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Consequences of eye fluke infection on anti-predator behaviours in invasive round gobies in Kalmar Sound. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1653-1663. [PMID: 28386680 PMCID: PMC5429365 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the eye fluke, Diplostomum, emerge from snails and infect fish by penetrating skin or gills, then move to the lens where they may impair the vision of the fish. For the fluke to reproduce, a bird must eat the infected fish, and it has been suggested that they therefore actively manipulate the fish's behaviour to increase the risk of predation. We found that round gobies Neogobius melanostomus, a species that was recently introduced to the Kalmar Sound of the Baltic Sea, had an eye fluke prevalence of 90-100%. We investigated how the infection related to behavioural variation in round gobies. Our results showed that the more intense the parasite-induced cataract, the weaker the host's response was to simulated avian attack. The eye flukes did not impair other potentially important anti-predator behaviours, such as shelter use, boldness and the preference for shade. Our results are in accordance with the suggestion that parasites induce changes in host behaviour that will facilitate transfer to their final host.
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Gopko M, Mikheev VN, Taskinen J. Deterioration of basic components of the anti-predator behavior in fish harboring eye fluke larvae. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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53
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Abstract
Species co-occurrence in ecological communities is thought to be influenced by multiple ecological and evolutionary processes, especially colonization and competition. However, effects of other interspecific interactions and evolutionary relationships are less explored. We examined evolutionary histories of community members and roles of mutualistic and parasitic interactions (Müllerian and Batesian mimicry, respectively) in the assembly of mimetic butterfly communities called mimicry rings in tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India. We found that Müllerian mimics were phylogenetically clustered, sharing aposematic signals due to common ancestry. On the other hand, Batesian mimics joined mimicry rings through convergent evolution and random phylogenetic assembly. Since the Western Ghats are a habitat island, we compared species diversity and composition in its mimicry rings with those of habitat mainland to test effects of biogeographic connectivity. The Western Ghats consisted of fewer mimicry rings and an overall smaller number of aposematic species and mimics compared to habitat mainland. The depauperate mimicry rings in the Western Ghats could have resulted from stochastic processes, reflecting their long temporal and spatial isolation and trickling colonization by the mimetic butterfly communities. These results highlight how evolutionary history, biogeographic isolation, and stochastic colonization influence the evolutionary assembly and diversity of ecological communities.
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Griffin SL, Carpenter N, Smith-Herron A, Herrmann KK. Microhabitat Selection and Eyefluke Infection Levels in the Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). J Parasitol 2017; 103:1-5. [DOI: 10.1645/16-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane L. Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| | - Nichole Carpenter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| | - Autumn Smith-Herron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| | - Kristin K. Herrmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
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Klemme I, Karvonen A. Vertebrate defense against parasites: Interactions between avoidance, resistance, and tolerance. Ecol Evol 2016; 7:561-571. [PMID: 28116053 PMCID: PMC5243791 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts can utilize different types of defense against the effects of parasitism, including avoidance, resistance, and tolerance. Typically, there is tremendous heterogeneity among hosts in these defense mechanisms that may be rooted in the costs associated with defense and lead to trade‐offs with other life‐history traits. Trade‐offs may also exist between the defense mechanisms, but the relationships between avoidance, resistance, and tolerance have rarely been studied. Here, we assessed these three defense traits under common garden conditions in a natural host–parasite system, the trematode eye‐fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum and its second intermediate fish host. We looked at host individuals originating from four genetically distinct populations of two closely related salmonid species (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and sea trout, Salmo trutta trutta) to estimate the magnitude of variation in these defense traits and the relationships among them. We show species‐specific variation in resistance and tolerance and population‐specific variation in resistance. Further, we demonstrate evidence for a trade‐off between resistance and tolerance. Our results suggest that the variation in host defense can at least partly result from a compromise between different interacting defense traits, the relative importance of which is likely to be shaped by environmental components. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering different components of the host defense system when making predictions on the outcome of host–parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
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56
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Born-Torrijos A, Poulin R, Pérez-del-Olmo A, Culurgioni J, Raga JA, Holzer AS. An optimised multi-host trematode life cycle: fishery discards enhance trophic parasite transmission to scavenging birds. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:745-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ramos IP, Franceschini L, Zago AC, Zica ÉDOP, Wunderlich AC, Lima FPD, Silva RJD. Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Schizodon intermedius (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Jurumirim reservoir, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:240-3. [PMID: 27334827 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence of Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae in the freshwater fish Schizodon intermedius (ximborê/piava) from a Neotropical reservoir in the Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo, Brazil. From a total of 75 fish collected, we found 38 infected with A. compactum metacercariae (prevalence = 50.67%) in the eyes. The mean intensity of infection and mean abundance were 9.05 ± 4.26 (1-155) and 4.59 ± 2.20 (0-155), respectively. Poulin's Discrepancy Index was 0.87 and four specimens presented more than 10 metacercariae in their eyes. No correlation was observed between parasite abundance and standard length, total weight and condition factor (p>0.05). These metacercariae are reported for the first time in S. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Paiva Ramos
