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Kulkarni M, Mazare A, Gongadze E, Perutkova Š, Kralj-Iglič V, Milošev I, Schmuki P, Mozetič M. Titanium nanostructures for biomedical applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:062002. [PMID: 25611515 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/6/062002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and titanium alloys exhibit a unique combination of strength and biocompatibility, which enables their use in medical applications and accounts for their extensive use as implant materials in the last 50 years. Currently, a large amount of research is being carried out in order to determine the optimal surface topography for use in bioapplications, and thus the emphasis is on nanotechnology for biomedical applications. It was recently shown that titanium implants with rough surface topography and free energy increase osteoblast adhesion, maturation and subsequent bone formation. Furthermore, the adhesion of different cell lines to the surface of titanium implants is influenced by the surface characteristics of titanium; namely topography, charge distribution and chemistry. The present review article focuses on the specific nanotopography of titanium, i.e. titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, using a simple electrochemical anodisation method of the metallic substrate and other processes such as the hydrothermal or sol-gel template. One key advantage of using TiO2 nanotubes in cell interactions is based on the fact that TiO2 nanotube morphology is correlated with cell adhesion, spreading, growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, which were shown to be maximally induced on smaller diameter nanotubes (15 nm), but hindered on larger diameter (100 nm) tubes, leading to cell death and apoptosis. Research has supported the significance of nanotopography (TiO2 nanotube diameter) in cell adhesion and cell growth, and suggests that the mechanics of focal adhesion formation are similar among different cell types. As such, the present review will focus on perhaps the most spectacular and surprising one-dimensional structures and their unique biomedical applications for increased osseointegration, protein interaction and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chair of Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, WW4-LKO, Erlangen, Germany
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Anitha VC, Lee JH, Lee J, Banerjee AN, Joo SW, Min BK. Biofilm formation on a TiO₂ nanotube with controlled pore diameter and surface wettability. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:065102. [PMID: 25604920 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/6/065102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Titania (TiO2) nanotube arrays (TNAs) with different pore diameters (140 - 20 nm) are fabricated via anodization using hydrofluoric acid (HF) containing ethylene glycol (EG) by changing the HF-to-EG volume ratio and the anodization voltage. To evaluate the effects of different pore diameters of TiO2 nanotubes on bacterial biofilm formation, Shewanella oneidensis (S. oneidensis) MR-1 cells and a crystal-violet biofilm assay are used. The surface roughness and wettability of the TNA surfaces as a function of pore diameter, measured via the contact angle and AFM techniques, are correlated with the controlled biofilm formation. Biofilm formation increases with the decreasing nanotube pore diameter, and a 20 nm TiO2 nanotube shows the maximum biofilm formation. The measurements revealed that 20 nm surfaces have the least hydrophilicity with the highest surface roughness of ∼17 nm and that they show almost a 90% increase in the effective surface area relative to the 140 nm TNAs, which stimulate the cells more effectively to produce the pili to attach to the surface for more biofilm formation. The results demonstrate that bacterial cell adhesion (and hence, biofilm formation) can effectively be controlled by tuning the roughness and wettability of TNAs via controlling the pore diameters of TNA surfaces. This biofilm formation as a function of the surface properties of TNAs can be a potential candidate for both medical applications and as electrodes in microbial fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Anitha
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
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53
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Amrani S, Atwal A, Variola F. Modulating the elution of antibiotics from nanospongy titanium surfaces with a pH-sensitive coating. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fraction of vancomycin eluted at 3 different pHs from bare nanospongy titanium (left) and from nanospongy titanium coated with uncross-linked (center, CH:PEG) and cross-linked (right, CH:PEG + GEN) chitosan–poly(ethylene glycol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selya Amrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Aman Atwal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ottawa
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
- Department of Physics
- University of Ottawa
