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:86. [PMID: 28750639 PMCID: PMC5530912 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with downregulated E-cadherin and frequently with decreased proliferation. Proliferation may be restored in secondary metastases by mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). We tested whether E-cadherin maintains epithelial proliferation in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells, facilitating metastatic colonization in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. METHODS EMT/MET markers were assessed in xenograft tumors by immunohistochemistry. Stable E-cadherin manipulation was effected by transfection and verified by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Effects of E-cadherin manipulation on proliferation and chemomigration were assessed in vitro by performing sulforhodamine B assays and Transwell assays, respectively. Invasion was assessed by Matrigel outgrowth; growth in vivo was assessed in SCID mice; and EMT status was assessed by qPCR. Hypoxic response of E-cadherin knockdown cell lines was assessed by qPCR after hypoxic culture. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), one- and two-way ANOVA with posttests, and paired Student's t tests were performed to determine significance (p < 0.05). RESULTS EMT occurred at the necrotic interface of MDA-MB-468 xenografts in regions of hypoxia. Extratumoral deposits (vascular and lymphatic inclusions, local and axillary nodes, and lung metastases) strongly expressed E-cadherin. MDA-MB-468 cells overexpressing E-cadherin were more proliferative and less migratory in vitro, whereas E-cadherin knockdown (short hairpin CDH1 [shCDH1]) cells were more migratory and invasive, less proliferative, and took longer to form tumors. shCDH1-MDA-MB-468 xenografts did not contain the hypoxia-induced necrotic areas observed in wild-type (WT) and shSCR-MDA-MB-468 tumors, but they did not exhibit an impaired hypoxic response in vitro. Although vimentin expression was not stimulated by E-cadherin knockdown in 2D or 3D cultures, xenografts of these cells were globally vimentin-positive rather than exhibiting regional EMT, and they expressed higher SNA1 than their in vitro counterparts. E-cadherin suppression caused a trend toward reduced lung metastasis, whereas E-cadherin overexpression resulted in the reverse trend, consistent with the increased proliferation rate and predominantly epithelial phenotype of MDA-MB-468 cells outside the primary xenograft. This was also originally observed in WT xenografts. Furthermore, we found that patients with breast cancer that expressed E-cadherin were more likely to have metastases. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin expression promotes growth of primary breast tumors and conceivably the formation of metastases, supporting a role for MET in metastasis. E-cadherin needs to be reevaluated as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Hugo
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - N P A D Gunasinghe
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B G Hollier
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - T Tanaka
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - T Blick
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - A Toh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - P Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C Gilles
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA)-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Waltham
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E W Thompson
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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91
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Micalizzi DS, Haber DA, Maheswaran S. Cancer metastasis through the prism of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:770-780. [PMID: 28544498 PMCID: PMC5496489 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of epithelial cancer cells to distant sites is a particularly critical stage of cancer progression that typically marks the incurability of the disease. It is governed by a complex series of events including invasion and intravasation of tumor cells into the stroma and blood, respectively. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenotypic change marked by the loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of invasive mesenchymal properties, is implicated in the dissemination of tumor cells. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), the precursors of metastasis, can be used to interrogate the contribution of EMT in metastasis and therapeutic responses. The analysis of these CTCs and in particular the presence of inter- and intrapatient heterogeneity for markers of EMT has provided new insights into the metastatic process. This review will focus on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in CTCs and its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Micalizzi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
| | - Daniel A. Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseMDUSA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
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92
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Jia D, Jolly MK, Kulkarni P, Levine H. Phenotypic Plasticity and Cell Fate Decisions in Cancer: Insights from Dynamical Systems Theory. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E70. [PMID: 28640191 PMCID: PMC5532606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Waddington's epigenetic landscape, a famous metaphor in developmental biology, depicts how a stem cell progresses from an undifferentiated phenotype to a differentiated one. The concept of "landscape" in the context of dynamical systems theory represents a high-dimensional space, in which each cell phenotype is considered as an "attractor" that is determined by interactions between multiple molecular players, and is buffered against environmental fluctuations. In addition, biological noise is thought to play an important role during these cell-fate decisions and in fact controls transitions between different phenotypes. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transitions in cancer from a dynamical systems perspective and invoke the concept of "cancer attractors"-hidden stable states of the underlying regulatory network that are not occupied by normal cells. Phenotypic transitions in cancer occur at varying levels depending on the context. Using epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem-like properties, metabolic reprogramming and the emergence of therapy resistance as examples, we illustrate how phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells enables them to acquire hybrid phenotypes (such as hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal and hybrid metabolic phenotypes) that tend to be more aggressive and notoriously resilient to therapies such as chemotherapy and androgen-deprivation therapy. Furthermore, we highlight multiple factors that may give rise to phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells, such as (a) multi-stability or oscillatory behaviors governed by underlying regulatory networks involved in cell-fate decisions in cancer cells, and (b) network rewiring due to conformational dynamics of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that are highly enriched in cancer cells. We conclude by discussing why a therapeutic approach that promotes "recanalization", i.e., the exit from "cancer attractors" and re-entry into "normal attractors", is more likely to succeed rather than a conventional approach that targets individual molecules/pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Graduate Program in Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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93
