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Biodegradable Mg/HA/TiO2 Nanocomposites Coated with MgO and Si/MgO for Orthopedic Applications: A Study on the Corrosion, Surface Characterization, and Biocompatability. COATINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings7100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of orthopedics, magnesium (Mg) and magnesium-based composites as biodegradable materials have attracted fundamental research. However, the medical applications of magnesium implants have been restricted owing to their poor corrosion resistance, especially in the physiological environment. To improve the corrosion resistance of Mg/HA/TiO2 nanocomposites, monolayer MgO and double-layer Si/MgO coatings were fabricated layer-by-layer on the surface of a nanocomposite using a powder metallurgy route. Then, coating thickness, surface morphology, and chemical composition were determined, and the corrosion behavior of the uncoated and coated samples was evaluated. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs show that an inner MgO layer with a porous microstructure and thickness of around 34 μm is generated on the Mg/HA/TiO2 nanocomposite substrate, and that the outer Si layer thickness is obtained at around 23 μm for the double-layered coated sample. Electrochemical corrosion tests and immersion corrosion tests were carried out on the uncoated and coated samples and the Si/MgO-coated nanocomposite showed significantly improved corrosion resistance compared with uncoated Mg/HA/TiO2 in simulated body fluid (SBF). Corrosion products comprising Mg(OH)2, HA, Ca3(PO4)2, and amorphous CaP components were precipitated on the immersed samples. Improved cytocompatibility was observed with coating as the cell viability ranged from 73% in uncoated to 88% for Si/MgO-coated Mg/HA/TiO2 nanocomposite after nine days of incubation.
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52
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Kim SY, Kim YK, Ryu MH, Bae TS, Lee MH. Corrosion resistance and bioactivity enhancement of MAO coated Mg alloy depending on the time of hydrothermal treatment in Ca-EDTA solution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9061. [PMID: 28831082 PMCID: PMC5567222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a two-step surface treatment was developed to restrain the rapid primary degradation of a biodegradable Mg alloy and to improve their biocompatibility. Micro arc oxidation (MAO) coating was performed in alkaline electrolytes such as 1.0 M NaOH with 0.1 M glycerol and 0.1 M Na3PO4. Hydrothermal treatment was performed in 0.1 M Ca-EDTA (C10H12CaN2Na2O8) and 0.5 M NaOH solution at 90 °C for different times (6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The film morphology and chemical properties were evaluated by XRD and FE-SEM. The electrochemical and corrosion behaviors were examined in the simulated body fluid, and cytotoxicity was assessed using MC3T3-E1 cells. After MAO coating, an oxide layer containing [Formula: see text] formed on the surface. During the hydrothermal treatment in Ca-EDTA solution, calcium phosphate and Mg(OH)2 were produced via a reaction between [Formula: see text] on the surface and Ca2+ in solution. The layer with ceramics and oxides was grown on the surface with increasing hydrothermal treatment time, and improved the surface corrosion resistance. The 24 h hydrothermal-treated group showed the lowest immersion corrosion rate and high cell viability. Therefore, this treatment was the most favorable surface modification for improving the initial corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the biodegradable Mg alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Kim
- Deptartment of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK21 plus project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Kim
- Deptartment of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK21 plus project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hee Ryu
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Bae
- Deptartment of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK21 plus project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Deptartment of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience and BK21 plus project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Liu J, Wang P, Chu CC, Xi T. Arginine-leucine based poly (ester urea urethane) coating for Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy in cardiovascular stent applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:78-88. [PMID: 28780463 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selected from the family of self-designed biodegradable amino acid-based poly (ester urea urethane) (AA-PEUU) pseudo-protein biomaterials, arginine-leucine based poly (ester urea urethane)s (Arg-Leu-PEUUs) were used as protective and bio-functional coatings for bio-absorbable magnesium alloy MgZnYNd in cardiovascular stent applications. Comparing with poly (glycolide-co-lactide) (PLGA) coating, the Arg-Leu-PEUU coating had stronger bonding strength with the substrate; in vitro electrochemical and long-term immersion results verified a significantly better corrosion resistance. Acute blood contact tests proved a better hemocompatibility of Arg-Leu-PEUU coating. The immunofluorescent staining and cell proliferation test indicated that Arg-Leu-PEUU coating had a far better cytocompatibility. The Arg-Leu-PEUU coating stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to release reasonably increased amount of nitric oxide (NO), suggesting its potential in retarding thrombosis and restenosis. The superior corrosion resistance and biocompatibility as well as the indigenous NO production bio-functionality of the Arg-Leu-PEUU copolymer family indicate their capability to offer a far better protection of the magnesium-based implantable cardiovascular stent and bring their application closer to clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, and Biomedical Engineering Field, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-4401, USA.
| | - Pei Wang
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chih-Chang Chu
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, and Biomedical Engineering Field, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-4401, USA
| | - Tingfei Xi
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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54
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Song D, Li C, Zhang L, Ma X, Guo G, Zhang F, Jiang J, Ma A. Decreasing Bio-Degradation Rate of the Hydrothermal-Synthesizing Coated Mg Alloy via Pre-Solid-Solution Treatment. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080858. [PMID: 28773223 PMCID: PMC5578224 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report an effective approach, pre-solid solution (SS) treatment, to reduce the in-vitro bio-degradation rate of the hydrothermal-synthesizing coated Mg–2Zn–Mn–Ca–Ce alloy in Hanks’ solution. Pre-SS treatment alters the microstructure of alloys, which benefits the corrosion resistances of the substrate itself and the formed coating as well. The micro-galvanic corrosion between the secondary phase (cathode) and the α-Mg phase (anode) is relieved due to the reduction of the secondary phase. Meanwhile, coating formed on the SS-treated alloy was compacter than that on as-cast alloy, which provides better protection against initial corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
- Suqian Research Institute of Hohai University, Suqian 223800, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Guanghui Guo
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Jinghua Jiang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
- Suqian Research Institute of Hohai University, Suqian 223800, China.
| | - Aibin Ma
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
- Suqian Research Institute of Hohai University, Suqian 223800, China.
