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Alshamsan A, Haddadi A, Hamdy S, Samuel J, El-Kadi AOS, Uludağ H, Lavasanifar A. STAT3 Silencing in Dendritic Cells by siRNA Polyplexes Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles for the Modulation of Anticancer Immune Response. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1643-54. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100067u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aws Alshamsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Azita Haddadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Samar Hamdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - John Samuel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
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Healey GD, Zinnen S, Lockridge JA, Richards I, Evans N, Walker W. Identification of small interfering RNA targeting Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6: Characterisation and selection of candidates for pre-clinical development. JOURNAL OF RNAI AND GENE SILENCING : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RNA AND GENE TARGETING RESEARCH 2010; 6:401-10. [PMID: 20927184 PMCID: PMC2943664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-13 pathway and its associated transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), have been clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We have developed a system to effectively screen the STAT6 gene for targeting with small interfering (si) RNA molecules. By incorporating an in silico and in vitro screening system we were able to identify fourteen siRNA molecules suitable for pre-clinical drug development. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that modification of certain siRNAs, designed to improve in vivo longevity, was possible without significant loss of target knockdown efficacy and that the siRNA produced by our selection process did not induce demonstrable interferon responses. These data suggest that several STAT6-targeting siRNA suitable for pre-clinical development are available for potential use in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Healey
- Allerna Therapeutics Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK,Correspondence to: Gareth Healey, , Tel: +44 (0) 1792602903
| | - Shawn Zinnen
- Allerna Therapeutics Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jennifer A Lockridge
- Allerna Therapeutics Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK,Lockridge Pharmaceutical Consulting, LLC, 9689 Otis Drive, Westminster, CO 80021, USA
| | - Ivan Richards
- Allerna Therapeutics Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Neil Evans
- Allerna Therapeutics Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - William Walker
- Allerna Therapeutics Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK,School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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53
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Gutbier B, Kube SM, Reppe K, Santel A, Lange C, Kaufmann J, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M. RNAi-mediated suppression of constitutive pulmonary gene expression by small interfering RNA in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:334-44. [PMID: 20362688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence gene expression makes it a useful tool in biomedical research. However, effective and non-toxic functional siRNA delivery to mouse lungs in vivo is still a key challenge, and regulation of constitutively expressed genes is poorly characterized. Following in vitro validation of siRNA molecules, naked, stabilized siRNA (AtuRNAi) was applied intranasally (i.n.) by droplets or intratracheally (i.t.) by MicroSprayer in female C57BL/6 mice. Distribution of Cy3-tagged siRNAs was examined. Pulmonary expression of ubiquitously (lamin B1) or cell-specific (E-cadherin, VE-cadherin), constitutive genes was analysed by TaqMan-realtime-PCR. Further, formulated lipoplex-siRNA, which has enhanced transfection efficiency, was applied i.t. or intravenously (i.v.). Single i.t. as compared to i.n. application of unformulated siRNA resulted in higher delivery efficiency and homogenous pulmonary distribution. After inhalation of target-specific siRNA, reduction of epithelial E-cadherin by 21%, but no significant reduction of endothelial VE-cadherin or ubiquitously expressed lamin B1 was observed. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed rapid transfer of intact siRNA molecules into the vascular system and accumulation in the kidneys, calling lung specificity into question. I.t. application of lipoplex-siRNA evoked inflammation. In contrast, i.v. application of lipoplex-siRNA specifically reduced expression of VE-cadherin mRNA by about 50% in lungs without evoking lung cellular influx. In conclusion, sufficient pulmonary distribution of aerosolized siRNA was attained in mice by MicroSprayer, however development of appropriate siRNA carriers is highly desirable to improve lung-specific functional inhalative siRNA delivery. Pulmonary knockdown of constitutive endothelial targets by 50% was achieved by i.v. application of lipoplex-siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitt Gutbier
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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54
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Wang J, Lu Z, Wientjes MG, Au JLS. Delivery of siRNA therapeutics: barriers and carriers. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:492-503. [PMID: 20544328 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a naturally occurring endogenous regulatory process where short double-stranded RNA causes sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing. Small interference RNA (siRNA) represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Clinical evaluations of siRNA therapeutics in locoregional treatment settings began in 2004. Systemic siRNA therapy is hampered by the barriers for siRNA to reach their intended targets in the cytoplasm and to exert their gene silencing activity. The three goals of this review were to provide an overview of (a) the barriers to siRNA delivery, from the perspectives of physicochemical properties of siRNA, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and intracellular trafficking; (b) the non-viral siRNA carriers including cell-penetrating peptides, polymers, dendrimers, siRNA bioconjugates, and lipid-based siRNA carriers; and (c) the current status of the clinical trials of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, The Ohio State University Science Tech Village, Columbus, 43212, USA.