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Jolly MK, Ware KE, Gilja S, Somarelli JA, Levine H. EMT and MET: necessary or permissive for metastasis? Mol Oncol 2017; 11:755-769. [PMID: 28548345 PMCID: PMC5496498 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial transition (MET) have been suggested to play crucial roles in metastatic dissemination of carcinomas. These phenotypic transitions between states are not binary. Instead, carcinoma cells often exhibit a spectrum of epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype(s). While epithelial/mesenchymal plasticity has been observed preclinically and clinically, whether any of these phenotypic transitions are indispensable for metastatic outgrowth remains an unanswered question. Here, we focus on epithelial/mesenchymal plasticity in metastatic dissemination and propose alternative mechanisms for successful dissemination and metastases beyond the traditional EMT/MET view. We highlight multiple hypotheses that can help reconcile conflicting observations, and outline the next set of key questions that can offer valuable insights into mechanisms of metastasis in multiple tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ware
- Duke Cancer Institute & Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shivee Gilja
- Duke Cancer Institute & Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute & Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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94
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Feldkoren B, Hutchinson R, Rapoport Y, Mahajan A, Margulis V. Integrin signaling potentiates transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) dependent down-regulation of E-Cadherin expression – Important implications for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal cell carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2017; 355:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Francart ME, Lambert J, Vanwynsberghe AM, Thompson EW, Bourcy M, Polette M, Gilles C. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and circulating tumor cells: Travel companions to metastases. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:432-450. [PMID: 28407379 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) associated with metastatic progression may contribute to the generation of hybrid phenotypes capable of plasticity. This cellular plasticity would provide tumor cells with an increased potential to adapt to the different microenvironments encountered during metastatic spread. Understanding how EMT may functionally equip circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with an enhanced competence to survive in the bloodstream and niche in the colonized organs has thus become a major cancer research axis. We summarize here clinical data with CTC endpoints involving EMT. We then review the work functionally linking EMT programs to CTC biology and deciphering molecular EMT-driven mechanisms supporting their metastatic competence. Developmental Dynamics 247:432-450, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Emilie Francart
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Lambert
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aline M Vanwynsberghe
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, and Translational Research Institute Brisbane, and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morgane Bourcy
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- Inserm UMR-S 903, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Biopathology Laboratory, CHU of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Christine Gilles
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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96
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Venugopal J, McDermott J, Sanchez G, Sharma M, Barbosa L, Reif GA, Wallace DP, Blanco G. Ouabain promotes partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) changes in human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 355:142-152. [PMID: 28385574 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hormone ouabain has been shown to enhance the cystic phenotype of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Among other characteristics, the ADPKD phenotype includes cell de-differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we determined whether physiological concentrations of ouabain induces EMT in human renal epithelial cells from patients with ADPKD. We found that ADPKD cells respond to ouabain with a decrease in expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and increase in the expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen-I; and the tight junction protein occludin and claudin-1. Other adhesion molecules, such as ZO-1, β-catenin and vinculin were not significantly modified by ouabain. At the cellular level, ouabain stimulated ADPKD cell migration, reduced cell-cell interaction, and the ability of ADPKD cells to form aggregates. Moreover, ouabain increased the transepithelial electrical resistance of ADPKD cell monolayers, suggesting that the paracellular transport pathway was preserved in the cells. These effects of ouabain were not observed in normal human kidney (NHK) cells. Altogether these results show a novel role for ouabain in ADPKD, inducing changes that lead to a partial EMT phenotype in the cells. These effects further support the key role that ouabain has as a factor that promotes the cystic characteristics of ADPKD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Venugopal
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Jeffrey McDermott
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Gladis Sanchez
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Leandro Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Divinopolis, Brazil
| | - Gail A Reif
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Gustavo Blanco
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
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97
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Duff D, Long A. Roles for RACK1 in cancer cell migration and invasion. Cell Signal 2017; 35:250-255. [PMID: 28336233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Migration and invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissue and vasculature is an important initial step in cancer metastasis. Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer related death and thus it is crucial that we improve our understanding of the mechanisms that promote this life-threatening phenomenon. Cell migration involves a complex, multistep process that leads to the actin-driven movement of cells on or through the tissues of the body. The multifunctional scaffolding protein RACK1 plays important roles in nucleating cell signalling hubs, anchoring proteins at specific subcellular locations and regulating protein activity. It is essential for cell migration and accumulating evidence now demonstrates multiple roles for RACK1 in regulating migration and invasion of tumour cells. The possibility of designing drugs that block the migratory and invasive capabilities of cancer cells represents an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating malignant disease with RACK1 being a potential target. In this review we summarize this evidence and examine the mechanisms that underlie the contribution of RACK1 to the various stages of cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Duff