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira SP , Brasil, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Peixes, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Lidiane Franceschini
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Aline Cristina Zago
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Alison Carlos Wunderlich
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Felipe Pontieri de Lima
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP , Brasil, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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58
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Klemme I, Kortet R, Karvonen A. Parasite infection in a central sensory organ of fish does not affect host personality. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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59
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Possible mechanism of host manipulation resulting from a diel behaviour pattern of eye-dwelling parasites? Parasitology 2016; 143:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasitic infection often results in alterations to the host's phenotype, and may modify selection pressures for host populations. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying these changes is essential to understand the evolution of host–parasite interactions. A variety of mechanisms may result in changes in the host's behavioural phenotype, ranging from simple by-products of infection to chemicals directly released by the parasite to alter behaviour. Another possibility may involve parasites freely moving to certain sites within tissues, at specific times of the day to induce behavioural changes in the host. We tested the hypothesis that parasites shift to certain sites within the host by quantifying the location and activity of the trematode Tylodelphys sp., whose mobile metacercarial stages remain unencysted in the eyes of the second intermediate fish host, the common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus). This parasite's definitive host is a piscivorous bird feeding exclusively during daytime. Ocular obstruction and metacercarial activity were assessed within the sedated host's eye at three time points 24 h−1 period, using video captured via an ophthalmoscope. Although observed metacercarial activity did not change between time periods, ocular obstruction was significantly reduced at night. Increased visual obstruction specifically during the foraging time of the parasite's definitive host strongly suggests that the parasite's activity pattern is adaptive.
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60
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Rosser TG, Alberson NR, Khoo LH, Woodyard ET, Pote LM, Griffin MJ. Characterization of the Life Cycle of a Fish Eye Fluke, Austrodiplostomum ostrowskiae (Digenea: Diplostomidae), with Notes on Two Other Diplostomids Infecting Biomphalaria havanensis (Mollusca: Planorbidae) from Catfish Aquaculture Ponds in Mississippi, USA. J Parasitol 2016; 102:260-74. [PMID: 26741049 DOI: 10.1645/15-850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diplostomiasis is caused by trematode species in the family Diplostomidae, specifically those in the genera Austrodiplostomum, Diplostomum, and Tylodelphys. Diplostomid trematodes are globally distributed parasites of fish. Heavy infections of diplostomids that parasitize the eyes of fish can result in acute mortality while chronic infections are often characterized by impaired vision or blindness. In the southeastern United States, commercial catfish production is threatened by piscivorous birds and the many trematode species that parasitize them. The life cycles typically involve a piscivorous avian definitive host, a mollusk first intermediate host, and a fish second intermediate host. A survey of parasites infecting the snail host Biomphalaria havanensis (= B. obstructa ) in catfish production ponds was undertaken. Snails were collected from 2 separate ponds during the summer of 2014 and observed for the release of trematode cercariae. A total of 1,740 snails were collected. Three distinct longifurcate pharyngeate cercariae were observed and these cercariae were characterized morphologically and molecularly. Sequencing of ∼4,200 base pairs (bp) of the nuclear ribosomal genes and ∼450 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene revealed 3 genetically distinct species. One morphotype shared 99-100% sequence identity with metacercariae from the aqueous and vitreous humors of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus as well as an adult trematode, Austrodiplostomum ostrowskiae, a parasite of the double-crested cormorant Nannopterum auritus. The remaining 2 cercariae morphotypes shared 99-100% sequence identity with an unidentified Tylodelphys sp. and Austrodiplostomum sp. metacercaria from the brain and eyes of several freshwater fish. Herein we molecularly link the cercaria, metacercaria, and adult stage of the life cycle of A. ostrowskiae, identifying the snail host for this parasite, in addition to providing notes on 2 cercariae representing 2 other diplostomids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762
| | - Neely R Alberson
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762
| | - Lester H Khoo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762
| | - Linda M Pote
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762
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61
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Mehrdana F, Marana MH, Skov J, Bahlool QZM, Sindberg D, Mundeling M, Overgaard BC, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Eye fluke infection status in Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, after three decades and their use as ecological indicators. Acta Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26204178 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eye flukes of the genus Diplostomum were recorded with a prevalence of 7.4% and a mean intensity of 11.9 (range 1-75) parasites per fish in eye lenses of a total of 188 Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, sampled in the Southeastern Baltic Sea from March 2013 to February 2014. A slight decrease of infection level, among the fish with body length ranging from 30 to 89.5 cm, was found when data were compared to a corresponding survey in the 1980s. Due to imprecise species identification of eye flukes based on morphometric analyses we present, as a baseline for further studies, rDNA sequences from a subsample of 19 eye flukes based on sequencing of a part of 18S, ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2 and part of 28S. We discuss the use of eye fluke recordings in Baltic cod as an environmental indicator due to the dependence of the parasite's life cycle on biotic (occurrence of snail and bird hosts) and abiotic (temperature and salinity) parameters.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Eye Diseases/epidemiology
- Eye Diseases/veterinary
- Fish Diseases/epidemiology
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Gadus morhua/parasitology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Parasite Load
- Prevalence