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55
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Dou J, Chen Y, Chi Y, Li H, Gu G, Chen C. Preparation and characterization of a calcium-phosphate-silicon coating on a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy via two-step micro-arc oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:15110-15119. [PMID: 28561125 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02672b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are the most promising implant materials due to their excellent biodegradability. However, their high degradation rate limits their practical application. In this study, we produced a calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) coating and a calcium-phosphate-silicon (Ca-P-Si) coating via one-step and two-step micro-arc oxidation processes, respectively. The microstructure and chemical composition of the MAO coatings were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDS. The degradation behaviors of the MAO coatings and the substrate were investigated using electrochemical techniques and immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results show that the silicate was successfully incorporated into the Ca-P coating in the second MAO step, and this also increased the thickness of the coating. The Ca-P-Si coatings remarkably reduced the corrosion rate of the Mg alloy and Ca-P coating during 18 days of immersion in SBF. In addition, the bone-like apatite layer on the sample surface demonstrated the good biomineralization ability of the Ca-P-Si coating. Potentiodynamic polarization results showed that the MAO coating could clearly enhance the corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy. Moreover, we propose the growth mechanism of the MAO coating in the second step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Dou
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road # 17923, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China.
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56
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Li L, Zhang M, Li Y, Zhao J, Qin L, Lai Y. Corrosion and biocompatibility improvement of magnesium-based alloys as bone implant materials: a review. Regen Biomater 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Li
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Material Engineering Invention Examination Department, State Intellectual Property Office, No.6 Xitucheng Road Haidian District, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China
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57
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Xiong Y, Hu Q, Song R, Hu X. LSP/MAO composite bio-coating on AZ80 magnesium alloy for biomedical application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:1299-1304. [PMID: 28415419 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A composite bio-coating was fabricated on AZ80 magnesium (Mg) alloy by using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) under the pretreatment of laser shock peening (LSP) in order to improve the bio-corrosion resistance and the mechanical integrity. LSP treatment could induce grain refinement and compressive residual stress field on the surface of material. MAO bio-coating was grown in alkaline electrolyte with hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) to improve the biological properties of the material. The microstructure, element and phase composition for untreated based material (BM) and treated samples (LSP layer, MAO bio-coating and LSP/MAO composite bio-coating) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical tests and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were used to evaluate the corrosion resistance and the stress corrosion susceptibility in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicated that LSP/MAO composite bio-coating can not only improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloy substrate evidently but also increase the mechanical properties in SBF compared to LSP layer and MAO bio-coating. Mg alloy treated by LSP/MAO composite technique should be better suited as biodegradable orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Qiang Hu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Renguo Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaxia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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58
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Porous magnesium-based scaffolds for tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:1253-1266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu J, Wang P, Chu CC, Xi T. A novel biodegradable and biologically functional arginine-based poly(ester urea urethane) coating for Mg–Zn–Y–Nd alloy: enhancement in corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1787-1802. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel biodegradable and functional Arg-PEUU coating materials for MgZnYNd alloy stents may make drugs like sirolimus or paclitaxel unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Pei Wang
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Chih-Chang Chu
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, and Biomedical Engineering Field
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Tingfei Xi
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
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60
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Effects of Alloying Element Ca on the Corrosion Behavior and Bioactivity of Anodic Films Formed on AM60 Mg Alloys. MATERIALS 2016; 10:ma10010011. [PMID: 28772371 PMCID: PMC5344623 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects of alloying element Ca on the corrosion behavior and bioactivity of films formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on AM60 alloys were investigated. The corrosion behavior was studied by conducting electrochemical tests in 0.9% NaCl solution while the bioactivity was evaluated by soaking the specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF). Under identical anodization conditions, the PEO film thicknesses increased with increasing Ca content in the alloys, which enhanced the corrosion resistance in NaCl solution. Thicker apatite layers grew on the PEO films of Ca-containing alloys because Ca was incorporated into the PEO film and because Ca was present in the alloys. Improvement of corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the PEO-coated AM60 by alloying with Ca may be beneficial for biodegradable implant applications.
