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Sun IO, Kwon SH. Extracellular vesicles: a novel window into kidney function and disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:613-619. [PMID: 32889979 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an increasing interest in extracellular vesicles as potential diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers for various kidney diseases, as extracellular vesicles mediate cell-cell or intercellular communication. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding extracellular vesicles as a tool for examining kidney physiology and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Urinary extracellular vesicles may be useful as biomarkers to detect abnormal function in renal endothelial and tubular cells as well as podocytes. Recent studies suggest that urinary extracellular vesicles may facilitate early diagnosis and/or monitoring in acute kidney injury, glomerular disease, autosomal dominanat polycyst kidney disease and urinary tract malignancies. Circulating extracellular vesicles may serve as biomarkers to assess cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Urinary and circulating extracellular vesicles have gained significant interest as potential biomarkers of renal diseases. Analysis of extracellular vesicles may serve as a logical diagnostic approach for nephrologists as well as provide information about disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- In O Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju
| | - Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Masaoutis C, Al Besher S, Koutroulis I, Theocharis S. Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8897833. [PMID: 32849923 PMCID: PMC7441435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biomarkers commonly utilized in diagnostic evaluations of kidney disease suffer from low sensitivity, especially in the early stages of renal damage. On the other hand, obtaining a renal biopsy to augment clinical decision making can lead to potentially serious complications. In order to overcome the shortcomings of currently available diagnostic tools, recent studies suggest that exosomes, cell-secreted extracellular vesicles containing a large array of active molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell communication, may represent a rich source of novel disease biomarkers. Because of their endocytic origin, exosomes carry markers typical for their parent cells, which could permit the localization of biochemical cellular alterations in specific kidney compartments. Different types of exosomes can be isolated from noninvasively obtained biofluids; however, in the context of kidney disease, evidence has emerged on the role of urinary exosomes in the diagnostic and predictive modeling of renal pathology. The current review summarizes the potential application of exosomes in the detection of acute and chronic inflammatory, metabolic, degenerative, and genetic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Samer Al Besher
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Children's National Hospital, Division of Emergency Medicine and Center for Genetic Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers of Kidney Disease: From Diagnostics to Therapeutics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050311. [PMID: 32429335 PMCID: PMC7277956 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be isolated from various body fluids, including urine. Urinary EVs have gained important recognition as potential diagnostic biomarkers in renal disease since their cargo includes nucleic acids, proteins, and other cellular components, which likely mirror the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of cells along the nephron. Accumulating evidence highlights the feasibility of using EVs as biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes in several forms of renal disease, such as acute kidney injury, glomerulonephritis, and renal transplantation. Additionally, exogenous delivery of EVs released in vitro by cells in culture may have salutary benefits for renal diseases. In this review, we introduce recent studies that attempt to identify urinary EVs as candidate biomarkers for human kidney diseases and consider their potential implication as a therapeutic option in key kidney diseases.
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Podocyte Lysosome Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051559. [PMID: 32106480 PMCID: PMC7084483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are visceral epithelial cells covering the outer surface of glomerular capillaries in the kidney. Blood is filtered through the slit diaphragm of podocytes to form urine. The functional and structural integrity of podocytes is essential for the normal function of the kidney. As a membrane-bound organelle, lysosomes are responsible for the degradation of molecules via hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to its degradative properties, recent studies have revealed that lysosomes may serve as a platform mediating cellular signaling in different types of cells. In the last decade, increasing evidence has revealed that the normal function of the lysosome is important for the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis. Podocytes have no ability to proliferate under most pathological conditions; therefore, lysosome-dependent autophagic flux is critical for podocyte survival. In addition, new insights into the pathogenic role of lysosome and associated signaling in podocyte injury and chronic kidney disease have recently emerged. Targeting lysosomal functions or signaling pathways are considered potential therapeutic strategies for some chronic glomerular diseases. This review briefly summarizes current evidence demonstrating the regulation of lysosomal function and signaling mechanisms as well as the canonical and noncanonical roles of podocyte lysosome dysfunction in the development of chronic glomerular diseases and associated therapeutic strategies.