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Trematoda/classification
- Trematoda/genetics
- Trematoda/isolation & purification
- Trematode Infections/epidemiology
- Trematode Infections/veterinary
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62
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Gopko M, Mikheev VN, Taskinen J. Changes in host behaviour caused by immature larvae of the eye fluke: evidence supporting the predation suppression hypothesis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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63
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Grobbelaar A, van As LL, van As JG, Butler HJB. Pathology of eyes and brain of fish infected with diplostomids, southern Africa. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2015.1055701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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64
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Ogut H, Parlak R. Hexamitiasis leads to lower metabolic rates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) juveniles. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:1013-1020. [PMID: 24117757 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of Hexamita salmonis (Moore) on metabolism of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and its effect on the host's susceptibility to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) after antiparasitic treatment. Rainbow trout naturally infected with H. salmonis were treated with 10 mg metronidazole kg fish(-1) per day, and their physiological recovery was assessed through measuring resting metabolism on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after treatment. In addition, we exposed the naïve fish to H. salmonis and measured the resting metabolism (oxygen consumption as mg O2 kg(-1) per hour) on the 10th, 20th and 30th day after the exposure to assess the variation in metabolic rates after infection. Significantly lower rates of metabolic activity (P < 0.05) were anticipated 20 days after infection with H. salmonis compared with the fish infected with H. salmonis for 10 days or with the parasite-free fish. Similarly, the treated fish needed about 20 days to fully recover from hexamitiasis. The susceptibility of rainbow trout to IPNV remained unchanged in the presence of H. salmonis. Weight loss was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in infected than that in the parasite-free fish. Fish should be examined regularly for H. salmonis and treated immediately whether found to prevent economic losses and excessive size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ogut
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Surmene, Trabzon, Turkey
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65
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Gaba S, Collas C, Powolny T, Bretagnolle F, Bretagnolle V. Skylarks trade size and energy content in weed seeds to maximize total ingested lipid biomass. Behav Processes 2014; 108:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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66
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Binning SA, Barnes JI, Davies JN, Backwell PR, Keogh JS, Roche DG. Ectoparasites modify escape behaviour, but not performance, in a coral reef fish. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Michálková V, Ondračková M. Experimental evidence for parasite-induced over-winter mortality in juvenile Rhodeus amarus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:1377-1388. [PMID: 24773537 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Trematoda) infection on over-winter survival of young-of-the-year (YOY) European bitterling Rhodeus amarus (Cyprinidae) were examined between September 2010 and April 2011. The fish were reared in semi-natural conditions to ensure that results were not confounded by other parasite infections. The cumulative mortality of R. amarus from November until April was significantly higher in D. pseudospathaceum-infected fish (57·3%) compared to controls (42·1%). Infection of the parental generation did not have any effect on the mortality of juveniles. The results indicate that D. pseudospathaceum infection increases over-winter mortality of YOY R. amarus. The possible mechanisms causing mortality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michálková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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68
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Selakovic S, de Ruiter PC, Heesterbeek H. Infectious disease agents mediate interaction in food webs and ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132709. [PMID: 24403336 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents are part of food webs and ecosystems via the relationship with their host species that, in turn, interact with both hosts and non-hosts. Through these interactions, infectious agents influence food webs in terms of structure, functioning and stability. The present literature shows a broad range of impacts of infectious agents on food webs, and by cataloguing that range, we worked towards defining the various mechanisms and their specific effects. To explore the impact, a direct approach is to study changes in food-web properties with infectious agents as separate species in the web, acting as additional nodes, with links to their host species. An indirect approach concentrates not on adding new nodes and links, but on the ways that infectious agents affect the existing links across host and non-host nodes, by influencing the 'quality' of consumer-resource interaction as it depends on the epidemiological state host involved. Both approaches are natural from an ecological point of view, but the indirect approach may connect more straightforwardly to commonly used tools in infectious disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Selakovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, , Yalelaan 7, Utrecht 3584, The Netherlands, Biometris, Wageningen University, , PO Box 100, Wageningen 6700, The Netherlands
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69
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Ramos IP, Franceschini L, Zago AC, Zica ÉDOP, Wunderlich AC, Carvalho ED, Silva RJD. New host records and a checklist of fishes infected with Austrodiplostomum compactum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2013; 22:511-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the infection of fishes byAustrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae in the Chavantes reservoir, medium Paranapanema River, municipality of Ipaussu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Twenty-three fish species were analysed, and 13 were infected with A. compactum metacercariae (56.5%) in their eyes. The following six fish species are new hosts for this metacercaria:Crenicichla haroldoi (1/1), Eigenmannia trilineata (11/6), Hoplosternum littorale(11/1), Iheringichthys labrosus (17/2),Leporinus amblyrhynchus (11/1), and Piaractus mesopotamicus (3/1). These new species increase the number of Brazilian fish species infected with this parasite to 36. Based on these findings, we hypothesise that the metacercariae larval stage of the parasite has a low specificity for the second intermediate host (fish). The majority of fish species infected in Brazil belong to the Loricariidae and Cichlidae families. For the fish species with higher mean abundances in Brazil, six are non-native species, and currently, Plagioscion squamosissimus has the highest mean abundance. The majority of fish species infected with A. compactum in Brazil are concentrated in the Paraná basin, although this may be related to the distribution of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Paiva Ramos