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61
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Li X, Liu X, Wu S, Yeung KWK, Zheng Y, Chu PK. Design of magnesium alloys with controllable degradation for biomedical implants: From bulk to surface. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:2-30. [PMID: 27612959 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The combination of high strength, light weight, and natural biodegradability renders magnesium (Mg)-based alloys promising in orthopedic implants and cardiovascular stents. Being metallic materials, Mg and Mg alloys made for scaffolds provide the necessary mechanical support for tissue healing and cell growth in the early stage, while natural degradation and reabsorption by surrounding tissues in the later stage make an unnecessarily follow-up removal surgery. However, uncontrolled degradation may collapse the scaffolds resulting in premature implant failure, and there has been much research in controlling the degradation rates of Mg alloys. This paper reviews recent progress in the design of novel Mg alloys, surface modification and corrosion mechanisms under different conditions, and describes the effects of the structure, composition, and surface conditions on the degradation behavior in vitro and in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Owing to their unique mechanical properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, Mg based biomaterials are becoming the most promising substitutes for tissue regeneration for impaired bone, vascular and other tissues because these scaffolds can provide not only ideal space for the growth and differentiation of seeded cells but also enough strength before the formation of normal tissues. The most important is that these scaffolds can be fully degraded after tissue regeneration, which can satisfy the increasing demand for better biomedical devices and functional tissue engineering biomaterials in the world. However, the rapid degradation rate of these scaffolds restricts the wide application in clinic. This paper reviews recent progress on how to control the degrdation rate based on the relevant corrosion mechanisms through the design of porous structure, phase structure, grains, and amorphous structure as well as surface modification, which will be beneficial to the better understanding and functional design of Mg-based scaffolds for wide clinical applications in tissue reconstruction in near futures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - K W K Yeung
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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62
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Esen Z, Bütev E, Karakaş MS. A comparative study on biodegradation and mechanical properties of pressureless infiltrated Ti/Ti6Al4V–Mg composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63:273-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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63
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Li M, He P, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xia H, Zheng Y, Han Y. Stimulatory effects of the degradation products from Mg-Ca-Sr alloy on the osteogenesis through regulating ERK signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32323. [PMID: 27580744 PMCID: PMC5007487 DOI: 10.1038/srep32323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Mg-1Ca-xwt.% Sr (x = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0) alloys on the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 were studied through typical differentiation markers, such as intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, extracellular collagen secretion and calcium nodule formation. It was shown that Mg-1Ca alloys with different content of Sr promoted cell viability and enhanced the differentiation and mineralization levels of osteoblasts, and Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy had the most remarkable and significant effect among all. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, RT-PCR and Western Blotting assays were taken to analyze the mRNA expression level of osteogenesis-related genes and intracellular signaling pathways involved in osteogenesis, respectively. RT-PCR results showed that Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy significantly up-regulated the expressions of the transcription factors of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and Osterix (OSX), Integrin subunits, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bone sialoprotein (BSP), Collagen I (COL I), Osteocalcin (OCN) and Osteopontin (OPN). Western Blotting results suggested that Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy rapidly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation but showed no obvious effects on c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase of MAPK. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy had excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis via the ERK pathway and is expected to be promising as orthopedic implants and bone repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, 305 zhongshandong road, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou military command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou military command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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64
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Fatigue behaviors of HP-Mg, Mg-Ca and Mg-Zn-Ca biodegradable metals in air and simulated body fluid. Acta Biomater 2016; 41:351-60. [PMID: 27221795 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The dynamic loading in human body, along with the corrosive body fluid, presents a great challenge for the practical use of biodegradable magnesium implants. In this study, a high purity magnesium (99.99wt.%) and two typical promising biodegradable magnesium alloys (binary Mg-1Ca and ternary Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca) were chosen as the experimental materials. Their dynamic mechanical performances were comparatively evaluated by carrying out fatigue tests in air and in simulated body fluid (SBF). The fatigue strengths of HP-Mg, Mg-1Ca and Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca were all around 90MPa in air, however, they decreased to 52MPa, 70MPa and 68MPa in SBF at 4×10(6)cycles, respectively. The fatigue cracks initiated from the microstructural defects when tested in air, but nucleated from surface corrosion pits when tested in SBF. Cyclic loading significantly increased the corrosion rates of all the experimental materials compared to that in static SBF. Moreover, based on our findings, the fatigue failure processes and interactions between material, corrosion and cyclic loading were systematically discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fatigue strength and life are vital parameters to the design of metallic implant devices. For the corrosion fatigue of biomedical magnesium alloys, we reported the corrosion fatigue behavior of AZ91D and WE43 in SBF (Acta Biomaterialia, 6 (2010) 4605-4613), and till now there is no other reports to our knowledge. We spent 3years to finish the fatigue testing and get S-N curves for three more magnesium biomaterials, and our significant finding is that the fatigue strengths of HP-Mg, Mg-1Ca and Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca are all around 90MPa in air but 52MPa, 70MPa and 68MPa in SBF at 4×10(6)cycles, which will provide the first-hand data for the future magnesium implants design.
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Comparison study of different coatings on degradation performance and cell response of Mg-Sr alloy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:95-107. [PMID: 27612693 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To solve the problem of rapid degradation for magnesium-based implants, surface modification especially coating method is widely studied and showed the great potential for clinical application. However, as concerned to the further application and medical translation for biodegradable magnesium alloys, there are still lack of data and comparisons among different coatings on their degradation and biological properties. This work studied three commonly used coatings on Mg-Sr alloy, including micro-arc oxidation coating, electrodeposition coating and chemical conversion coating, and compared these coatings for requirements of favorable degradation and biological performances, how each of these coating systems has performed. Finally the mechanism for the discrepancy between these coatings is proposed. The results indicate that the micro-arc oxidation coating on Mg-Sr alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance and cell response among these coatings, and is proved to be more suitable for the orthopedic application.