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Thongboonkerd V. Roles for Exosome in Various Kidney Diseases and Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1655. [PMID: 32082158 PMCID: PMC7005210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome is a nanoscale vesicle with a size range of 30–100 nm. It is secreted from cell to extracellular space by exocytosis after fusion of multivesicular body (MVB) (formed by endocytic vesicles) with plasma membrane. Exosome plays several important roles in cellular homeostasis and intercellular communications. During the last two decades, exosome has acquired a wide attention to explore its additional roles in various aspects of cell biology and function in several organ systems. For the kidney, several lines of evidence have demonstrated 1that exosome is involved in the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of various kidney diseases/disorders. This article summarizes roles of the exosome as the potential source of biomarkers, pathogenic molecules, and therapeutic biologics that have been extensively investigated in many kidney diseases/disorders, including lupus nephritis (LN), other glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), as well as in the process of renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, in addition to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Moreover, the most recent evidence has shown its emerging role in kidney stone disease (or nephrolithiasis), involving inflammasome activation and inflammatory cascade frequently found in kidney stone pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gao L, Mei S, Zhang S, Qin Q, Li H, Liao Y, Fan H, Liu Z, Zhu H. Cardio-renal Exosomes in Myocardial Infarction Serum Regulate Proangiogenic Paracrine Signaling in Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1060-1073. [PMID: 31938051 PMCID: PMC6956822 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play important roles in tissue repair and regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MSCs activation remain largely unknown, thus hindering their clinical translation. Exosomes are small vesicles that act as intercellular messengers, and their potential for stem cell activation in pathological conditions has not been fully characterized yet. Here, we aim to investigate whether serum exosomes are involved in the remote activation of MSCs after myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: We established MI mouse model by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. Afterwards, serum exosomes were isolated from control (Con Exo) and MI mice (MI Exo) by differential centrifugation. Exosomes were characterized through transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The cell proliferation rate was evaluated by CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assays. Exosomal miRNA and protein levels were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. VEGF levels in the supernatant and serum were quantified by ELISA. Matrigel plug and tube formation assays were used to evaluate angiogenesis. To explore miR-1956 roles, overexpression and knock-down experiments were performed using mimic and inhibitor, respectively. Finally, miR-1956 target genes were confirmed using the luciferase reporter assay. Results: Both types of exosomes exhibited typical characteristics and could be internalized by adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs). MI Exo enhanced ADMSCs proliferation through the activation of ERK1/2. Gain- and loss-of-function studies allowed the validation of miR-1956 (enriched in MI Exo) as the functional messenger that stimulates ADMSCs-mediated angiogenesis and paracrine VEGF signaling, by downregulating Notch-1. Finally, we found that the ischemic myocardium and kidney may be the main sources that release serum exosomes after MI. Conclusions: Cardio-renal exosomes deliver miR-1956 and activate paracrine proangiogenic VEGF signaling in ADMSCs after MI; this process also involves Notch-1, which functions as the core mediator.
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Liu X, Miao J, Wang C, Zhou S, Chen S, Ren Q, Hong X, Wang Y, Hou FF, Zhou L, Liu Y. Tubule-derived exosomes play a central role in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2019; 97:1181-1195. [PMID: 32139089 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are involved in mediating cell-cell communication by shuttling an assortment of proteins and genetic information. Here, we tested whether renal tubule-derived exosomes play a central role in mediating kidney fibrosis. The production of exosomes was found to be increased in the early stage of unilateral ureteral obstruction, ischemia reperfusion injury or 5/6 nephrectomy models of kidney disease. Exosome production occurred primarily in renal proximal tubular epithelium and was accompanied by induction of sonic hedgehog (Shh). In vitro, upon stimulation with transforming growth factor-β1, kidney proximal tubular cells (HKC-8) increased exosome production. Purified exosomes from these cells were able to induce renal interstitial fibroblast (NRK-49F) activation. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition of exosome secretion with dimethyl amiloride, depletion of exosome from the conditioned media or knockdown of Shh expression abolished the ability of transforming growth factor-β1-treated HKC-8 cells to induce NRK-49F activation. In vivo, injections of tubular cell-derived exosomes aggravated kidney injury and fibrosis, which was negated by an Shh signaling inhibitor. Blockade of exosome secretion in vivo ameliorated renal fibrosis after either ischemic or obstructive injury. Furthermore, knockdown of Rab27a, a protein that is essential for exosome formation, also preserved kidney function and attenuated renal fibrotic lesions in mice. Thus, our results suggest that tubule-derived exosomes play an essential role in renal fibrogenesis through shuttling Shh ligand. Hence, strategies targeting exosomes could be a new avenue in developing therapeutics against renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Ayala‐Mar S, Donoso‐Quezada J, Gallo‐Villanueva RC, Perez‐Gonzalez VH, González‐Valdez J. Recent advances and challenges in the recovery and purification of cellular exosomes. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3036-3049. [PMID: 31373715 PMCID: PMC6972601 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by most cellular types that carry important biochemical compounds throughout the body with different purposes, playing a preponderant role in cellular communication. Because of their structure, physicochemical properties and stability, recent studies are focusing in their use as nanocarriers for different therapeutic compounds for the treatment of different diseases ranging from cancer to Parkinson's disease. However, current bioseparation protocols and methodologies are selected based on the final exosome application or intended use and present both advantages and disadvantages when compared among them. In this context, this review aims to present the most important technologies available for exosome isolation while discussing their advantages and disadvantages and the possibilities of being combined with other strategies. This is critical since the development of novel exosome-based therapeutic strategies will be constrained to the effectiveness and yield of the selected downstream purification methodologies for which a thorough understanding of the available technological resources is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ayala‐Mar
