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Intracranial vessel wall imaging for evaluation of steno-occlusive diseases and intracranial aneurysms. J Neuroradiol 2016; 44:123-134. [PMID: 27836652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases have traditionally been classified, diagnosed and managed based on their luminal characteristics. However, over the past several years, several advancements in MRI techniques have ushered in high-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI), enabling evaluation of intracranial vessel wall pathology. These advancements now allow us to differentiate diseases which have a common angiographic appearance but vastly different natural histories (i.e. moyamoya versus atherosclerosis, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome versus vasculitis, stable versus unstable intracranial aneurysms). In this review, we detail the anatomical, histopathological and imaging characteristics of various intracranial steno-occlusive diseases and types of intracranial aneurysms and describe the role that HR-VWI can play in diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment.
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Yang WJ, Chen XY, Zhao HL, Niu CB, Zhang B, Xu Y, Wong KS, Ng HK. Postmortem Study of Validation of Low Signal on Fat-Suppressed T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Marker of Lipid Core in Middle Cerebral Artery Atherosclerosis. Stroke 2016; 47:2299-304. [PMID: 27462119 PMCID: PMC4991347 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.013398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose— High signal on T1-weighted fat-suppressed images in middle cerebral artery plaques on ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging was verified to be intraplaque hemorrhage histologically. However, the underlying plaque component of low signal on T1-weighted fat-suppressed images (LST1) has never been explored. Based on our experience, we hypothesized that LST1 might indicate the presence of lipid core within intracranial plaques. Methods— 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging was performed in the postmortem brains to scan the cross sections of bilateral middle cerebral arteries. Then middle cerebral artery specimens were removed for histology processing. LST1 presence was identified on magnetic resonance images, and lipid core areas were measured on the corresponding histology sections. Results— Total 76 middle cerebral artery locations were included for analysis. LST1 showed a high specificity (96.9%; 95% confidence interval, 82.0%–99.8%) but a low sensitivity (38.6%; 95% confidence interval, 24.7%–54.5%) for detecting lipid core of all areas. However, the sensitivity increased markedly (81.2%; 95% confidence interval, 53.7%–95.0%) when only lipid cores of area ≥0.80 mm2 were included. Mean lipid core area was 5× larger in those with presence of LST1 than in those without (1.63±1.18 mm2 versus 0.32±0.31 mm2; P=0.003). Conclusions— LST1 is a promising imaging biomarker of identifying intraplaque lipid core, which may be useful to distinguish intracranial atherosclerotic disease from other intracranial vasculopathies and to assess plaque vulnerability for risk stratification of patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease. In vivo clinical studies are required to explore the correlation between LST1 and clinical outcomes of patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Yang
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Chen
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China.
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Chun-Bo Niu
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Yun Xu
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Ka-Sing Wong
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (W.-J.Y., X.-Y.C., K.-S.W.) and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology (H.-K.N.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China (H.-L.Z.); Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China (C.-B.N.); and Department of Radiology (B.Z.) and Department of Neurology (Y.X.), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