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66
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Nayak S, Bhushan B, Jayaganthan R, Gopinath P, Agarwal R, Lahiri D. Strengthening of Mg based alloy through grain refinement for orthopaedic application. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 59:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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67
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Li HF, Zheng YF. Recent advances in bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2016; 36:1-20. [PMID: 27045349 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED With a continuously increasing aging population and the improvement of living standards, large demands of biomaterials are expected for a long time to come. Further development of novel biomaterials, that are much safer and of much higher quality, in terms of both biomedical and mechanical properties, are therefore of great interest for both the research scientists and clinical surgeons. Compared with the conventional crystalline metallic counterparts, bulk metallic glasses have unique amorphous structures, and thus exhibit higher strength, lower Young's modulus, improved wear resistance, good fatigue endurance, and excellent corrosion resistance. For this purpose, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have recently attracted much attention for biomedical applications. This review discusses and summarizes the recent developments and advances of bulk metallic glasses, including Ti-based, Zr-based, Fe-based, Mg-based, Zn-based, Ca-based and Sr-based alloying systems for biomedical applications. Future research directions will move towards overcoming the brittleness, increasing the glass forming ability (GFA) thus obtaining corresponding bulk metallic glasses with larger sizes, removing/reducing toxic elements, and surface modifications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), also known as amorphous alloys or liquid metals, are relative newcomers in the field of biomaterials. They have gained increasing attention during the past decades, as they exhibit an excellent combination of properties and processing capabilities desired for versatile biomedical implant applications. The present work reviewed the recent developments and advances of biomedical BMGs, including Ti-based, Zr-based, Fe-based, Mg-based, Zn-based, Ca-based and Sr-based BMG alloying systems. Besides, the critical analysis and in-depth discussion on the current status, challenge and future development of biomedical BMGs are included. The possible solution to the BMG size limitation, the brittleness of BMGs has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Y F Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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68
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Zeng RC, Cui LY, Jiang K, Liu R, Zhao BD, Zheng YF. In Vitro Corrosion and Cytocompatibility of a Microarc Oxidation Coating and Poly(L-lactic acid) Composite Coating on Mg-1Li-1Ca Alloy for Orthopedic Implants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:10014-10028. [PMID: 27022831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the degradation rate of biomedical magnesium alloys poses a challenge. The characteristics of a microarc oxidation (MAO), prepared in phytic acid, and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite coating, fabricated on a novel Mg-1Li-1Ca alloy, were studied through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion behaviors of the samples were evaluated via hydrogen evolution, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in Hanks' solution. The results indicated that the MAO/PLLA composite coatings significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the Mg-1Li-1Ca alloy. MTT and ALP assays using MC3T3 osteoblasts indicated that the MAO/PLLA coatings greatly improved the cytocompatibility, and the morphology of the cells cultured on different samples exhibited good adhesion. Hemolysis tests showed that the composite coatings endowed the Mg-1Li-1Ca alloys with a low hemolysis ratio. The increased solution pH resulting from the corrosion of magnesium could be tailored by the degradation of PLLA. The degradation mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The MAO/PLLA composite coating may be appropriate for applications on degradable Mg-based orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Chang Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Lan-yue Cui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Bao-Dong Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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69
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Shi M, Li H. The morphology, structure and composition of microarc oxidation (MAO) ceramic coating in Ca-P electrolyte with complexing agent EDTMPS and interpretation hypothesis of MAO process. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375516010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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70
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Jia Z, Xiong P, Shi Y, Zhou W, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, Xi T, Wei S. Inhibitor encapsulated, self-healable and cytocompatible chitosan multilayer coating on biodegradable Mg alloy: a pH-responsive design. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2498-2511. [PMID: 32263199 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The design of functional biomaterials that respond intelligently to external stimuli has become a rapidly growing area with widespread interest. This work contributes to the development of a feedback-active anticorrosion system with intriguing self-healing ability to protect magnesium (Mg) from biocorrosion. The system was constituted by an inner micro/nano-porous, ceramic-like pre-coating developed readily from the substrate, and an outermost inhibitor (nanosized cerium (Ce) oxides) containing chitosan (CS) multilayers. Here, the pre-coating acted as both an "anchoring" and a "barrier" layer to acquire structural integrity and improved impedance, respectively. Green CS served as cargo for Ce to be entrapped, harnessing Ce-NH2 complexation chemistry. The coating barrier properties were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The active corrosion inhibition was assessed by immersion degradation tests with respect to Mg2+ release, pH alteration, crack development, and scanning Kelvin potential. To our delight, the coatings effectively protected the substrate from biocorrosion in vitro compared with bare alloys. Putatively, the pH-triggered formation of Ce oxide precipitation, along with the pH-buffering activity and movable swelling capacity of CS macromolecules, should have contributed to restraining the anodic activity and healing the cracks/defects dynamically. Furthermore, the coated substrate had the biocompatibility to elicit better attachment and growth of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Jia
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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71
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Li B, Zhang K, Yang W, Yin X, Liu Y. Enhanced corrosion resistance of HA/CaTiO3/TiO2/PLA coated AZ31 alloy. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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72
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Kang MH, Jang TS, Kim SW, Park HS, Song J, Kim HE, Jung KH, Jung HD. MgF2-coated porous magnesium/alumina scaffolds with improved strength, corrosion resistance, and biological performance for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:634-42. [PMID: 26952467 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porous magnesium (Mg) has recently emerged as a promising biodegradable alternative to biometal for bone ingrowth; however, its low mechanical properties and high corrosion rate in biological environments remain problematic. In this study, porous magnesium was implemented in a scaffold that closely mimics the mechanical properties of human bones with a controlled degradation rate and shows good biocompatibility to match the regeneration rate of bone tissue at the affected site. The alumina-reinforced Mg scaffold was produced by spark plasma sintering and coated with magnesium fluoride (MgF2) using a hydrofluoric acid solution to regulate the corrosion rate under physiological conditions. Sodium chloride granules (NaCl), acting as space holders, were leached out to achieve porous samples (60%) presenting an average pore size of 240 μm with complete pore interconnectivity. When the alumina content increased from 0 to 5 vol%, compressive strength and stiffness rose considerably from 9.5 to 13.8 MPa and from 0.24 to 0.40 GPa, respectively. Moreover, the biological response evaluated by in vitro cell test and blood test of the MgF2-coated porous Mg composite was enhanced with better corrosion resistance compared with that of uncoated counterparts. Consequently, MgF2-coated porous Mg/alumina composites may be applied in load-bearing biodegradable implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Sun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Juha Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Jung
- Additive Manufacturing Process R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung 25440, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Do Jung
- Liquid Processing & Casting Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
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73
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Dai X, Zhang X, Xu M, Huang Y, Heng BC, Mo X, Liu Y, Wei D, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Deng X, Deng X. Synergistic effects of elastic modulus and surface topology of Ti-based implants on early osseointegration. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastic modulus and surface micro-scale topographical structure of Ti alloy implants have a synergistic effect on cell attachment, osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro and early osseointegration in vivo.