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55
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Intratracheal siRNA for the in vivo silencing of caspase-3: A novel therapy for acute lung injury?*. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1223-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181cfb46a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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56
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Therapeutic accessibility of caspase-mediated cell death as a key pathomechanism in indirect acute lung injury*. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1179-86. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181d4563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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57
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Alshamsan A, Hamdy S, Samuel J, El-Kadi AO, Lavasanifar A, Uludağ H. The induction of tumor apoptosis in B16 melanoma following STAT3 siRNA delivery with a lipid-substituted polyethylenimine. Biomaterials 2010; 31:1420-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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58
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Tahara K, Yamamoto H, Hirashima N, Kawashima Y. Chitosan-modified poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres for improving siRNA delivery and gene-silencing effects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 74:421-6. [PMID: 20034563 PMCID: PMC7127408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) surface-modified poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres (NS) for a siRNA delivery system were evaluated in vitro. siRNA-loaded PLGA NS were prepared by an emulsion solvent diffusion (ESD) method, and the physicochemical properties of NS were investigated. The level of targeted protein expression and siRNA uptake were examined in A549 cells. CS-modified PLGA NS exhibited much higher encapsulation efficiency than unmodified PLGA NS (plain-PLGA NS). CS-modified PLGA NS showed a positive zeta potential, while plain-PLGA NS were negatively charged. siRNA uptake studies by observation with confocal leaser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicated that siRNA-loaded CS-modified PLGA NS were more effectively taken up by the cells than plain-PLGA NS. The efficiencies of different siRNA preparations were compared at the level of targeted protein expression. The gene-silencing efficiency of CS-modified PLGA NS was higher and more prolonged than those of plain-PLGA NS and naked siRNA. This result correlated with the CLSM studies, which may have been due to higher cellular uptake of CS-modified PLGA NS due to electrostatic interactions. It was concluded that CS-modified PLGA NS containing siRNA could provide an effective siRNA delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tahara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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59
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Jensen DMK, Cun D, Maltesen MJ, Frokjaer S, Nielsen HM, Foged C. Spray drying of siRNA-containing PLGA nanoparticles intended for inhalation. J Control Release 2009; 142:138-45. [PMID: 19840823 PMCID: PMC7126878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Local delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the lungs constitutes a promising new area in drug delivery. The present study evaluated parameters of importance for spray drying of siRNA-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) into nanocomposite microparticles intended for inhalation. The spray drying process was optimised using a statistical design of experiment and by evaluating powder characteristics upon systematic variation of the formulation parameters. Concentration, carbohydrate excipient (trehalose, lactose and mannitol) and the ratio of NP to excipient were varied to monitor the effects on moisture content, particle morphology, particle size and powder yield. The identified optimum conditions were applied for spray drying of siRNA-loaded nanocomposite microparticles, resulting in a product with a low water content (0.78% w/w) and an aerodynamic particle diameter considered suitable for inhalation. The use of mannitol in the formulation allowed a significantly lower moisture content than trehalose and lactose. The inclusion of 50% (w/w) or higher amounts of NPs resulted in a marked change in the surface morphology of the spray-dried particles. Importantly, the integrity and biological activity of the siRNA were preserved during the spray drying process. In conclusion, the present results show that spray drying is a suitable technique for producing nanocomposite microparticles comprising siRNA-containing PLGA NPs for potential use in inhalation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Marie Krohn Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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60
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) as a mechanism to selectively degrade mRNA (mRNA) expression has emerged as a potential novel approach for drug target validation and the study of functional genomics. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) therapeutics has developed rapidly and already there are clinical trials ongoing or planned. Although other challenges remain, delivery strategies for siRNA become the main hurdle that must be resolved prior to the full-scale clinical development of siRNA therapeutics. This review provides an overview of the current delivery strategies for synthetic siRNA, focusing on the targeted, self-assembled nanoparticles which show potential to become a useful and efficient tool in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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61
