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Crovella S, Bianco AM, Vuch J, Zupin L, Moura RR, Trevisan E, Schneider M, Brollo A, Nicastro EM, Cosenzi A, Zabucchi G, Borelli V. Iron signature in asbestos-induced malignant pleural mesothelioma: A population-based autopsy study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:129-141. [PMID: 26818092 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1123452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. The development of MPM is frequently linked to inhalation of asbestos fibers. A genetic component of susceptibility to this disease is suggested by the observation that some individuals develop MPM following lower doses of asbestos exposure, whereas others exposed to higher quantities do not seem to be affected. This hypothesis is supported also by frequent reports of MPM familial clustering. Despite the widely recognized role of iron (Fe) in cellular asbestos-induced pulmonary toxicity, the role of the related gene polymorphisms in the etiology of MPM has apparently not been evaluated. Eighty-six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 10 Fe-metabolism genes were examined by exploiting formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded postmortem samples from 77 patients who died due to MPM (designated AEM) and compared with 48 who were exposed to asbestos but from died in old age of cause other than asbestos (designated AENM). All subjects showed objective signs of asbestos exposure. Three SNPs, localized in the ferritin heavy polypeptide, transferrin, and hephaestin genes, whose frequencies were distributed differently in AEM and AENM populations, were identified. For ferritin and transferrin the C/C and the G/G genotypes, respectively, representing intronic polymorphisms, were significantly associated with protection against MPM and need to be considered as possible genetic markers of protection. Similarly, the C/C hephaestin SNP, a missense variation of this multicopper ferroxidase encoding gene, may be related, also functionally, with protection against MPM. In conclusion, it is proposed that three Fe metabolism-associated genes, significantly associated with protection against development of MPM, may serve as protective markers for this aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Crovella
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | - Anna Monica Bianco
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | - Joseph Vuch
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | - Luisa Zupin
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Elisa Trevisan
- b Department of Life Science , University of Trieste , Italy
| | - Manuela Schneider
- c Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy , Hospital of Monfalcone (GO), Ass2 , Gorizia , Italy
| | - Alessandro Brollo
- c Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy , Hospital of Monfalcone (GO), Ass2 , Gorizia , Italy
| | - Enza Maria Nicastro
- c Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy , Hospital of Monfalcone (GO), Ass2 , Gorizia , Italy
| | - Alessandro Cosenzi
- d Department of Medicine , Hospital of Monfalcone (GO), Ass2 , Gorizia , Italy
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Abstract
Respiratory disease accounts for a large proportion of emergency admissions to hospital and diseaseassociated mortality. Genetic association studies demonstrate a link between iron metabolism and pulmonary disease phenotypes. IREB2 is a gene that produces iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2), which has a key role in iron homeostasis. This review addresses pathways involved in iron metabolism, particularly focusing on the role of IREB2. In addition to this, environmental factors also influence phenotypic variation in respiratory disease, for example inhaled iron from cigarette smoke is deposited in the lung and causes tissue damage by altering iron homeostasis. The effects of cigarette smoke are detailed in this article, particularly in relation to lung conditions that favour the upper lobes, such as emphysema and lung cancer. Clinical applications of iron homeostasis are also discussed in this review, especially looking at the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pulmonary infections and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Promising new treatments involving iron are also covered.