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Salou L, Hoornaert A, Louarn G, Layrolle P. Enhanced osseointegration of titanium implants with nanostructured surfaces: an experimental study in rabbits. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:494-502. [PMID: 25449926 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are commonly used for dental implants because of their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The surface properties of titanium implants are key factors for rapid and stable bone tissue integration. Micro-rough surfaces are commonly prepared by grit-blasting and acid-etching. However, proteins and cells interact with implant surfaces in the nanometer range. The aim of this study was to compare the osseointegration of machined (MA), standard alumina grit-blasted and acid-etched (MICRO) and nanostructured (NANO) implants in rabbit femurs. The MICRO surface exhibited typical random cavities with an average roughness of 1.5 μm, while the NANO surface consisted of a regular array of titanium oxide nanotubes 37±11 nm in diameter and 160 nm thick. The MA and NANO surfaces had a similar average roughness of 0.5 μm. The three groups of implants were inserted into the femoral condyles of New Zealand White rabbits. After 4 weeks, the pull-out test gave higher values for the NANO than for the other groups. Histology corroborated a direct apposition of bone tissue on to the NANO surface. Both the bone-to-implant contact and bone growth values were higher for the NANO than for the other implant surfaces. Overall, this study shows that the nanostructured surface improved the osseointegration of titanium implants and may be an alternative to conventional grit-blasted and acid-etched surface treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Salou
- Inserm UMR957, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; CNRS-Institute of Materials, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Biomedical Tissues, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Hoornaert
- CHU Nantes, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Pierre Layrolle
- CNRS-Institute of Materials, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Connaughton A, Childs A, Dylewski S, Sabesan VJ. Biofilm Disrupting Technology for Orthopedic Implants: What's on the Horizon? Front Med (Lausanne) 2014; 1:22. [PMID: 25705632 PMCID: PMC4335381 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of orthopedic implants in joints has revolutionized the treatment of patients with many debilitating chronic musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis. However, the introduction of foreign material into the human body predisposes the body to infection. The treatment of these infections has become very complicated since the orthopedic implants serve as a surface for multiple species of bacteria to grow at a time into a resistant biofilm layer. This biofilm layer serves as a protectant for the bacterial colonies on the implant making them more resistant and difficult to eradicate when using standard antibiotic treatment. In some cases, the use of antibiotics alone has even made the bacteria more resistant to treatment. Thus, there has been surge in the creation of non-antibiotic anti-biofilm agents to help disrupt the biofilms on the orthopedic implants to help eliminate the infections. In this study, we discuss infections of orthopedic implants in the shoulder then we review the main categories of anti-biofilm agents that have been used for the treatment of infections on orthopedic implants. Then, we introduce some of the newer biofilm disrupting technology that has been studied in the past few years that may advance the treatment options for orthopedic implants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abby Childs
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine , Kalamazoo, MI , USA
| | - Stefan Dylewski
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Vani J Sabesan
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine , Kalamazoo, MI , USA
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56
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Variola F, Zalzal SF, Leduc A, Barbeau J, Nanci A. Oxidative nanopatterning of titanium generates mesoporous surfaces with antimicrobial properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2319-25. [PMID: 24872694 PMCID: PMC4026557 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s61333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous surfaces generated by oxidative nanopatterning have the capacity to selectively regulate cell behavior, but their impact on microorganisms has not yet been explored. The main objective of this study was to test the effects of such surfaces on the adherence of two common bacteria and one yeast strain that are responsible for nosocomial infections in clinical settings and biomedical applications. In addition, because surface characteristics are known to affect bacterial adhesion, we further characterized the physicochemical properties of the mesoporous surfaces. Focused ion beam (FIB) was used to generate ultrathin sections for elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED), and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging. The adherence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans onto titanium disks with mesoporous and polished surfaces was compared. Disks with the two surfaces side-by-side were also used for direct visual comparison. Qualitative and quantitative results from this study indicate that bacterial adhesion is significantly hindered by the mesoporous surface. In addition, we provide evidence that it alters structural parameters of C. albicans that determine its invasiveness potential, suggesting that microorganisms can sense and respond to the mesoporous surface. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency of a simple chemical oxidative treatment in generating nanotextured surfaces with antimicrobial capacity with potential applications in the implant manufacturing industry and hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Variola
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Annie Leduc
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Barbeau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio Nanci