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Li J, Liang Z. The consideration of synthetic short interfering RNA for therapeutic use. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:22-9. [PMID: 19663819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small RNA molecules can act as regulators of post-transcriptional gene silencing and can target any given protein via the RNA interference pathway. This leads to the high expectation of small interference RNA (siRNA) as a therapeutic platform. Many companies and organisations are active in this development, which consequently forces siRNA's pharmacokinetic studies because pharmacokinetics plays an important role in elucidating the pharmacodynamic and toxicological mechanism of test articles. In particular, pharmacokinetics is mandatory in investigational new drug application in many countries. Some pre-clinical and clinical pharmacokinetic results have already been published and the fate of siRNA compounds in biological matrices has been explored in depth. The elucidation of the siRNA's metabolism improves the rational design of siRNA for disease control. This review focuses on the study of synthetic siRNA pharmacokinetics, the challenges of siRNA as a therapeutic agent and the strategies involved for improving siRNA bioavailability from the view of siRNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, PKU, Beijing, China.
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62
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Glud SZ, Bramsen JB, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Wengel J, Howard KA, Nyengaard JR, Kjems J. Naked siLNA-mediated gene silencing of lung bronchoepithelium EGFP expression after intravenous administration. Oligonucleotides 2009; 19:163-8. [PMID: 19441893 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of systemic siRNA therapeutics for RNA interference-mediated silencing of disease genes is limited by serum instability and inadequate biodistribution. We have previously reported on the EGFP gene silencing effect of chitosan/siRNA nanoparticles in the bronchoepithelium of mice lungs following intranasal delivery and improved serum stability and reduced off-targeting effects in vitro by incorporation of locked nucleic acid (LNA). In this study, we examine the pulmonary gene silencing effect of siLNAs targeting enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein (EGFP) in lung bronchoepithelium upon intravenous delivery of naked siLNAs and upon intranasal delivery of either naked siLNA or chitosan/siLNA nanoparticles. We show that naked siLNA administered intravenously efficiently reduces the EGFP protein expression. A similar effect is obtained with intranasal delivery of chitosan nanoparticles containing siLNA whereas intranasally instilled naked siLNA did not cause a knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sys Zoffmann Glud
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Arhus University, Arhus, Denmark
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63
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Roy I, Vij N. Nanodelivery in airway diseases: challenges and therapeutic applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:237-44. [PMID: 19616124 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review describes the challenges and therapeutic applications of nanodelivery systems for treatment of airway diseases. Therapeutic applications of nanodelivery in airway diseases involve targeted delivery of DNA, short interfering RNA, drugs, or peptides to hematopoietic progenitor cells and pulmonary epithelium to control chronic pathophysiology of obstructive and conformational disorders. The major challenges to nanodelivery involve physiologic barriers such as mucus and alveolar fluid. It is necessary for the nanoparticles to be biodegradable and capable of providing sustained drug delivery to the selected cell type. Once inside the cell, the nanoparticle should be capable of escaping the endocytic degradation machinery. In addition, for effective gene delivery, nuclear entry and chromosomal integration are critical. The strategies to overcome these pathophysiologic barriers are discussed as an attempt to synchronize the efforts of pulmonary biologists, chemists, and clinicians to develop novel nanodelivery therapeutics for airway diseases. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Therapeutic applications of nano-delivery in airway diseases involve targeted delivery of DNA, siRNA, drugs or peptides to hematopoietic progenitor cells and pulmonary epithelium. These nano-particles must be biodegradable, capable of providing sustained drug delivery to specific cells, and should escape the endocytic degradation machinery. For effective gene-delivery they should also provide nuclear entry and chromosomal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Roy
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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64
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Sanders N, Rudolph C, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Demeester J. Extracellular barriers in respiratory gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:115-27. [PMID: 19146894 PMCID: PMC7103358 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory gene therapy has been considered for the treatment of a broad range of pulmonary disorders. However, respiratory secretions form an important barrier towards the pulmonary delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. In this review we will start with a brief description of the biophysical properties of respiratory mucus and alveolar fluid. This must allow the reader to gain insights into the mechanisms by which respiratory secretions may impede the gene transfer efficiency of nucleic acid containing nanoparticles (NANs). Subsequently, we will summarize the efforts that have been done to understand the barrier properties of respiratory mucus and alveolar fluid towards the respiratory delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. Finally, new and current strategies that can overcome the inhibitory effects of respiratory secretions are discussed.