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de Havenon A, Chung L, Park M, Mossa-Basha M. Intracranial vessel wall MRI: a review of current indications and future applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40809-016-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alexander MD, Yuan C, Rutman A, Tirschwell DL, Palagallo G, Gandhi D, Sekhar LN, Mossa-Basha M. High-resolution intracranial vessel wall imaging: imaging beyond the lumen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:589-97. [PMID: 26746187 PMCID: PMC5504758 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-312020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of intracranial vasculopathies is important due to significant risk of morbidity with delayed and/or incorrect diagnosis both from the disease process as well as inappropriate therapies. Conventional vascular imaging techniques for analysis of intracranial vascular disease provide limited information since they only identify changes to the vessel lumen. New advanced MR intracranial vessel wall imaging (IVW) techniques can allow direct characterisation of the vessel wall. These techniques can advance diagnostic accuracy and may potentially improve patient outcomes by better guided treatment decisions in comparison to previously available invasive and non-invasive techniques. While neuroradiological expertise is invaluable in accurate examination interpretation, clinician familiarity with the application and findings of the various vasculopathies on IVW can help guide diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. This review article provides a brief overview of the technical aspects of IVW and discusses the IVW findings of various intracranial vasculopathies, differentiating characteristics and indications for when this technique can be beneficial in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron Rutman
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David L Tirschwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gerald Palagallo
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Radiology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laligam N Sekhar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mahmud Mossa-Basha
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Harteveld AA, Denswil NP, Siero JCW, Zwanenburg JJM, Vink A, Pouran B, Spliet WGM, Klomp DWJ, Luijten PR, Daemen MJ, Hendrikse J, van der Kolk AG. Quantitative Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaque Characterization at 7T MRI: An Ex Vivo Study with Histologic Validation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:802-10. [PMID: 26705320 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In recent years, several high-resolution vessel wall MR imaging techniques have emerged for the characterization of intracranial atherosclerotic vessel wall lesions in vivo. However, a thorough validation of MR imaging results of intracranial plaques with histopathology is still lacking. The aim of this study was to characterize atherosclerotic plaque components in a quantitative manner by obtaining the MR signal characteristics (T1, T2, T2*, and proton density) at 7T in ex vivo circle of Willis specimens and using histopathology for validation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multiparametric ultra-high-resolution quantitative MR imaging protocol was performed at 7T to identify the MR signal characteristics of different intracranial atherosclerotic plaque components, and using histopathology for validation. In total, 38 advanced plaques were matched between MR imaging and histology, and ROI analysis was performed on the identified tissue components. RESULTS Mean T1, T2, and T2* relaxation times and proton density values were significantly different between different tissue components. The quantitative T1 map showed the most differences among individual tissue components of intracranial plaques with significant differences in T1 values between lipid accumulation (T1 = 838 ± 167 ms), fibrous tissue (T1 = 583 ± 161 ms), fibrous cap (T1 = 481 ± 98 ms), calcifications (T1 = 314 ± 39 ms), and the intracranial arterial vessel wall (T1 = 436 ± 122 ms). CONCLUSIONS Different tissue components of advanced intracranial plaques have distinguishable imaging characteristics with ultra-high-resolution quantitative MR imaging at 7T. Based on this study, the most promising method for distinguishing intracranial plaque components is T1-weighted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Harteveld
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.)
| | - N P Denswil
- Department of Pathology (N.P.D., M.J.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J C W Siero
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.)
| | - J J M Zwanenburg
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.) Image Sciences Institute (J.J.M.Z.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Vink
- Pathology (A.V., W.G.M.S.)
| | - B Pouran
- Orthopedics (B.P.) Rheumatology (B.P.) Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.P.), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - D W J Klomp
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.)
| | - P R Luijten
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.)
| | - M J Daemen
- Department of Pathology (N.P.D., M.J.D.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Hendrikse
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.)
| | - A G van der Kolk
- From the Departments of Radiology (A.A.H., J.C.W.S., J.J.M.Z., D.W.J.K., P.R.L., J.H., A.G.v.d.K.)