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Brasil; UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Brasil
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70
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The influence of cage farming on infection of the corvine fish Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the Chavantes reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil. J Helminthol 2013; 88:342-8. [PMID: 23628163 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of cage fish farms has been associated with an increase in parasitic diseases. Organic matter resulting from feed waste and faeces attracts animals such as birds and invertebrates that can act as hosts for parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cage farming on Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae infections of Plagioscion squamosissimus collected close to a cage farm in the Chavantes reservoir (Paranapanema River). Thirty-seven fish were collected in an area close to cages (CF), and 28 in an area not influenced by cages (CT). All specimens were weighed, measured and the eyes removed for morphological analyses of metacercariae. The prevalence, mean intensity of infection, mean abundance and condition factor were calculated. The prevalence (CF = 86.4%, CT = 57.1%), mean infection intensity (CF = 20.31 ± 1.13, CT = 4.29 ± 7.14) and mean abundance (CF = 17.70 ± 6.27, CT = 2.35 ± 0.77) were higher in the CF (P< 0.05) group. There were no significant correlations (P> 0.05) between the mean abundance and standard length or the total weight and condition factor in either group (P> 0.05). Fish farms may interfere with the life cycle of A. compactum, leading to more infections with P. squamosissimus. This could be due to an increase in the number of host animals that are attracted by the availability of food resources derived from fish farms.
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71
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Lafferty KD, Shaw JC. Comparing mechanisms of host manipulation across host and parasite taxa. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:56-66. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Parasites affect host behavior in several ways. They can alter activity, microhabitats or both. For trophically transmitted parasites (the focus of our study), decreased activity might impair the ability of hosts to respond to final-host predators, and increased activity and altered microhabitat choice might increase contact rates between hosts and final-host predators. In an analysis of trophically transmitted parasites, more parasite groups altered activity than altered microhabitat choice. Parasites that infected vertebrates were more likely to impair the host’s reaction to predators, whereas parasites that infected invertebrates were more likely to increase the host’s contact with predators. The site of infection might affect how parasites manipulate their hosts. For instance, parasites in the central nervous system seem particularly suited to manipulating host behavior. Manipulative parasites commonly occupy the body cavity, muscles and central nervous systems of their hosts. Acanthocephalans in the data set differed from other taxa in that they occurred exclusively in the body cavity of invertebrates. In addition, they were more likely to alter microhabitat choice than activity. Parasites in the body cavity (across parasite types) were more likely to be associated with increased host contact with predators. Parasites can manipulate the host through energetic drain, but most parasites use more sophisticated means. For instance, parasites target four physiological systems that shape behavior in both invertebrates and vertebrates: neural, endocrine, neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory. The interconnections between these systems make it difficult to isolate specific mechanisms of host behavioral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jenny C. Shaw
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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72
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Kutyrev IA, Pronin NM, Dugarov ZN. Composition of leucocytes of the head kidney of the crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio, Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) as affected by invasion of cestode Digramma interrupta (Cestoda; Pseudophyllidea). BIOL BULL+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359011060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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73
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Santos EG, Cunha RA, Santos CP. Behavioral responses of Poecilia vivipara (Osteichthyies: Cyprinodontiformes) to experimental infections of Acanthocollaritrema umbilicatum (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae). Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:522-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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74
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Eye fluke-induced cataracts in natural fish populations: is there potential for host manipulation? Parasitology 2010; 138:209-14. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYManipulation of host phenotype (e.g. behaviour, appearance) is suggested to be a common strategy to enhance transmission in trophically transmitted parasites. However, in many systems, evidence of manipulation comes exclusively from laboratory studies and its occurrence in natural host populations is poorly understood. Here, we examined the potential for host manipulation by Diplostomum eye flukes indirectly by quantifying the physiological effects of parasites on fish. Earlier laboratory studies have shown that Diplostomum infection predisposes fish to predation by birds (definitive hosts of the parasites) by reducing fish vision through cataract formation. However, occurrence of cataracts and the subsequent potential for host manipulation in natural fish populations has remained poorly explored. We studied the occurrence of eye fluke-induced cataracts from 7 common fish species (Gymnocephalus cernuus, Rutilus rutilus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Alburnus alburnus, Osmerus eperlanus, Coregonus lavaretus and Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the Bothnian Bay in the Baltic Sea. We found that the parasite-induced cataracts were common in fish and they also reached high levels which are likely to predispose fish to predation. However, we observed such cataracts only in species with the highest parasite abundances, which suggests that only certain hosts may be strongly affected by the infection.