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74
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Li B, Han Y, Li M. Enhanced osteoblast differentiation and osseointegration of a bio-inspired HA nanorod patterned pore-sealed MgO bilayer coating on magnesium. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:683-693. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The osteogenetic capability of Mg was significantly enhanced by a bio-inspired hydroxyapatite (HA) nanorod patterned pore-sealed MgO bilayer coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
- Hospital of Orthopedics
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75
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Mechanical degradation of porous titanium with entangled structure filled with biodegradable magnesium in Hanks' solution. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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76
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Shi M, Li H. A Mathematical interpretation model of Ti alloy micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process and its experimental study. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375515050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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77
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Krämer M, Schilling M, Eifler R, Hering B, Reifenrath J, Besdo S, Windhagen H, Willbold E, Weizbauer A. Corrosion behavior, biocompatibility and biomechanical stability of a prototype magnesium-based biodegradable intramedullary nailing system. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:129-135. [PMID: 26652357 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Implants made of degradable magnesium alloys are a potential alternative to conventional orthopaedic implant materials, e.g. stainless steel or titanium. Intramedullary nails made of the magnesium alloy LAE442 were subjected to cyclic fatigue tests in both distilled water and Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) at 37.5°C until implant failure or a limit of 500,000cycles was reached. In distilled water, four of the five nails were still intact after the end of the biomechanical test. In HBSS, a breakage within the first 70,000 bending cycles was observed. Additionally, the degradation rate of this alloy was determined in HBSS according to the weight loss method (0.24±0.12mmyear(-1)) and based on gas release (0.21±0.03mmyear(-1)) with a standard eudiometer. A cytotoxicity test with L929 cells was carried out in accordance with EN ISO 10993-5/12. This test demonstrated sufficient cell viability of the diluted extracts (50%, 25% and 12.5%). The relative metabolic activity of the 100% extract was reduced slightly below 70%, which is classified as a threshold value for cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this in vitro study indicates that intramedullary nails made of LAE442 may not have the required fatigue resistance for load-bearing applications and the development of a corrosion-protective coating may be necessary to prevent early failure of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Krämer
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borrie-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Schilling
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borrie-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Eifler
- Institut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
| | - Britta Hering
- Institute of Production Engineering and Machine Tools (IFW), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Lise-Meitner-Straße 1, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
| | - Janin Reifenrath
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Besdo
- Institute of Continuum Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 11, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Windhagen
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borrie-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Willbold
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borrie-Straße 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Weizbauer
- CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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78
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Uddin MS, Hall C, Murphy P. Surface treatments for controlling corrosion rate of biodegradable Mg and Mg-based alloy implants. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:053501. [PMID: 27877829 PMCID: PMC5070015 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/5/053501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to their excellent biodegradability characteristics, Mg and Mg-based alloys have become an emerging material in biomedical implants, notably for repair of bone as well as coronary arterial stents. However, the main problem with Mg-based alloys is their rapid corrosion in aggressive environments such as human bodily fluids. Previously, many approaches such as control of alloying materials, composition and surface treatments, have been attempted to regulate the corrosion rate. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent research focusing on surface treatment techniques utilised to control the corrosion rate and surface integrity of Mg-based alloys in both in vitro and in vivo environments. Surface treatments generally involve the controlled deposition of thin film coatings using various coating processes, and mechanical surfacing such as machining, deep rolling or low plasticity burnishing. The aim is to either make a protective thin layer of a material or to change the micro-structure and mechanical properties at the surface and sub-surface levels, which will prevent rapid corrosion and thus delay the degradation of the alloys. We have organised the review of past works on coatings by categorising the coatings into two classes-conversion and deposition coatings-while works on mechanical treatments are reviewed based on the tool-based processes which affect the sub-surface microstructure and mechanical properties of the material. Various types of coatings and their processing techniques under two classes of coating and mechanical treatment approaches have been analysed and discussed to investigate their impact on the corrosion performance, biomechanical integrity, biocompatibility and cell viability. Potential challenges and future directions in designing and developing the improved biodegradable Mg/Mg-based alloy implants were addressed and discussed. The literature reveals that no solutions are yet complete and hence new and innovative approaches are required to leverage the benefit of Mg-based alloys. Hybrid treatments combining innovative biomimetic coating and mechanical processing would be regarded as a potentially promising way to tackle the corrosion problem. Synergetic cutting-burnishing integrated with cryogenic cooling may be another encouraging approach in this regard. More studies focusing on rigorous testing, evaluation and characterisation are needed to assess the efficacy of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Uddin
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Colin Hall
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Peter Murphy
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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79
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Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS 2015; 8:5744-5794. [PMID: 28793533 PMCID: PMC5512653 DOI: 10.3390/ma8095273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the recent developments and advances in the use of biodegradable materials for bone repair purposes. The choice between using degradable and non-degradable devices for orthopedic and maxillofacial applications must be carefully weighed. Traditional biodegradable devices for osteosynthesis have been successful in low or mild load bearing applications. However, continuing research and recent developments in the field of material science has resulted in development of biomaterials with improved strength and mechanical properties. For this purpose, biodegradable materials, including polymers, ceramics and magnesium alloys have attracted much attention for osteologic repair and applications. The next generation of biodegradable materials would benefit from recent knowledge gained regarding cell material interactions, with better control of interfacing between the material and the surrounding bone tissue. The next generations of biodegradable materials for bone repair and regeneration applications require better control of interfacing between the material and the surrounding bone tissue. Also, the mechanical properties and degradation/resorption profiles of these materials require further improvement to broaden their use and achieve better clinical results.