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65
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Di Gioia S, Conese M. Polyethylenimine-mediated gene delivery to the lung and therapeutic applications. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 2:163-88. [PMID: 19920904 PMCID: PMC2761186 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery is now considered a promising alternative to viral vectors. Among nonviral gene delivery agents, polyethylenimine (PEI) has emerged as a potent candidate for gene delivery to the lung. PEI has some advantages over other polycations in that it combines strong DNA compaction capacity with an intrinsic endosomolytic activity. However, intracellular (mainly the nuclear membrane) and extracellular obstacles still hamper its efficiency in vitro and in vivo, depending on the route of administration and the type of PEI. Nuclear delivery has been increased by adding nuclear localization signals. To overcome nonspecific interactions with biological fluids, extracellular matrix components and nontarget cells, strategies have been developed to protect polyplexes from these interactions and to increase target specificity and gene expression. When gene delivery into airway epithelial cells of the conducting airways is necessary, aerosolization of complexes seems to be better suited to guarantee higher transgene expression in the airway epithelial cells with lower toxicity than observed with either intratracheal or intravenous administration. Aerosolization, indeed, is useful to target the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary endothelium. Proof-of-principle that PEI-mediated gene delivery has therapeutic application to some genetic and acquired lung disease is presented, using as genetic material either plasmidic DNA or small-interfering RNA, although optimization of formulation and delivery protocols and limitation of toxicity need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, Italy
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66
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Saito Y, Higuchi Y, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Immunostimulatory Characteristics Induced by Linear Polyethyleneimine–Plasmid DNA Complexes in Cultured Macrophages. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:137-45. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Saito
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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67
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Kuruba R, Wilson A, Gao X, Li S. Targeted delivery of nucleic-acid-based therapeutics to the pulmonary circulation. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:23-30. [PMID: 19132538 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of functional nucleic acids (genes and oligonucleotides) to pulmonary endothelium may become a novel therapy for the treatment of various types of lung diseases. It may also provide a new research tool to study the functions and regulation of novel genes in pulmonary endothelium. Its success is largely dependent on the development of a vehicle that is capable of efficient pulmonary delivery with minimal toxicity. This review summarizes the recent progress that has been made in our laboratory along these research directions. Factors that affect pulmonary nucleic acids delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalinga Kuruba
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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68
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Alshamsan A, Haddadi A, Incani V, Samuel J, Lavasanifar A, Uludağ H. Formulation and Delivery of siRNA by Oleic Acid and Stearic Acid Modified Polyethylenimine. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:121-33. [DOI: 10.1021/mp8000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aws Alshamsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Azita Haddadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Vanessa Incani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - John Samuel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
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69
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Pushparaj P, Aarthi J, Manikandan J, Kumar S. siRNA, miRNA, and shRNA: in vivo Applications. J Dent Res 2008; 87:992-1003. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), an accurate and potent gene-silencing method, was first experimentally documented in 1998 in Caenorhabditis elegans by Fire et al., who subsequently were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine. Subsequent RNAi studies have demonstrated the clinical potential of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in dental diseases, eye diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and other illnesses. siRNAs are generally from 21 to 25 base-pairs (bp) in length and have sequence-homology-driven gene-knockdown capability. RNAi offers researchers an effortless tool for investigating biological systems by selectively silencing genes. Key technical aspects—such as optimization of selectivity, stability, in vivo delivery, efficacy, and safety—need to be investigated before RNAi can become a successful therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, this area shows a huge potential for the pharmaceutical industry around the globe. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that the small RNA molecules, either indigenously produced as microRNAs (miRNAs) or exogenously administered synthetic dsRNAs, could effectively activate a particular gene in a sequence-specific manner instead of silencing it. This novel, but still uncharacterized, phenomenon has been termed ‘RNA activation’ (RNAa). In this review, we analyze these research findings and discussed the in vivo applications of siRNAs, miRNAs, and shRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.N. Pushparaj