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mathew D, Bhardwaj G, Wang Q, Sun L, Ercan B, Geetha M, Webster TJ. Decreased Staphylococcus aureus and increased osteoblast density on nanostructured electrophoretic-deposited hydroxyapatite on titanium without the use of pharmaceuticals. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1775-81. [PMID: 24748789 PMCID: PMC3986289 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s55733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma-spray deposition of hydroxyapatite on titanium (Ti) has proven to be a suboptimal solution to improve orthopedic-implant success rates, as demonstrated by the increasing number of orthopedic revision surgeries due to infection, implant loosening, and a myriad of other reasons. This could be in part due to the high heat involved during plasma-spray deposition, which significantly increases hydroxyapatite crystal growth into the nonbiologically inspired micron regime. There has been a push to create nanotopographies on implant surfaces to mimic the physiological nanostructure of native bone and, thus, improve osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functions and inhibit bacteria functions. Among the several techniques that have been adopted to develop nanocoatings, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is an attractive, versatile, and effective material-processing technique. OBJECTIVE The in vitro study reported here aimed to determine for the first time bacteria responses to hydroxyapatite coated on Ti via EPD. RESULTS There were six and three times more osteoblasts on the electrophoretic-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti compared with Ti (control) and plasma-spray-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti after 5 days of culture, respectively. Impressively, there were 2.9 and 31.7 times less Staphylococcus aureus on electrophoretic-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti compared with Ti (control) and plasma-spray-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti after 18 hours of culture, respectively. CONCLUSION Compared with uncoated Ti and plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coated on Ti, the results provided significant promise for the use of EPD to improve bone-cell density and be used as an antibacterial coating without resorting to the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Garima Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India ; Centre for Biomaterials Science and Technology, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Batur Ercan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manisavagam Geetha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, University of King Abdulaziz, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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58
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Peterson AM, Pilz-Allen C, Kolesnikova T, Möhwald H, Shchukin D. Growth factor release from polyelectrolyte-coated titanium for implant applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1866-1871. [PMID: 24325402 DOI: 10.1021/am404849y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings based on poly(methacrylic acid) and poly-l-histidine were formed on anodized titanium surfaces with adsorbed bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGFb). These coatings are proposed for use on titanium implanted devices. Coatings were capable of sustained release of growth factor over 25 days, with BMP-2 and FGFb exhibiting approximately identical release profiles. Cell culture on growth factor-eluting surfaces was more effective for preosteoblasts on BMP-2-eluting surfaces than for fibroblasts on FGFb-eluting surfaces. Cell counts at all time points on BMP-2-eluting surfaces were significantly higher than for those on anodized titanium or polyelectrolyte surfaces that did not contain BMP-2. Alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly higher after 21 days on BMP-2-eluting surfaces, indicating increased bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Peterson
- Interfaces Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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59
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Taylor EN, Kummer KM, Dyondi D, Webster TJ, Banerjee R. Multi-scale strategy to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa on surfaces using solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with free fatty acids. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:825-832. [PMID: 24264141 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04270g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infections are both frequent and costly in hospitals around the world, leading to longer hospital stays, overuse of antibiotics, and excessive costs to the healthcare system. Moreover, antibiotic resistant organisms, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasing in frequency, leading to 1.7 million infections per year in USA hospitals, and 99,000 deaths, both due to the evolution of antibiotic resistance and the formation of biofilms on medical devices. In particular, respiratory infections are costly, deadly to 4.5 million persons per year worldwide, and can spread to the lungs through the placement of endotracheal tubing. In this study, towards a reduction in infections, solid lipid nanoparticles were formulated from free fatty acids, or natural lipophilic constituents found in tissues of the body. A strategy was developed to target infections by producing coatings made of non-toxic chemistries lauric acid and oleic acid delivered by core-shell solid lipid nanoparticles that act against bacteria by multiple mechanisms at the nanoscale, including disruption of bacteria leading to DNA release, and reducing the adhesion of dead bacteria to ~1%. This is the first such study to explore an anti-infection surface relying on these multi-tier strategies at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik N Taylor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA-02115, USA.