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80
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Mumjitha M, Raj V. Fabrication of TiO2–SiO2 bioceramic coatings on Ti alloy and its synergetic effect on biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 46:205-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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81
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Zhou J, Huang W, Li Q, She Z, Chen F, Li L. A novel multilayer model with controllable mechanical properties for magnesium-based bone plates. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:164. [PMID: 25791460 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proper mechanical properties are essential for the clinical application of magnesium-based implants. In the present work, a novel multilayer model composed of three layers with desirable features was developed. The modulus of the multilayer model can be adjusted by changing the thickness of each layer. To combine three layers and improve the corrosion resistance of the whole multilayer model, the polycaprolactone coating was employed. In the immersion test, pH values, the concentration of released magnesium ions, and weight loss indicate that the corrosion rate of multilayer models is considerable lower than that of the one-layer bare substrate. The three-point bending test, which is used to examine models' mechanical properties, shows that the flexural modulus of multilayer models is reduced effectively. In addition, the mechanical degradation of multilayer models is more stable, compared to the one-layer substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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82
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Jang Y, Tan Z, Jurey C, Xu Z, Dong Z, Collins B, Yun Y, Sankar J. Understanding corrosion behavior of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys from subcutaneous mouse model: Effect of Zn element concentration and plasma electrolytic oxidation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 48:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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83
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Li H, Pan H, Ning C, Tan G, Liao J, Ni G. Magnesium with micro-arc oxidation coating and polymeric membrane: an in vitro study on microenvironment. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:147. [PMID: 25764082 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous modification methods have been reported to enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium with positive results. However, little attention has been paid on their impact on micro-environment, particularly the ion concentration and local pH value. In this study, two different coatings were prepared on magnesium, one with porous micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating alone, and the other with additional polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) membrane using spinning technique. Their in vitro corrosional and biological behaviors were investigated and compared. Both coatings were found to reduce the degradation rate of magnesium, but an additionally deposited PHB membrane was superior to MAO-coated magnesium since it could produce a micro-environment with preferable local pH value and ion concentration for osteoblast proliferation. Our study suggests that micro-environment should be another critical issue in evaluation of a modification method for orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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84
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Li B, Han Y. Fast formation of a novel bilayer coating with enhanced corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility on magnesium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bilayer coating on magnesium provides effective protection to the substrate from corrosion and facilitates osteoblast adhesion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
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85
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Liu J, Liu XL, Xi TF, Chu CC. A novel pseudo-protein-based biodegradable coating for magnesium substrates: in vitro corrosion phenomena and cytocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:878-893. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to examine whether a member of the newly developed biodegradable pseudo-protein biomaterial family could provide a far better protection and performance than the popular hydrolytically degradable poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (PLGA) biomaterial on an experimental magnesium substrate as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Liu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - X. L. Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - T. F. Xi
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - C. C. Chu
- Biomedical Engineering Program
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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86
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Wu G, Li P, Feng H, Zhang X, Chu PK. Engineering and functionalization of biomaterials via surface modification. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2024-2042. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01934b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress pertaining to the surface treatment of implantable macro-scale biomaterials and using micro- and nano-biomaterials for disease diagnosis and drug/gene delivery is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Wu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Penghui Li
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Hongqing Feng
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Paul K. Chu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- China
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87
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Wang W, Wan P, Liu C, Tan L, Li W, Li L, Yang K. Degradation and biological properties of Ca-P contained micro-arc oxidation self-sealing coating on pure magnesium for bone fixation. Regen Biomater 2014; 2:107-18. [PMID: 26816635 PMCID: PMC4669020 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor corrosion resistance is one of the main disadvantages for biodegradable magnesium-based metals, especially applied for bone fixation, where there is a high demand of bio-mechanical strength and stability. Surface coating has been proved as an effective method to control the in vivo degradation. In this study a Ca-P self-sealing micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating was studied to verify its efficacy and biological properties by in vitro and in vivo tests. It was found that the MAO coating could effectively retard the degradation according to immersion and electrochemical tests as well as 3D reconstruction by X-ray tomography after implantation. The MAO coating exhibited no toxicity and could stimulate the new bone formation. Therefore, the Ca-P self-sealing MAO coating could be a potential candidate for application of biodegradable Mg-based implant in bone fixations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidan Wang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
| | - Lili Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
| | - Lugee Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, EONTEC Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523662, China
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88
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Rojaee R, Fathi M, Raeissi K. Comparing Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating on AZ91 Alloy Samples via Sol-gel and Electrophoretic Deposition for Biomedical Applications. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2014; 13:409-14. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2338931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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89
