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Qiu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Qi N, Si J, Xiang X, Xia X, Hu Y, Zhou X. Newly discovered insect RNA viruses in China. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:711-4. [PMID: 23917843 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insects are a group of arthropods and the largest group of animals on Earth, with over one million species described to date. Like other life forms, insects suffer from viruses that cause disease and death. Viruses that are pathogenic to beneficial insects cause dramatic economic losses on agriculture. In contrast, viruses that are pathogenic to insect pests can be exploited as attractive biological control agents. All of these factors have led to an explosion in the amount of research into insect viruses in recent years, generating impressive quantities of information on the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses. Due to the wide variety of insect viruses, a better understanding of these viruses will expand our overall knowledge of their virology. Here, we review studies of several newly discovered RNA insect viruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Tan J, George S, Kusov Y, Perbandt M, Anemüller S, Mesters JR, Norder H, Coutard B, Lacroix C, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Hilgenfeld R. 3C protease of enterovirus 68: structure-based design of Michael acceptor inhibitors and their broad-spectrum antiviral effects against picornaviruses. J Virol 2013; 87:4339-51. [PMID: 23388726 PMCID: PMC3624371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01123-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the cleavage specificity and the crystal structure of the 3C protease of enterovirus 68 (EV68 3C(pro)). The protease exhibits a typical chymotrypsin fold with a Cys...His...Glu catalytic triad; its three-dimensional structure is closely related to that of the 3C(pro) of rhinovirus 2, as well as to that of poliovirus. The phylogenetic position of the EV68 3C(pro) between the corresponding enzymes of rhinoviruses on the one hand and classical enteroviruses on the other prompted us to use the crystal structure for the design of irreversible inhibitors, with the goal of discovering broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. We synthesized a series of peptidic α,β-unsaturated ethyl esters of increasing length and for each inhibitor candidate, we determined a crystal structure of its complex with the EV68 3C(pro), which served as the basis for the next design round. To exhibit inhibitory activity, compounds must span at least P3 to P1'; the most potent inhibitors comprise P4 to P1'. Inhibitory activities were found against the purified 3C protease of EV68, as well as with replicons for poliovirus and EV71 (50% effective concentration [EC(50)] = 0.5 μM for the best compound). Antiviral activities were determined using cell cultures infected with EV71, poliovirus, echovirus 11, and various rhinovirus serotypes. The most potent inhibitor, SG85, exhibited activity with EC(50)s of ≈180 nM against EV71 and ≈60 nM against human rhinovirus 14 in a live virus-cell-based assay. Even the shorter SG75, spanning only P3 to P1', displayed significant activity (EC(50) = 2 to 5 μM) against various rhinoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shyla George
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yuri Kusov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Perbandt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universities of Lübeck and Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Anemüller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeroen R. Mesters
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d'Aix-Marseille I et II, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universities of Lübeck and Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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The nonstructural protein 2C of a Picorna-like virus displays nucleic acid helix destabilizing activity that can be functionally separated from its ATPase activity. J Virol 2013; 87:5205-18. [PMID: 23449794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00245-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Picorna-like viruses in the Picornavirales order are a large group of positive-strand RNA viruses that include numerous important pathogens for plants, insects, and humans. In these viruses, nonstructural protein 2C is one of the most conserved proteins and contains ATPase activity and putative RNA helicase activity. Here we expressed 2C protein of Ectropis obliqua picorna-like virus (EoV; genus Iflavirus, family Iflaviridae, order Picornavirales) in a eukaryotic expression system and determined that EoV 2C displays ATP-independent nucleic acid helix destabilizing and strand annealing acceleration activity in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that this picornaviral 2C is more like an RNA chaperone than like the previously predicted RNA helicase. Our further characterization of EoV 2C revealed that divalent metal ions, such as Mg(2+) and Zn(2+), inhibit 2C-mediated helix destabilization to different extents. Moreover, we determined that EoV 2C also contains ATPase activity like that of other picornaviral 2C proteins and further assessed the functional relevance between its RNA chaperone-like and ATPase activities using mutational analysis as well as their responses to Mg(2+). Our data show that, when one of the two 2C activities was dramatically inhibited or almost abolished, the other activity could remain intact, showing that the RNA chaperone-like and ATPase activities of EoV 2C can be functionally separated. This report reveals that a picorna-like virus 2C protein displays RNA helix destabilizing and strand annealing acceleration activity, which may be critical for picornaviral replication and pathogenesis, and should foster our understanding of picorna-like viruses and viral RNA chaperones.