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 #01-05, Singapore 117597
| | - J.J. Aarthi
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 #01-05, Singapore 117597
| | - J. Manikandan
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 #01-05, Singapore 117597
| | - S.D. Kumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9 #01-05, Singapore 117597
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70
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Walker W, Healey GD, Hopkin JM. RNA interference of STAT6 rapidly attenuates ongoing interleukin-13-mediated events in lung epithelial cells. Immunology 2008; 127:256-66. [PMID: 19175798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) expression in lung epithelial cells plays a central role in asthma pathogenesis, with its activation driving the development of airway hyper-reactivity and local inflammation. Therefore, inhibition of local STAT6 expression provides a rationale for therapeutic intervention in bronchial asthma. Given the absence of specific inhibitory drugs, we tested the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to target STAT6 gene expression through the molecular process of RNA interference (RNAi). At pico-molar concentrations, STAT6-specific siRNAs potently inhibited STAT6 mRNA expression in lung epithelial cells (50% inhibitory concentration range = 134-861 pm) without inducing cellular interferon responses. Detectable STAT6 protein expression was rapidly abolished within 48 hr of treatment (t(1/2) range = or < 12-37 hr) and this was unaffected by pretreatment with STAT6-activating cytokines. Furthermore, STAT6 suppression by RNAi produced downstream functional inhibitory effects in that interleukin (IL)-13- or IL-4-driven eotaxin chemokine family [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11), CCL24 and CCL26] mRNA expression was markedly inhibited. Induction of detectable CCL26 protein synthesis was completely ablated by pretreating cells with STAT6-specific siRNA. The therapeutic potential of this approach is further demonstrated by novel findings that cells pre-exposed to IL-13 or IL-4 and subsequently treated with STAT6-targeting siRNA exhibited a rapid and significant attenuation of ongoing CCL26 protein expression, suggesting that chronic asthma-associated lung inflammation will be responsive to this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Walker
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, UK.
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Perl M, Lomas-Neira J, Chung CS, Ayala A. Epithelial cell apoptosis and neutrophil recruitment in acute lung injury-a unifying hypothesis? What we have learned from small interfering RNAs. Mol Med 2008; 14:465-75. [PMID: 18368145 PMCID: PMC2274893 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00011.perl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of protective ventilatory strategies, Acute Lung Injury (ALI) remains associated with high morbidity and mortality. One reason for the lack of therapeutic options might be that ALI is a co-morbid event associated with a diverse family of diseases and, thus, may be the result of distinct pathological processes. Among them, activated neutrophil- (PMN-) induced tissue injury and epithelial cell apoptosis mediated lung damage represent two potentially important candidate pathomechanisms that have been put forward. Several approaches have been undertaken to test these hypotheses, with substantial success in the treatment of experimental forms of ALI. With this in mind, we will summarize these two current hypotheses of ALI briefly, emphasizing the role of apoptosis in regulating PMN and/or lung epithelial cell responses. In addition, the contribution that Fas-mediated inflammation may play as a potential biological link between lung cell apoptosis and PMN recruitment will be considered, as well as the in vivo application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a novel approach to the inhibition of ALI and its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perl
- Department of Traumatology, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm Medical School, Ulm, Germany
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73
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Durcan N, Murphy C, Cryan SA. Inhalable siRNA: potential as a therapeutic agent in the lungs. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:559-66. [PMID: 18491918 DOI: 10.1021/mp070048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is gaining increasing popularity both as a molecular biology tool and as a potential therapeutic agent. RNAi is a naturally occurring gene regulatory mechanism, which has a number of advantages over other gene/antisense therapies including specificity of inhibition, potency, the small size of the molecules and the diminished risk of toxic effects, e.g., immune responses. Targeted, local delivery of RNAi to the lungs via inhalation offers a unique opportunity to treat a range of previously untreatable or poorly controlled respiratory conditions. In this timely review we look at the potential applications of RNAi in the lungs for the treatment of a range of diseases including inflammatory and immune conditions, cystic fibrosis, infectious disease and cancer. In 2006 Alnylam initiated the first phase 1 clinical study of an inhaled siRNA for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. If its potential as a therapeutic is to be realized, then safe and efficient means of targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the lungs must be developed. Therefore in this review we also present the latest developments in siRNA delivery to airway cells in vitro and the work to date on in vivo delivery of siRNA to the lungs for the treatment of a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Durcan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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74