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75
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Heuschele J, Candolin U. Reversed parasite-mediated selection in sticklebacks from eutrophied habitats. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-0937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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76
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Kuukka-Anttila H, Peuhkuri N, Kolari I, Paananen T, Kause A. Quantitative genetic architecture of parasite-induced cataract in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 104:20-7. [PMID: 19773806 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites impose costs on their hosts. The capability to fight against them is of great advantage, but may also be traded off with other traits. Although often observed at the phenotypic level, our knowledge of the extent to which such trade-offs are genetically determined is relatively poor. We tested this possibility with a farmed rainbow trout population suffering from natural Diplostomum spp. infections that cause cataracts in fish. We estimated the heritability of cataract severity and examined phenotypic and genetic correlations between cataract and a set of performance traits measured three times during a 3-year rearing period. A cataract score was used as an indicator of the host's capability to resist and/or tolerate the parasite. Our results showed moderate heritability for the cataract. Nevertheless, we found no evidence for a genetic or phenotypic trade-off between parasite resistance/tolerance and the measured performance traits. Initial body weight was not correlated with the cataract score. Phenotypic and genetic correlations of cataract severity with body mass and condition measured in the second and third year were strongly negative, indicating reduced growth and condition in fish with a high cataract score. The reduced body size and condition in cataract-bearing fish were probably reflected in the phenotypic association between a high cataract score and delayed maturity age in females. Put together, our study did not provide evidence of genetic or phenotypic trade-offs between Diplostomum resistance/tolerance and a number of performance traits. Therefore, selection for lessened Diplostomum-caused cataracts is unlikely to have a negative impact on the studied performance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuukka-Anttila
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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77
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Robar N, Burness G, Murray DL. Tropics, trophics and taxonomy: the determinants of parasite-associated host mortality. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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78
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Pulkkinen K, Suomalainen LR, Read AF, Ebert D, Rintamäki P, Valtonen ET. Intensive fish farming and the evolution of pathogen virulence: the case of columnaris disease in Finland. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:593-600. [PMID: 19864284 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological changes affect pathogen epidemiology and evolution and may trigger the emergence of novel diseases. Aquaculture radically alters the ecology of fish and their pathogens. Here we show an increase in the occurrence of the bacterial fish disease Flavobacterium columnare in salmon fingerlings at a fish farm in northern Finland over 23 years. We hypothesize that this emergence was owing to evolutionary changes in bacterial virulence. We base this argument on several observations. First, the emergence was associated with increased severity of symptoms. Second, F. columnare strains vary in virulence, with more lethal strains inducing more severe symptoms prior to death. Third, more virulent strains have greater infectivity, higher tissue-degrading capacity and higher growth rates. Fourth, pathogen strains co-occur, so that strains compete. Fifth, F. columnare can transmit efficiently from dead fish, and maintain infectivity in sterilized water for months, strongly reducing the fitness cost of host death likely experienced by the pathogen in nature. Moreover, this saprophytic infectiousness means that chemotherapy strongly select for strains that rapidly kill their hosts: dead fish remain infectious; treated fish do not. Finally, high stocking densities of homogeneous subsets of fish greatly enhance transmission opportunities. We suggest that fish farms provide an environment that promotes the circulation of more virulent strains of F. columnare. This effect is intensified by the recent increases in summer water temperature. More generally, we predict that intensive fish farming will lead to the evolution of more virulent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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79
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Variation in the morphometrics of diplostomid metacercariae (Digenea: Trematoda) infecting the catfish, Clarias gariepinus in Tanzania. J Helminthol 2009; 84:61-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09990083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDiplostomum species are economically important worldwide due to their metacercariae which parasitize the eyes of fish, in both natural and aquaculture systems. However, their striking morphological similarity, especially at the metacercarial stage, makes species separation difficult. Three closely related diplostomid metacercariae, namely Diplostomum mashonense (type 3), Tylodelphys sp. 1 and 2 (type 1 and 2, respectively), coexist in the cranial cavity of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus from Mindu dam, Lake Victoria, Msimbazi, Ruvu and Kilombero rivers. The morphometrics of these three species were analysed by discriminant function analysis to investigate the degree of variation among the populations from the five localities sampled. The first canonical functions for all visual examination plots accounted for over 50% of the between-group variability. The observed differences were mainly from measurements associated with length, indicating that these measurements are important in the description of population characteristics. Visual examination of the samples along the canonical functions showed a clear between-population differentiation. The overall random assignment of individuals into their original groups was high (97%). These extensive morphometric variations introduce doubt about the reliability of measurements in the determination of species in these trematodes, as they may lead to misidentifications.