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Tsivgoulis G, Lachanis S, Magoufis G, Safouris A, Kargiotis O, Stamboulis E. High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Varicella-Zoster Virus Vasculitis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:e74-6. [PMID: 27067878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy is a rare but potentially treatable condition. Diagnosis has been based on angiography, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. High-resolution vessel wall MRI may aid to the diagnosis by differentiating inflammation from other vessel wall pathologies. We present the characteristic MRI findings of this condition in a young patient presenting with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Georgios Magoufis
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, "Metropolitan Hospital", Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Safouris
- Stroke Unit, "Metropolitan Hospital", Athens, Greece; Stroke Unit, CHU Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
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Jiang Y, Zhu C, Peng W, Degnan AJ, Chen L, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang Y, Xiang Z, Teng Z, Saloner D, Lu J. Ex-vivo imaging and plaque type classification of intracranial atherosclerotic plaque using high resolution MRI. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:10-6. [PMID: 27062404 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent development of high resolution MRI techniques have enabled imaging of intracranial atherosclerotic plaque in vivo. However, identifying plaque composition remains challenging given the small size and the lack of histological validation. This study aims to quantify the relaxation times of intracranial plaque components ex vivo at 3 T and to determine whether multi-contrast MRI could classify intracranial plaque according to the American Heart Association classification with histological validation. METHODS A total of 53 intracranial arteries with atherosclerotic plaques from 20 cadavers (11 male, age 73.8 ± 10.9) were excised. Quantitative T1/T2/T2* mapping sequences and multi-contrast fast-spin echo sequences (T1, T2, proton-density weighted and short time inversion recovery) were acquired. Plaque components including: fibrous cap, lipid core, fibrous tissue, calcification, and healthy wall were segmented on histology, and their relaxation times were derived from quantitative images. Two radiologists independently classified plaque type blinded to the histology results. RESULTS Relaxation times of plaque components are distinct and different. T2 and T2* values of lipid core are lower than fibrous cap (p = 0.026 & p < 0.0001), but are comparable with fibrous tissue and healthy wall (p = 0.76 & p = 0.42). MRI reliably classified plaque type compared with histology (κ = 0.69) with an overall accuracy of 80.7%. The sensitivity and specificity using MRI to identify fibro-lipid atheroma (type IV-V) was 94.8% and 77.1%, respectively. Inter-observer agreement was excellent (κ = 0.77). CONCLUSION Intracranial plaque components have distinct and different relaxation times at 3 T. High-resolution MRI is able to characterize intracranial plaque composition and classify plaque types ex vivo at 3 T.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Wenjia Peng
- Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew J Degnan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Luguang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhao Teng
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Saloner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Choi YJ, Jung SC, Lee DH. Vessel Wall Imaging of the Intracranial and Cervical Carotid Arteries. J Stroke 2015; 17:238-55. [PMID: 26437991 PMCID: PMC4635720 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2015.17.3.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessel wall imaging can depict the morphologies of atherosclerotic plaques, arterial walls, and surrounding structures in the intracranial and cervical carotid arteries beyond the simple luminal changes that can be observed with traditional luminal evaluation. Differentiating vulnerable from stable plaques and characterizing atherosclerotic plaques are vital parts of the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of stroke and the neurological adverse effects of atherosclerosis. Various techniques for vessel wall imaging have been developed and introduced to differentiate and analyze atherosclerotic plaques in the cervical carotid artery. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) is the most important and popular vessel wall imaging technique for directly evaluating the vascular wall and intracranial artery disease. Intracranial artery atherosclerosis, dissection, moyamoya disease, vasculitis, and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome can also be diagnosed and differentiated by using HR-MRI. Here, we review the radiologic features of intracranial artery disease and cervical carotid artery atherosclerosis on HR-MRI and various other vessel wall imaging techniques (e.g., ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Choi
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Chai Jung
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Gounis MJ, van der Marel K, Marosfoi M, Mazzanti ML, Clarençon F, Chueh JY, Puri AS, Bogdanov AA. Imaging Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease. Stroke 2015; 46:2991-7. [PMID: 26351362 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Imaging inflammation in large intracranial artery pathology may play an important role in the diagnosis of and risk stratification for a variety of cerebrovascular diseases. Looking beyond the lumen has already generated widespread excitement in the stroke community, and the potential to unveil molecular processes in the vessel wall is a natural evolution to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases, such as ICAD and brain aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gounis
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
| | - Kajo van der Marel
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Miklos Marosfoi
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Mary L Mazzanti
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Frédéric Clarençon
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Ju-Yu Chueh
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Ajit S Puri
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Alexei A Bogdanov
- From the New England Center for Stroke Research (M.J.G., K.v.d.M., M.M., F.C., J.-Y.C., A.S.P.) and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes (M.L.M., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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