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Porta C, Xu X, Loureiro S, Paramasivam S, Ren J, Al-Khalil T, Burman A, Jackson T, Belsham GJ, Curry S, Lomonossoff GP, Parida S, Paton D, Li Y, Wilsden G, Ferris N, Owens R, Kotecha A, Fry E, Stuart DI, Charleston B, Jones IM. Efficient production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids in insect cells following down regulation of 3C protease activity. J Virol Methods 2013; 187:406-12. [PMID: 23174161 PMCID: PMC3558679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a significant economically and distributed globally pathogen of Artiodactyla. Current vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus particles that require large-scale virus growth in strict bio-containment with the associated risks of accidental release or incomplete inactivation. Non-infectious empty capsids are structural mimics of authentic particles with no associated risk and constitute an alternate vaccine candidate. Capsids self-assemble from the processed virus structural proteins, VP0, VP3 and VP1, which are released from the structural protein precursor P1-2A by the action of the virus-encoded 3C protease. To date recombinant empty capsid assembly has been limited by poor expression levels, restricting the development of empty capsids as a viable vaccine. Here expression of the FMDV structural protein precursor P1-2A in insect cells is shown to be efficient but linkage of the cognate 3C protease to the C-terminus reduces expression significantly. Inactivation of the 3C enzyme in a P1-2A-3C cassette allows expression and intermediate levels of 3C activity resulted in efficient processing of the P1-2A precursor into the structural proteins which assembled into empty capsids. Expression was independent of the insect host cell background and leads to capsids that are recognised as authentic by a range of anti-FMDV bovine sera suggesting their feasibility as an alternate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Porta
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Silvia Loureiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Saravanan Paramasivam
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore Campus, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Junyuan Ren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Tara Al-Khalil
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Alison Burman
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Stephen Curry
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - David Paton
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Yanmin Li
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nigel Ferris
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ray Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
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Beasley V, Joshi PV, Singanayagam A, Molyneaux PL, Johnston SL, Mallia P. Lung microbiology and exacerbations in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012; 7:555-69. [PMID: 22969296 PMCID: PMC3437812 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s28286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic respiratory condition in adults and is characterized by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The main etiological agents linked with COPD are cigarette smoking and biomass exposure but respiratory infection is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of both stable COPD and in acute exacerbations. Acute exacerbations are associated with more rapid decline in lung function and impaired quality of life and are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in COPD. Preventing exacerbations is a major therapeutic goal but currently available treatments for exacerbations are not very effective. Historically, bacteria were considered the main infective cause of exacerbations but with the development of new diagnostic techniques, respiratory viruses are also frequently detected in COPD exacerbations. This article aims to provide a state-of-the art review of current knowledge regarding the role of infection in COPD, highlight the areas of ongoing debate and controversy, and outline emerging technologies and therapies that will influence future diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in COPD.