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
| | - Javier Donoso‐Quezada
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
| | | | - Victor H. Perez‐Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
| | - José González‐Valdez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
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Bai L, Li J, Li H, Song J, Zhou Y, Lu R, Liu B, Pang Y, Zhang P, Chen J, Liu X, Wu J, Liang C, Zhou J. Renoprotective effects of artemisinin and hydroxychloroquine combination therapy on IgA nephropathy via suppressing NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by exosomes in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kwon SH. Extracellular vesicles in renal physiology and clinical applications for renal disease. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:470-479. [PMID: 31048657 PMCID: PMC6506725 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2019.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cells in the nephron release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs envelop nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The surfaces of EVs express donor cell-specific markers, ligands, and major histocompatibility complex molecules. They are involved in cell-to-cell communication, immune modulation, and the removal of unwanted materials from cells. EVs have been studied as biomarkers of specific diseases and have potential therapeutic applications. Recent research has emphasized the functions of EVs in the kidney. This review provides an overview of recent findings related to the roles of EVs in the nephron, and their utility as biomarkers and therapeutic factors in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Soon Hyo Kwon, M.D. Division of Nephrology, Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Korea Tel: +82-2-710-3274 Fax: +82-2-792-5812 E-mail:
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Bidin MZ, Shah AM, Stanslas J, Seong CLT. Blood and urine biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: An update. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:239-250. [PMID: 31009602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent disease. Most CKD patients are unaware of their condition during the early stages of the disease which poses a challenge for healthcare professionals to institute treatment or start prevention. The trouble with the diagnosis of CKD is that in most parts of the world, it is still diagnosed based on measurements of serum creatinine and corresponding calculations of eGFR. There are controversies with the current staging system, especially in the methodology to diagnose and prognosticate CKD. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to examine studies that focused on the different types of samples which may serve as a good and promising biomarker for early diagnosis of CKD or to detect rapidly declining renal function among CKD patient. METHOD The review of international literature was made on paper and electronic databases Nature, PubMed, Springer Link and Science Direct. The Scopus index was used to verify the scientific relevance of the papers. Publications were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULT 63 publications were found to be compatible with the study objectives. Several biomarkers of interest with different sample types were taken for comparison. CONCLUSION Biomarkers from urine samples yield more significant outcome as compare to biomarkers from blood samples. But, validation and confirmation with a different type of study designed on a larger population is needed. More comparison studies on different types of samples are needed to further illuminate which biomarker is the better tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zulkarnain Bidin
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Anim Md Shah
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Nephrology Department, Serdang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Lim Thiam Seong
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Nephrology Department, Serdang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Lv LL, Feng Y, Tang TT, Liu BC. New insight into the role of extracellular vesicles in kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:731-739. [PMID: 30585399 PMCID: PMC6349185 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released to maintain cellular homeostasis as well as to mediate cell communication by spreading protective or injury signals to neighbour or remote cells. In kidney, increasing evidence support that EVs are signalling vesicles for different segments of tubules, intra‐glomerular, glomerular‐tubule and tubule‐interstitial communication. EVs released by kidney resident and infiltrating cells can be isolated from urine and were found to be promising biomarkers for kidney disease, reflecting deterioration of renal function and histological change. We have here summarized the recent progress about the functional role of EVs in kidney disease as well as challenges and future directions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Li Lv
- Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao-Tao Tang
- Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Słomka A, Urban SK, Lukacs-Kornek V, Żekanowska E, Kornek M. Large Extracellular Vesicles: Have We Found the Holy Grail of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30619239 PMCID: PMC6300519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms microparticles (MPs) and microvesicles (MVs) refer to large extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated from a broad spectrum of cells upon its activation or death by apoptosis. The unique surface antigens of MPs/MVs allow for the identification of their cellular origin as well as its functional characterization. Two basic aspects of MP/MV functions in physiology and pathological conditions are widely considered. Firstly, it has become evident that large EVs have strong procoagulant properties. Secondly, experimental and clinical studies have shown that MPs/MVs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of inflammation-associated disorders. A cardinal feature of these disorders is an enhanced generation of platelets-, endothelial-, and leukocyte-derived EVs. Nevertheless, anti-inflammatory effects of miscellaneous EV types have also been described, which provided important new insights into the large EV-inflammation axis. Advances in understanding the biology of MPs/MVs have led to the preparation of this review article aimed at discussing the association between large EVs and inflammation, depending on their cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sabine Katharina Urban
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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