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Li B, Han Y, Qi K. Formation mechanism, degradation behavior, and cytocompatibility of a nanorod-shaped HA and pore-sealed MgO bilayer coating on magnesium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18258-74. [PMID: 25265530 DOI: 10.1021/am505437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel bilayer coating (HT24h) was fabricated on magnesium using microarc oxidation (MAO) and hydrothermal treatment (HT). The coating comprises an outer layer of narrow interrod spaced hydroxyapatite (HA) nanorods and an inner layer of MgO containing Mg(OH)2/HA-sealing-pores. The hydrothermal formation mechanism of HA nanorods on MAO-formed MgO was explored. Also, evolution of structure and bonding integrity of HT24h coating with immersion in physiological saline (PS) for 0-90 days, corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of the coating were investigated, together with MgO containing Mg(OH)2-sealing-pores (HT2h) and porous MgO (MAO) coatings. Corrosion resistance was identified by three-point bending and electrochemical tests in PS, while cytocompatibility was determined by MTT, live/dead staining, and vinculin-actin-nucleus tricolor staining assays of hFOB1.19 cells. Immersion tests indicate that cracking rather than delamination is a common feature in most areas of the coatings up to day 90 and degradation is the reason for thinning in thickness of the coatings. MAO and HT2h coatings exhibit a significant thinning due to fast degradation of MgO. However, HT24h coating shows a quite small thinning, owing to the fact that the HA nanorods underwent quite slow degradation while the underlying MgO only underwent conversion to Mg(OH)2 without dissolution of the Mg(OH)2. Scratch tests reveal that HT24h coating still retains relatively high bonding integrity, although the failure position changes from the MgO interior to a point between the HA and MgO layers after 90 days of immersion. HT24h coating appears far more effective than MAO and HT2h coatings in reducing degradation and maintaining the mechanical integrity of Mg, as well as enhancing the mitochondrial activity, adhesion, and proliferation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
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90
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Effect of current density on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of microarc oxidized ZK60 magnesium alloy. Biointerphases 2014; 9:031009. [PMID: 25280850 DOI: 10.1116/1.4889734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of magnesium alloys as biomaterials is limited by their poor corrosion behavior. Microarc oxidation (MAO) treatment was used to prepare ceramic coatings on ZK60 magnesium alloys in order to overcome the poor corrosion resistance. The process was conducted at different current densities (3.5 and 9.0 A/dm(2)), and the effect of current density on the process was studied. The microstructure, elemental distribution, and phase composition of the MAO coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction, respectively. The increment of current density contributes to the increase of thickness. A new phase Mg2SiO4 was detected as the current density increased to 9.0 A/dm(2). A homogeneous distribution of micropores could be observed in the coating produced at 3.5 A/dm(2), while the surface morphology of the coating formed at 9.0 A/dm(2) was more rough and apparent microcracks could be observed. The coating obtained at 3.5 A/dm(2) possessed a better anticorrosion behavior.
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91
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Research on the corrosion resistance and formation of double-layer calcium phosphate coating on AZ31 obtained at varied temperatures. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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92
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Corrosion mechanism of micro-arc oxidation treated biocompatible AZ31 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid. PROGRESS IN NATURAL SCIENCE-MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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93
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Sun J, Liu X, Meng L, Wei W, Zheng Y. One-step electrodeposition of self-assembled colloidal particles: a novel strategy for biomedical coating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11002-11010. [PMID: 25162374 DOI: 10.1021/la5010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel biomedical coating was prepared from self-assembled colloidal particles through direct electrodeposition. The particles, which are photo-cross-linkable and nanoscaled with a high specific surface area, were obtained via self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(γ-glutamic acid)-g-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (γ-PGA-g-AMC). The size, morphology, and surface charge of the resulting colloidal particles and their dependence on pH, initial concentrations, and UV irradiation were successfully studied. A nanostructured coating was formed in situ on the surface of magnesium alloys by electrodeposition of colloidal particles. The composition, morphology, and phase of the coating were monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion test showed that the formation of the nanostructured coating on magnesium alloys effectively improved their initial anticorrosion properties. More importantly, the corrosion resistance was further enhanced by chemical photo-cross-linking. In addition, the low cytotoxicity of the coated samples was confirmed by MTT assay against NIH-3T3 normal cells. The contribution of our work lies in the creation of a novel strategy to fabricate a biomedical coating in view of the versatility of self-assembled colloidal particles and the controllability of the electrodeposition process. It is believed that our work provides new ideas and reliable data to design novel functional biomedical coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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94
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Liu YJ, Yang ZY, Tan LL, Li H, Zhang YZ. An animal experimental study of porous magnesium scaffold degradation and osteogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:715-20. [PMID: 25098717 PMCID: PMC4165299 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to observe the biodegradable and osteogenic properties of magnesium scaffolding under in vivo conditions. Twelve 6-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The chosen operation site was the femoral condyle on the right side. The experimental group was implanted with porous magnesium scaffolds, while the control group was implanted with hydroxyapatite scaffolds. X-ray and blood tests, which included serum magnesium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CREA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were performed serially at 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months. All rabbits were killed 3 months postoperatively, and the heart, kidney, spleen, and liver were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The bone samples were subjected to microcomputed tomography scanning (micro-CT) and hard tissue biopsy. SPSS 13.0 (USA) was used for data analysis, and values of P<0.05 were considered to be significant. Bubbles appeared in the X-ray of the experimental group after 2 weeks, whereas there was no gas in the control group. There were no statistical differences for the serum magnesium concentrations, ALT, BUN, and CREA between the two groups (P>0.05). All HE-stained slices were normal, which suggested good biocompatibility of the scaffold. Micro-CT showed that magnesium scaffolds degraded mainly from the outside to inside, and new bone was ingrown following the degradation of magnesium scaffolds. The hydroxyapatite scaffold was not degraded and had fewer osteoblasts scattered on its surface. There was a significant difference in the new bone formation and scaffold bioabsorption between the two groups (9.29 ± 1.27 vs 1.40 ± 0.49 and 7.80 ± 0.50 vs 0.00 ± 0.00 mm3, respectively; P<0.05). The magnesium scaffold performed well in degradation and osteogenesis, and is a promising material for orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Liu