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60
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Uhm SH, Song DH, Kwon JS, Lee SB, Han JG, Kim KN. Tailoring of antibacterial Ag nanostructures on TiO2 nanotube layers by magnetron sputtering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 102:592-603. [PMID: 24123999 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the incidence of postsurgical bacterial infection that may cause implantation failure at the implant-bone interface, surface treatment of titanium implants with antibiotic materials such as silver (Ag) has been proposed. The purpose of this work was to create TiO2 nanotubes using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), followed by formation of an antibacterial Ag nanostructure coating on the TiO2 nanotube layer using a magnetron sputtering system. PEO was performed on commercially pure Ti sheets. The Ag nanostructure was added onto the resulting TiO2 nanotube using magnetron sputtering at varying deposition rates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the surface, and Ag content on the TiO2 nanotube layer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning probe microscopy for surface roughness and contact angle measurement were used to indirectly confirm enhanced TiO2 nanotube hydrophilicity. Antibacterial activity of Ag ions in solution was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and antibacterial testing against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In vitro, TiO2 nanotubes coated with sputtered Ag resulted in significantly reduced S. aureus. Cell viability assays showed no toxicity for the lowest sputtering time group in the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. These results suggest that a multinanostructured layer with a biocompatible TiO2 nanotube and antimicrobial Ag coating is a promising biomaterial that can be tailored with magnetron sputtering for optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyuk Uhm
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
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61
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Desrousseaux C, Sautou V, Descamps S, Traoré O. Modification of the surfaces of medical devices to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. J Hosp Infect 2013; 85:87-93. [PMID: 24007718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of devices with surfaces that have an effect against microbial adhesion or viability is a promising approach to the prevention of device-related infections. AIM To review the strategies used to design devices with surfaces able to limit microbial adhesion and/or growth. METHODS A PubMed search of the published literature. FINDINGS One strategy is to design medical devices with a biocidal agent. Biocides can be incorporated into the materials or coated or covalently bonded, resulting either in release of the biocide or in contact killing without release of the biocide. The use of biocides in medical devices is debated because of the risk of bacterial resistance and potential toxicity. Another strategy is to modify the chemical or physical surface properties of the materials to prevent microbial adhesion, a complex phenomenon that also depends directly on microbial biological structure and the environment. Anti-adhesive chemical surface modifications mostly target the hydrophobicity features of the materials. Topographical modifications are focused on roughness and nanostructures, whose size and spatial organization are controlled. The most effective physical parameters to reduce bacterial adhesion remain to be determined and could depend on shape and other bacterial characteristics. CONCLUSIONS A prevention strategy based on reducing microbial attachment rather than on releasing a biocide is promising. Evidence of the clinical efficacy of these surface-modified devices is lacking. Additional studies are needed to determine which physical features have the greatest potential for reducing adhesion and to assess the usefulness of antimicrobial coatings other than antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desrousseaux
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, C-BIOSENSS, Clermont-Ferrand, France; LMGE «Laboratoire Micro-organismes: Génome et Environnement», Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal et Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Braem A, Van Mellaert L, Mattheys T, Hofmans D, De Waelheyns E, Geris L, Anné J, Schrooten J, Vleugels J. Staphylococcal biofilm growth on smooth and porous titanium coatings for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:215-24. [PMID: 23661274 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Implant-related infections are a serious complication in prosthetic surgery, substantially jeopardizing implant fixation. As porous coatings for improved osseointegration typically present an increased surface roughness, their resulting large surface area (sometimes increasing with over 700% compared to an ideal plane) renders the implant extremely susceptible to bacterial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation. Therefore, there is particular interest in orthopaedic implantology to engineer surfaces that combine both the ability to improve osseointegration and at the same time reduce the infection risk. As part of this orthopaedic coating development, the interest of in vitro studies on the interaction between implant surfaces and bacteria/biofilms is growing. In this study, the in vitro staphylococcal adhesion and biofilm formation on newly developed porous pure Ti coatings with 50% porosity and pore sizes up to 50 μm is compared to various dense and porous Ti or Ti-6Al-4V reference surfaces. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that surface roughness and hydrophobicity are the main determinants for bacterial adherence. Accordingly, the novel coatings display a significant reduction of up to five times less bacterial surface colonization when compared to a commercial state-of-the-art vacuum plasma sprayed coating. However, the results also show that a further expansion of the porosity with over 15% and/or the pore size up to 150 μm is correlated to a significant increase in the roughness parameters resulting in an ascent of bacterial attachment. Chemically modifying the Ti surface in order to improve its hydrophilicity, while preserving the average roughness, is found to strongly decrease bacteria quantities, indicating the importance of surface functionalization to reduce the infection risk of porous coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Braem
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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63