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56
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Wales SQ, Ngo D, Hida K, Kulka M. Temperature and density dependent induction of a cytopathic effect following infection with non-cytopathic HAV strains. Virology 2012; 430:30-42. [PMID: 22608060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus infection and growth in cultured cells is protracted, cell-type restricted, and generally not accompanied by the appearance of a cytopathic effect, with the exception of some culture-adapted strains. We demonstrate that the non-cytopathic HAV strain HM175/clone 1 can be induced to exhibit a cytopathic phenotype in both persistently or acutely infected cells under co-dependent conditions of lower incubation temperature (<34°C) and reduced cell density in both monkey (FRhK-4) and human (A549) cells. This phenotype is not virus-strain restricted, as it was also observed in cells infected with HAV strains, HAS-15 and LSH/S. Cytopathic effect was accompanied by rRNA cleavage, indicating activation of the RNase L pathway, viral negative strand synthesis, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis. The results indicate that a cytopathic phenotype may be present in some HAV strains that can be induced under appropriate conditions, suggesting the potential for development of a plaque assay for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Q Wales
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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57
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Luan Y, Dai HL, Yang D, Zhu L, Gao TL, Shao HJ, Peng X, Jin ZF. Small interfering RNA against the 2C genomic region of coxsackievirus B3 exerts potential antiviral effects in permissive HeLa cells. Virus Res 2012; 163:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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58
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Costenaro L, Kaczmarska Z, Arnan C, Janowski R, Coutard B, Solà M, Gorbalenya AE, Norder H, Canard B, Coll M. Structural basis for antiviral inhibition of the main protease, 3C, from human enterovirus 93. J Virol 2011; 85:10764-73. [PMID: 21835784 PMCID: PMC3187475 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05062-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family are abundant, with common human pathogens that belong to the rhinovirus (HRV) and enterovirus (EV) species, including diverse echo-, coxsackie- and polioviruses. They cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe diseases with neurological and/or cardiac manifestations. Pandemic outbreaks of EVs may be accompanied by meningitis and/or paralysis and can be fatal. However, no effective prophylaxis or antiviral treatment against most EVs is available. The EV RNA genome directs the synthesis of a single polyprotein that is autocatalytically processed into mature proteins at Gln↓Gly cleavage sites by the 3C protease (3C(pro)), which has narrow, conserved substrate specificity. These cleavages are essential for virus replication, making 3C(pro) an excellent target for antivirus drug development. In this study, we report the first determination of the crystal structure of 3C(pro) from an enterovirus B, EV-93, a recently identified pathogen, alone and in complex with the anti-HRV molecules compound 1 (AG7404) and rupintrivir (AG7088) at resolutions of 1.9, 1.3, and 1.5 Å, respectively. The EV-93 3C(pro) adopts a chymotrypsin-like fold with a canonically configured oxyanion hole and a substrate binding pocket similar to that of rhino-, coxsackie- and poliovirus 3C proteases. We show that compound 1 and rupintrivir are both active against EV-93 in infected cells and inhibit the proteolytic activity of EV-93 3C(pro) in vitro. These results provide a framework for further structure-guided optimization of the tested compounds to produce antiviral drugs against a broad range of EV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Costenaro
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Kaczmarska
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Arnan
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (UMR 6098 CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Maria Solà
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Heléne Norder
- Swedish Institute for Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (UMR 6098 CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Miquel Coll
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Wang Y, Canady TD, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Price DN, Bear DG, Chi EY, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Cationic phenylene ethynylene polymers and oligomers exhibit efficient antiviral activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2209-14. [PMID: 21667949 DOI: 10.1021/am200575y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral activities of poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPE) and oligo-phenylene ethynylenes (OPE) were investigated using two model viruses, the T4 and MS2 bacteriophages. Under UV/visible light irradiation, significant antiviral activity was observed for all of the CPEs and OPEs; without irradiation, most of these compounds exhibited high inactivation activity against the MS2 phage and moderate inactivation ability against the T4 phage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reveal that the CPEs and OPEs exert their antiviral activity by partial disassembly of the phage particle structure in the dark and photochemical damage of the phage capsid protein under UV/visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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Coutard B, Canard B. The VIZIER project: overview; expectations; and achievements. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:85-94. [PMID: 20226212 PMCID: PMC7114346 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
VIZIER is an acronym for a research project entitled “Comparative Structural Genomics of Viral Enzymes Involved in Replication” funded by the European Commission between November 1st, 2004 and April 30th, 2009. It involved 25 partners from 12 countries. In this paper, we describe the organization of the project and the culture created by its multidisciplinary essence. We discuss the main thematic sections of the project and the strategy adopted to optimize the integration of various scientific fields into a common objective: to obtain crystal structures of the widest variety of RNA virus replication enzymes documented and validated as potential drug targets. We discuss the thematic sections and their overall organization, their successes and bottlenecks around the protein production pipeline, the “low hanging fruit” strategy, and measures directed to problem solving. We discuss possible future options for such large-scale projects in the area of antiviral drug design. In a series of accompanying papers in Antiviral Research, the project and its achievements are presented for each virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Coutard
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR-6098, Universités Aix-Marseille I et II, ESIL Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
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