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80
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Manipulative parasites in the world of veterinary science: implications for epidemiology and pathology. Vet J 2009; 184:9-13. [PMID: 19243982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most complex and least understood transmission strategies displayed by pathogenic parasites is that of manipulation of host behaviour. A wide variety of parasites alter their host's behaviour, including species of medical and veterinary importance, such as Diplostomum spathaceum, Echinococcus spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. The manipulative ability of these parasites has implications for pathology and transmission dynamics. Domestic animals are hosts for manipulative pathogens, either by being the target host and acquiring the parasite as a result of vector-host manipulation, or by having their behaviour changed by manipulative parasites. This review uses several well-known pathogens to demonstrate how host manipulation by parasites is potentially important in epidemiology.
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81
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Seppälä O, Jokela J. Host manipulation as a parasite transmission strategy when manipulation is exploited by non-host predators. Biol Lett 2009; 4:663-6. [PMID: 18700200 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites often alter their intermediate host's phenotype, thereby predisposing hosts to increased predation. This is generally considered to be a parasite strategy evolved to enhance transmission to the next host. However, the adaptive value of host manipulation is not clear, as it may be associated with costs, such as increased susceptibility to predator species that are unsuitable next hosts for the parasites. Thus, it has been proposed that, to be adaptive, manipulation should be specific by predisposing hosts more strongly to predation by target hosts (next host in the life cycle) than to non-hosts. Here we formally evaluate this prediction, and show that manipulation does not have to be specific to be adaptive. However, when manipulation is nonspecific, it needs to effectively increase the overall predation risk of infected hosts if it is to increase the parasite transmission probability. Thus, when initial predation risk is low, even highly nonspecific manipulation strategies can be adaptive. However, when initial predation risk is high, manipulation needs to be more specific to increase parasite transmission success. Therefore, nonspecific host manipulation may evolve in nature, but the adaptive value of a certain manipulation strategy can vary among different parasite populations depending on the variation in initial predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Seppälä
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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82
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Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Living off a fish: a trade-off between parasites and the immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:358-372. [PMID: 18722790 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Research in fish immune system and parasite invasion mechanisms has advanced the knowledge of the mechanisms whereby parasites evade or cope with fish immune response. The main mechanisms of immune evasion employed by fish parasites are reviewed and considered under ten headings. 1) Parasite isolation: parasites develop in immuno-privileged host tissues, such as brain, gonads, or eyes, where host barriers prevent or limit the immune response. 2) Host isolation: the host cellular immune response isolates and encapsulates the parasites in a dormant stage without killing them. 3) Intracellular disguise: typical of intracellular microsporidians, coccidians and some myxosporeans. 4) Parasite migration, behavioural and environmental strategies: parasites migrate to host sites the immune response has not yet reached or where it is not strong enough to kill them, or they accommodate their life cycles to the season or the age in which the host immune system is down-regulated. 5) Antigen-based strategies such as mimicry or masking, variation and sharing of parasite antigens. 6) Anti-immune mechanisms: these allow parasites to resist innate humoral factors, to neutralize host antibodies or to scavenge reactive oxygen species within macrophages. 7) Immunodepression: parasites either suppress the fish immune systems by reducing the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes or the phagocytic activity of macrophages, or they induce apoptosis of host leucocytes. 8) Immunomodulation: parasites secrete or excrete substances which modulate the secretion of host immune factors, such as cytokines, to their own benefit. 9) Fast development: parasites proliferate faster than the ability of the host to mount a defence response. 10) Exploitation of the host immune reaction. Knowledge of the evasion strategies adopted by parasites will help us to understand host-parasite interactions and may therefore help in the discovery of novel immunotherapeutic agents or targeted vaccines, and permit the selection of host-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Torre de la Sal s/n, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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83
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Seppälä O, Valtonen ET, Benesh DP. Host manipulation by parasites in the world of dead-end predators: adaptation to enhance transmission? Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1611-5. [PMID: 18430644 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites often alter their intermediate host's phenotype, thereby predisposing the hosts to increased predation. This is generally considered a parasite strategy evolved to enhance transmission to the next hosts. However, the adaptive value of host manipulation is not clear as it may be associated with costs, such as increased susceptibility to predators that are unsuitable next hosts for the parasites. We examined the ratio between the benefits and costs of host manipulation for transmission success of Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala), a parasite that alters the hiding behaviour and pigmentation of its isopod hosts. We experimentally compared the susceptibility of infected and uninfected isopods to predation by perch (Perca fluvialis; definitive host of the parasite) and dragonfly larvae (dead end). We found that the parasite predisposed the isopods to predation by both predators. However, the increased predation vulnerability of the infected isopods was higher towards perch. This suggests that, despite the costs due to non-host predation, host manipulation may still be advantageous for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Seppälä