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Crear J, Kummer KM, Webster TJ. Decreased cervical cancer cell adhesion on nanotubular titanium for the treatment of cervical cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:995-1001. [PMID: 23493522 PMCID: PMC3593771 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s38500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer can be treated by surgical resection, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. Titanium biomaterials have been suggested as a tool to help in the local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation to cervical cancer sites. However, current titanium medical devices used for treating cervical cancer do not by themselves possess any anticancer properties; such devices act as carriers for pharmaceutical agents or radiation sources and may even allow for the growth of cancer cells. Based on studies, which have demonstrated decreased lung, breast, and bone cancer cell functions on nanostructured compared to nanosmooth polymers, the objective of the present in vitro study was to modify titanium to possess nanotubular surface features and determine cervical cancer cell adhesion after 4 hours. Here, titanium was anodized to possess nanotubular surface features. Results demonstrated the ability to decrease cervical cancer cell adhesion by about a half on nanotubular compared to currently used nanosmooth titanium (without the use of chemotherapeutics or radiation), opening up numerous possibilities for the use of nanotubular titanium in local drug delivery or radiation treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Crear
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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64
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Kummer KM, Taylor EN, Durmas NG, Tarquinio KM, Ercan B, Webster TJ. Effects of different sterilization techniques and varying anodized TiO₂ nanotube dimensions on bacteria growth. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:677-88. [PMID: 23359494 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of titanium (Ti)-based orthopedic implants is a growing problem due to the ability of bacteria to develop a resistance to today's antibiotics. As an attempt to develop a new strategy to combat bacteria functions, Ti was anodized in the present study to possess different diameters of nanotubes. It is reported here for the first time that Ti anodized to possess 20 nm tubes then followed by heat treatment to remove fluorine deposited from the HF anodization electrolyte solution significantly reduced both S. aureus and S. epidermidis growth compared to unanodized Ti controls. It was further found that the sterilization method used for both anodized nanotubular Ti and conventional Ti played an important role in the degree of bacteria growth on these substrates. Overall, UV light and ethanol sterilized samples decreased bacteria growth, while autoclaving resulted in the highest amount of bacteria growth. In summary, this study indicated that through a simple and inexpensive process, Ti can be anodized to possess 20 nm tubes that no matter how sterilized (UV light, ethanol soaking, or autoclaving) reduces bacteria growth and, thus, shows great promise as an antibacterial implant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Kummer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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65
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Ribeiro M, Monteiro FJ, Ferraz MP. Infection of orthopedic implants with emphasis on bacterial adhesion process and techniques used in studying bacterial-material interactions. BIOMATTER 2012; 2:176-94. [PMID: 23507884 PMCID: PMC3568104 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus comprises up to two-thirds of all pathogens in orthopedic implant infections and they are the principal causative agents of two major types of infection affecting bone: septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, which involve the inflammatory destruction of joint and bone. Bacterial adhesion is the first and most important step in implant infection. It is a complex process influenced by environmental factors, bacterial properties, material surface properties and by the presence of serum or tissue proteins. Properties of the substrate, such as chemical composition of the material, surface charge, hydrophobicity, surface roughness and the presence of specific proteins at the surface, are all thought to be important in the initial cell attachment process. The biofilm mode of growth of infecting bacteria on an implant surface protects the organisms from the host immune system and antibiotic therapy. The research for novel therapeutic strategies is incited by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This work will provide an overview of the mechanisms and factors involved in bacterial adhesion, the techniques that are currently being used studying bacterial-material interactions as well as provide insight into future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ribeiro
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Peterson AM, Möhwald H, Shchukin DG. pH-Controlled Release of Proteins from Polyelectrolyte-Modified Anodized Titanium Surfaces for Implant Applications. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3120-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300928s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Peterson
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam-Golm,
Germany
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam-Golm,
Germany
| | - Dmitry G. Shchukin
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam-Golm,
Germany
- Stephenson Institute
for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Endo Y, Kasuyama K, Nagayama M, Morita M. Effects of electrical stimulation on periodontal tissue remodeling in rats. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:177-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
| | - D. Ekuni
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
| | - T. Azuma
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
| | - K. Irie
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
| | - Y. Endo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
| | - K. Kasuyama
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
| | - M. Nagayama
- Appliances Company; Panasonic Corporation; Osaka; Japan
| | - M. Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama; Japan
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Durmus NG, Webster TJ. Nanostructured titanium: the ideal material for improving orthopedic implant efficacy? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:791-3. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naside Gozde Durmus
- Center for Biomedical Engineering & School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Center for Biomedical Engineering & School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA and Department of Orthopedics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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