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Z Y Yang
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - L L Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - H Li
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Y Z Zhang
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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95
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Gopi D, Murugan N, Ramya S, Kavitha L. Electrodeposition of a porous strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite/zinc oxide duplex layer on AZ91 magnesium alloy for orthopedic applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5531-5540. [PMID: 32262186 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00960f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium alloy is a potential biomedical implant because of its outstanding biodegradability and mechanical properties. But the poor corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy in physiological solution limits its biomedical applications. In order to improve the corrosion resistance and biological performance of AZ91 magnesium alloy, we have fabricated a strontium-substituted porous hydroxyapatite (Sr-HAP)/zinc oxide (ZnO) duplex layer on AZ91 magnesium alloy by electrodeposition. The porous Sr-HAP/ZnO duplex-layer coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Also, the mechanical properties of the duplex-layer coating were evaluated using adhesion and Vickers micro-hardness tests. The effects of the duplex-layer coating on the corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy were also investigated in simulated body fluid using electrochemical studies. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that the corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy was significantly improved by the duplex-layer coating. The in vitro cell-material interaction of the duplex-layer coating was observed with human osteosarcoma MG63 cells for cell viability at 1, 4 and 7 days of incubation and the coating exhibited good biocompatibility. Hence, from the obtained results we believe that the duplex-layer made of ZnO together with porous Sr-HAP on AZ91 magnesium alloy could provide effective corrosion protection and enhanced bioactivity. Thus, duplex-layer-coated AZ91 magnesium alloy can serve as a promising candidate for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamilnadu, India.
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96
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphate coatings on magnesium and its biodegradable alloys. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2919-34. [PMID: 24607420 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable metals have been suggested as revolutionary biomaterials for bone-grafting therapies. Of these metals, magnesium (Mg) and its biodegradable alloys appear to be particularly attractive candidates due to their non-toxicity and as their mechanical properties match those of bones better than other metals do. Being light, biocompatible and biodegradable, Mg-based metallic implants have several advantages over other implantable metals currently in use, such as eliminating both the effects of stress shielding and the requirement of a second surgery for implant removal. Unfortunately, the fast degradation rates of Mg and its biodegradable alloys in the aggressive physiological environment impose limitations on their clinical applications. This necessitates development of implants with controlled degradation rates to match the kinetics of bone healing. Application of protective but biocompatible and biodegradable coatings able to delay the onset of Mg corrosion appears to be a reasonable solution. Since calcium orthophosphates are well tolerated by living organisms, they appear to be the excellent candidates for such coatings. Nevertheless, both the high chemical reactivity and the low melting point of Mg require specific parameters for successful deposition of calcium orthophosphate coatings. This review provides an overview of current coating techniques used for deposition of calcium orthophosphates on Mg and its biodegradable alloys. The literature analysis revealed that in all cases the calcium orthophosphate protective coatings both increased the corrosion resistance of Mg-based metallic biomaterials and improved their surface biocompatibility.
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97
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Teng FY, Tai IC, Wang MW, Wang YJ, Hung CC, Tseng CC. The structures, electrochemical and cell performance of titania films formed on titanium by micro-arc oxidation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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98
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Singh SS, Roy A, Lee BE, Ohodnicki J, Loghmanian A, Banerjee I, Kumta PN. A study of strontium doped calcium phosphate coatings on AZ31. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 40:357-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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99
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Madhan Kumar A, Hwan Kwon S, Chul Jung H, Park YH, Kim HJ, Shin KS. Fabrication and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of PEO Coatings on Strip-Cast AZ31Mg Alloy in 3.5% NaCl Solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404329s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Madhan Kumar
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwan Kwon
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Chul Jung
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Park
- Research
Division of Magnesium, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, San 32 Hyoja dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-330, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Jeong Kim
- Research
Division of Magnesium, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, San 32 Hyoja dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-330, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seon Shin
- Magnesium
Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul151-744, Republic of Korea
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100
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Hadzima B, Mhaede M, Pastorek F. Electrochemical characteristics of calcium-phosphatized AZ31 magnesium alloy in 0.9 % NaCl solution. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1227-1237. [PMID: 24477876 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys suffer from their high reactivity in common environments. Protective layers are widely created on the surface of magnesium alloys to improve their corrosion resistance. This article evaluates the influence of a calcium-phosphate layer on the electrochemical characteristics of AZ31 magnesium alloy in 0.9 % NaCl solution. The calcium phosphate (CaP) layer was electrochemically deposited in a solution containing 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2, 0.06 M NH4H2PO4 and 10 ml l(-1) of H2O2. The formed surface layer was composed mainly of brushite [(dicalcium phosphate dihidrate (DCPD)] as proved by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Immersion test was performed in order to observe degradation of the calcium phosphatized surfaces. The influence of the phosphate layer on the electrochemical characteristics of AZ31, in 0.9 % NaCl solution, was evaluated by potentiodynamic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The obtained results were analysed by the Tafel-extrapolation method and equivalent circuits method. The results showed that the polarization resistance of the DCPD-coated surface is about 25 times higher than that of non-coated surface. The CaP electro-deposition process increased the activation energy of corrosion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Hadzima
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 1, 010 26, Zilina, Slovak Republic
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