- Department of Aquatic Ecology (ECO), EAWAG, Uberlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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84
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The effects of parasite age and intensity on variability in acanthocephalan-induced behavioural manipulation. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1161-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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85
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Seppälä O, Karvonen A, Valtonen ET. Shoaling behaviour of fish under parasitism and predation risk. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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86
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WACKER ALEXANDER. Impact of parasitic mite infection on a terrestrial snail. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2008.9652257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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87
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Kaldonski N, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Cézilly F. Differential influence of two acanthocephalan parasites on the antipredator behaviour of their common intermediate host. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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88
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Seppälä O, Karvonen A, Valtonen ET. Phenotypic Variation in Infectivity of Diplostomum spathaceum Cercariae Within a Population. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1244-6. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1187r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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89
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90
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Hakalahti T, Karvonen A, Valtonen ET. Climate warming and disease risks in temperate regions--Argulus coregoni and Diplostomum spathaceum as case studies. J Helminthol 2007; 80:93-8. [PMID: 16768854 DOI: 10.1079/joh2006351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The link between climate changes and disease risks from various pathogens has been increasingly recognized. The effect of climatic factors on host-parasite population dynamics is particularly evident in northern latitudes where the occurrence and transmission of parasites are strongly regulated by seasonality-driven changes in environmental temperatures. Shortened winter periods would increase growth potential of many parasite populations. The ways in which climate warming could affect life history dynamics of the directly transmitted crustacean ectoparasite Argulus coregoni and complex life cycle trematode Diplostomum spathaceum, which frequently cause problems in northern fish farming, are discussed. Increased problems for fish farming are predicted in terms of increased infection pressure from these parasites in future. This would increase problems associated with infections and increase the use of expensive management protocols with high environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hakalahti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35 (ya), FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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91
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Innate versus adaptive immunity in sticklebacks: evidence for trade-offs from a selection experiment. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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92
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Kalbe M, Kurtz J. Local differences in immunocompetence reflect resistance of sticklebacks against the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. Parasitology 2006; 132:105-16. [PMID: 16393359 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigated population differences in immunological adaptation of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to one of their most abundant macroparasites, the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We compared infection success in lab-bred fish of 2 populations in northern Germany, from a lake, where eye flukes are prevalent, and a river, where these parasites do not occur. In order to discriminate between protection through innate and acquired immunity, we exposed fish either only once or repeatedly. Lake fish were significantly less susceptible than river sticklebacks already after a single exposure, indicating that in sympatric hosts innate immunity plays the major role in the defence against this helminth infection. In both habitat types, previous exposures only marginally decreased infection rates within 12 weeks. Lake fish showed higher immunocompentence by means of respiratory burst activity and spleen size, regardless of the infection status. Furthermore, they were in a better energy status than river fish, as indicated by a higher hepatosomatic index and haematocrit value. Interestingly, F1 hybrid fish of both populations ranged between the pure habitat types in parasite susceptibility as well as in immunological and condition parameters. Our results suggest that sticklebacks from lakes are better adapted to cope with higher parasite abundance in this habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalbe
- Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306 Plön, Germany.