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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98
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Yao X, Sun S, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Guo W, Zhang L. Clinicopathological significance of ZEB-1 and E-cadherin proteins in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:781-790. [PMID: 28243114 PMCID: PMC5315354 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1), a member of the ZFH family, plays a key role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition during tumor progression in various cancers. However, little information is available on ZEB-1 expression in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods The expression levels of ZEB-1 and E-cadherin were assessed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 120 patients with OSCC treated by curative operation, and then the correlations between ZEB-1 and E-cadherin expression and clinical factors were evaluated, including patient prognosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays were performed to assess mRNA levels of ZEB-1 and E-cadherin in 20 matched OSCC specimens. Results Patients were followed up for a median period of 66 months (range 8−116 months), and 5-year overall survival was 68.3%. Positive ZEB-1 and E-cadherin immunostaining reactivity was detected in 64 (53.3%) and 53 (44.2%) patients, respectively. There was a negative correlation between ZEB-1 expression and E-cadherin expression. In addition, overexpression of ZEB-1 was significantly associated with recurrence, lymph node metastasis, and pathologic grading of patients, loss of E-cadherin was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and pathologic grading of patients. Univariate analysis showed that increased ZEB-1 expression, loss of E-cadherin expression, lymph node metastasis, recurrence, and pathology grade were prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, increased ZEB-1 expression and recurrence remained independent prognostic factors. In particular, patients with both ZEB-1 positivity and loss of E-cadherin expression had a poorer prognosis. qRT-PCR showed that ZEB-1 mRNA expression was higher in OSCC compared to the adjacent nontumorous tissues, while E-cadherin mRNA expression was lower in tumor tissues. Conclusion This study shows that overexpression of ZEB-1 and loss of E-cadherin expression are significantly correlated with poor survival in OSCC patients, and ZEB-1 expression might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Mei Y, Yang JP, Qian CN. For robust big data analyses: a collection of 150 important pro-metastatic genes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:16. [PMID: 28109319 PMCID: PMC5251273 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the greatest contributor to cancer-related death. In the era of precision medicine, it is essential to predict and to prevent the spread of cancer cells to significantly improve patient survival. Thanks to the application of a variety of high-throughput technologies, accumulating big data enables researchers and clinicians to identify aggressive tumors as well as patients with a high risk of cancer metastasis. However, there have been few large-scale gene collection studies to enable metastasis-related analyses. In the last several years, emerging efforts have identified pro-metastatic genes in a variety of cancers, providing us the ability to generate a pro-metastatic gene cluster for big data analyses. We carefully selected 285 genes with in vivo evidence of promoting metastasis reported in the literature. These genes have been investigated in different tumor types. We used two datasets downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, specifically, datasets of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, for validation tests, and excluded any genes for which elevated expression level correlated with longer overall survival in any of the datasets. Ultimately, 150 pro-metastatic genes remained in our analyses. We believe this collection of pro-metastatic genes will be helpful for big data analyses, and eventually will accelerate anti-metastasis research and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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100
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Matos ML, Lapyckyj L, Rosso M, Besso MJ, Mencucci MV, Briggiler CIM, Giustina S, Furlong LI, Vazquez-Levin MH. Identification of a Novel Human E-Cadherin Splice Variant and Assessment of Its Effects Upon EMT-Related Events. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1368-1386. [PMID: 27682981 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial Cadherin (E-cadherin) is involved in calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion and signal transduction. The E-cadherin decrease/loss is a hallmark of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a key event in tumor progression. The underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger E-cadherin loss and consequent EMT have not been completely elucidated. This study reports the identification of a novel human E-cadherin variant mRNA produced by alternative splicing. A bioinformatics evaluation of the novel mRNA sequence and biochemical verifications suggest its regulation by Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD). The novel E-cadherin variant was detected in 29/42 (69%) human tumor cell lines, expressed at variable levels (E-cadherin variant expression relative to the wild type mRNA = 0.05-11.6%). Stable transfection of the novel E-cadherin variant in MCF-7 cells (MCF7Ecadvar) resulted in downregulation of wild type E-cadherin expression (transcript/protein) and EMT-related changes, among them acquisition of a fibroblastic-like cell phenotype, increased expression of Twist, Snail, Zeb1, and Slug transcriptional repressors and decreased expression of ESRP1 and ESRP2 RNA binding proteins. Moreover, loss of cytokeratins and gain of vimentin, N-cadherin and Dysadherin/FXYD5 proteins was observed. Dramatic changes in cell behavior were found in MCF7Ecadvar, as judged by the decreased cell-cell adhesion (Hanging-drop assay), increased cell motility (Wound Healing) and increased cell migration (Transwell) and invasion (Transwell w/Matrigel). Some changes were found in MCF-7 cells incubated with culture medium supplemented with conditioned medium from HEK-293 cells transfected with the E-cadherin variant mRNA. Further characterization of the novel E-cadherin variant will help understanding the molecular basis of tumor progression and improve cancer diagnosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1368-1386, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Matos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara Lapyckyj
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Rosso
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Besso
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Mencucci
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Isabel Marín Briggiler
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Giustina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Inés Furlong
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Hebe Vazquez-Levin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME). National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). Fundación IBYME, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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