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Huang C, Li M, Chen C, Yao Q. Small interfering RNA therapy in cancer: mechanism, potential targets, and clinical applications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:637-45. [PMID: 18410245 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.5.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become a powerful tool in knocking down or silencing gene expression in most cells. siRNA-based therapy has shown great promise for many diseases such as cancer. Major targets for siRNA therapy include oncogenes and genes that are involved in angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, antiapoptosis and resistance to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES This review briefly summarizes current advances in siRNA therapy and clinical applications in cancers, especially in pancreatic cancer. METHODS This review article covers several aspects of siRNA therapy in cancer, which include the types of siRNA, the delivery systems for siRNA, and the major targets for siRNA therapy. Specific attention is given to siRNA in pancreatic cancer, which is our main research focus. RESULTS/CONCLUSION siRNA can be introduced into the cells by using either chemically synthesized siRNA oligonucleotides (oligos), or vector-based siRNA (shRNA), which allows long lasting and more stable gene silencing. Nanoparticles and liposomes are commonly used carriers, delivering the siRNA with better transfection efficiency and protecting it from degradation. In combination with standard chemotherapy, siRNA therapy can also reduce the chemoresistance of certain cancers, demonstrating the potential of siRNA therapy for treating many malignant diseases. This review will provide valuable information for clinicians and researchers who want to recognize the newest endeavors within this field and identify possible lines of investigation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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75
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Abstract
Sequence-specific gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a Nobel prize-winning technology that is now being evaluated in clinical trials as a potentially novel therapeutic strategy. This article provides an overview of the major pharmaceutical challenges facing siRNA therapeutics, focusing on the delivery strategies for synthetic siRNA duplexes in vivo, as this remains one of the most important issues to be resolved. This article also highlights the importance of understanding the genocompatibility/toxicogenomics of siRNA delivery reagents in terms of their impact on gene-silencing activity and specificity. Collectively, this information is essential for the selection of optimally acting siRNA delivery system combinations for the many proposed applications of RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- SA Pharma, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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76
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Dreyfus DH, Tompkins SM, Fuleihan R, Ghoda LY. Gene silencing in the therapy of influenza and other respiratory diseases: Targeting to RNase P by use of External Guide Sequences (EGS). Biologics 2007; 1:425-32. [PMID: 19707312 PMCID: PMC2721295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases provide an attractive target for gene silencing using small nucleic acids since the respiratory epithelium can be reached by inhalation therapy. Natural surfactant appears to facilitate the uptake and distribution of these types of molecules making aerosolized nucleic acids a possible new class of therapeutics. This article will review the rationale for the use of External Guide Sequence (EGS) in targeting specific mRNA molecules for RNase P-mediated intracellular destruction. Specific destruction of target mRNA results in gene-specific silencing similar to that instigated by siRNA via the RISC complex. The application of EGS molecules specific for influenza genes are discussed as well as the potential for synergy with siRNA. Furthermore, EGS could be adapted to target other respiratory diseases of viral etiology as well as conditions such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Dreyfus
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA;, Keren Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ramsay Fuleihan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Keren Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT, USA;, The Webb-Waring Institute and the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO,Correspondence: Lucy Y Ghoda, The Webb-Waring Institute, UCDHSC, 4200 East Ninth Ave, Campus Box C321, Denver, CO 80262, USA, Tel +1 303 315 7961, Email
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