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93
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Karvonen A, Savolainen M, Seppälä O, Valtonen ET. Dynamics of Diplostomum spathaceum infection in snail hosts at a fish farm. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:341-5. [PMID: 16565817 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecologically sustainable disease prevention in intensive monocultures, such as fish farming, is based on the knowledge of the ecology of parasites and the identification of the key proportion of host populations for parasite life cycles. In this paper, we examined the life cycle dynamics of the pathogenic trematode Diplostomum spathaceum at a fish farm during a period of 1 year, focusing especially on the pattern of infection in the snail host (Lymnaea stagnalis) population, which is the key phase in the parasite life cycle regarding preventative actions. We found that (1) the infection varied seasonally in snails, being highest in late August; (2) the prevalence of infection and the proportion of individuals releasing cercariae were strongly dependent on snail size; (3) the parasite over-wintered in snails as dormant sporocysts and 4) the mortality of infected snails was not likely to differ from uninfected individuals during winter. Furthermore, the seasonality and development of the infection in the snails corresponded to the pattern of infection observed in the tracer rainbow trout caged in the farm area. This pattern of infection also indicated strong spatiality of the infection, probably because of differences in the size of the snail population between the ponds rather than differences in the prevalence of infection. Overall, present results indicate a possibility for late-summer outbreaks of D. spathaceum, but also that snail prevention at farms could be conducted more efficiently by considering both size-dependent infection and the timing of cercarial release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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94
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Seppälä O, Karvonen A, Valtonen ET. Susceptibility of eye fluke-infected fish to predation by bird hosts. Parasitology 2005; 132:575-9. [PMID: 16332291 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Host manipulation by trophically transmitted parasites may predispose infected hosts to predation and in this way enhance parasite transmission. In most study systems, however, the evidence comes from laboratory studies, and therefore knowledge of the effect of manipulation on parasite transmission efficiency in the wild is still limited. Here we examined the effect ofDiplostomum spathaceum(Trematoda) eye flukes on the susceptibility of fish intermediate hosts to predation by bird definitive hosts. Our earlier studies have shown that the parasite alters fish phenotype and increases their susceptibility to artificial predation under laboratory conditions. In the present field study, we allowed wild birds to feed on fish from cages placed into a lake, and found that predation vulnerability of infected fish did not differ from that of controls. However, we suggest that the experimental set-up likely affected the result because the cages allowed gulls, which caught most of the fish in the study, to feed on fish in an easy, unnatural manner by standing on the edges of the cages. Nevertheless, considerable predation was observed, which provides important initial evidence of how this question should be addressed in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Seppälä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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95
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Manipulation of fish host by eye flukes in relation to cataract formation and parasite infectivity. Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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96
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Seppälä O, Karvonen A, Valtonen ET. Impaired crypsis of fish infected with a trophically transmitted parasite. Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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97
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Osset EA, Fernández M, Raga JA, Kostadinova A. Mediterranean Diplodus annularis (Teleostei: Sparidae) and its brain parasite: Unforeseen outcome. Parasitol Int 2005; 54:201-6. [PMID: 15982922 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of parasite load and aggregation of the bird trematode Cardiocephaloides longicollis in its main intermediate host in the Mediterranean, the annular sea bream, Diplodus annularis, were studied in a large sample collected off Valencia (Spain) and are discussed within the context of the parasite induced host mortality hypothesis. The metacercariae were located within large composite cysts of host origin in the ventricles of the optic lobes of the cerebrum. A weak immunological response was detected in older fish, which was significantly associated with the total parasite load. Although the mean abundance of C. longicollis showed a tendency to increase with host size, the infection levels were generally homogeneous with a noticeable plateauing in the intermediate size classes. The distribution of the metacercariae was aggregated and agreed with the negative binomial distribution. There was a marked decline in parasite aggregation in the largest size-class, suggesting parasite-induced host mortality in the oldest fish possibly due to predation by large non-host fish predators. On the other hand, levelling off of abundance and decrease in heterogeneity of parasite distribution within the intermediate age cohort could indicate that these sizes are being rapidly and/or constantly removed from the host population due to by-catch fishing. The overall high infection levels and the continuous recruitment across age cohorts provides evidence that an enhanced parasite transmission is taking place in the Gulf of Valencia due to increased spatial overlap of the hosts involved in the life cycle. We suggest a human-induced facilitation of the digenean life cycle due to the fact that gulls in the area feed extensively on discards, thus indicating the possibility of an unforeseen effect of fishing practices in a marine littoral system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Osset
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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98
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Poulin R, Fredensborg BL, Hansen E, Leung TLF. The true cost of host manipulation by parasites. Behav Processes 2005; 68:241-4. [PMID: 15792698 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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99
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Karvonen A, Paukku S, Seppälä O, Valtonen ET. Resistance against eye flukes: naïve versus previously infected fish. Parasitol Res 2004; 95:55-9. [PMID: 15565463 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A central issue in fish production is the influence of parasitic infections on fish health in fish farms and on survival prospects after fish-stocking into the wild. Is it preferable to produce fish in infection-free conditions or to allow some infection to elicit resistance in fish? We explored the infection of totally naive and previously infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by the trematode parasite Diplostomum spathaceum in laboratory conditions. We found that up to 86.1% of the presented cercariae became established in the lenses of naïve fish, which indicated that these fish were highly susceptible to infection and that innate resistance served little or no protection against the parasite. However, acquired resistance after initial infection decreased parasite establishment by 85.0-89.1%. Parasite establishment was also affected by fish host density as fewer parasites were found in fish in higher densities. The implications of these results for the fish-farming industry and fish-stocking protocols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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