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Giorgi G, D'Anna MC, Roque ME. Iron homeostasis and its disruption in mouse lung in iron deficiency and overload. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1199-216. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Giorgi
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - María Cecilia D'Anna
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Marta Elena Roque
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
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Gustafsson Å, Bergström U, Ågren L, Österlund L, Sandström T, Bucht A. Differential cellular responses in healthy mice and in mice with established airway inflammation when exposed to hematite nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:1-11. [PMID: 26163175 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory and immunological responses in airways and lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs), following lung exposure to iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles (NPs). The responses to the hematite NPs were evaluated in both healthy non-sensitized mice, and in sensitized mice with an established allergic airway disease. The mice were exposed intratracheally to either hematite NPs or to vehicle (PBS) and the cellular responses were evaluated on days 1, 2, and 7, post-exposure. Exposure to hematite NPs increased the numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the airways of non-sensitized mice on days 1 and 2 post-exposure; at these time points the number of lymphocytes was also elevated in the LDLNs. In contrast, exposing sensitized mice to hematite NPs induced a rapid and unspecific cellular reduction in the alveolar space on day 1 post-exposure; a similar decrease of lymphocytes was also observed in the LDLN. The results indicate that cells in the airways and in the LDLN of individuals with established airway inflammation undergo cell death when exposed to hematite NPs. A possible explanation for this toxic response is the extensive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pro-oxidative environment of inflamed airways. This study demonstrates how sensitized and non-sensitized mice respond differently to hematite NP exposure, and it highlights the importance of including individuals with respiratory disorders when evaluating health effects of inhaled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Bergström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Dept of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lina Ågren
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Österlund
- Dept of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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55
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Casjens S, Henry J, Rihs HP, Lehnert M, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Welge P, Lotz A, Gelder RV, Hahn JU, Stiegler H, Eisele L, Weiss T, Hartwig A, Bruning T, Pesch B. Influence of Welding Fume on Systemic Iron Status. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2014; 58:1143-54. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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56
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Martínez-Reyes I, Cuezva JM. The H+-ATP synthase: A gate to ROS-mediated cell death or cell survival. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1099-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Saha SK, Das S. Molecular Approaches Toward Targeted Cancer Therapy with Some Food Plant Products. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Persson HL, Vainikka LK. Increased Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization in Oxidant-exposed Macrophages of Human Fibrotic Lungs. J Cell Death 2013; 6:69-74. [PMID: 25278780 PMCID: PMC4147753 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A disrupted balance of reduced glutathione (GSH) and iron (Fe) and subsequent enhanced susceptibility of lysosomes of lung macrophages (LMs) to oxidants may play a role in lung fibrogenesis. We assessed cellular Fe/GSH, lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), and cell death in cultures of oxidant exposed LMs. LMs from 7 lung fibrosis patients and healthy subjects were exposed to a physiologic concentration of H2O2 for 1 h. LMP was assessed with acridine orange green fluorescence, apoptosis/necrosis were estimated by apoptotic DNA and typical morphology, Fe was assessed with Prussian blue staining/atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and GSH was evaluated using a GSH assay kit. Oxidant-induced LMP and cell death were more pronounced in cultures of LMs from patients with lung fibrosis, and these cells contained less GSH and more cytochemically stained Fe. These observations indicate that LMP may be involved in fibrosis development, possibly through activation of the inflammasome complex. Further studies are warranted for a detailed understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans L Persson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Department of Respiratory Medicine UHL, Centre for Surgery and Oncology, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda K Vainikka
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Podder B, Kim YS, Song HY. Cytoprotective effect of bioactive sea buckthorn extract on paraquat-exposed A549 cells via induction of Nrf2 and its downstream genes. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1852-60. [PMID: 24141985 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extract of sea buckthorn (SBT) [Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae)], is used as a food supplement and traditional medicine in numerous countries. This study investigated the protective effects of the functional extract of SBT against paraquat (PQ)-induced toxicity via antioxidant mechanisms in A549 cells. The methanol extract of SBT (25-200 µg/ml) was used to protect cells against PQ (200 µM)-induced cell death. A viability assay was conducted using 3-(4,5-dimethylthioazol-2-ly)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Total intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured and plotted. For validation of the SBT-induced expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its target genes, western blot analysis and qPCR were performed. The present study showed that pretreatment of A549 cells with SBT extract significantly attenuated PQ (200 µM)-induced cellular toxicity. The maximum cytoprotective effect was identified using 200 µg/ml SBT extract; it began 24 h following exposure and was sustained up to 120 h (P<0.05). SBT extract significantly reduced LDH activity by 35.63% and ROS levels by 30.90% (P<0.05). Pretreatment with SBT extract activated Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression and its nuclear translocation. The SBT extract effectively induced Nrf2 target genes, such as NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione reductase and catalase following treatment with PQ. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that SBT extract may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of various oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Podder
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-721, Republic of Korea
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60
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Richards JH, Fischer BM, Voynow JA, Schmechel DE. Deficiency of α-1-antitrypsin influences systemic iron homeostasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2013; 8:45-51. [PMID: 23378755 PMCID: PMC3556862 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s37897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that proteases and antiproteases participate in the iron homeostasis of cells and living systems. We tested the postulate that α-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) polymorphism and the consequent deficiency of this antiprotease in humans are associated with a systemic disruption in iron homeostasis. Archived plasma samples from Alpha-1 Foundation (30 MM, 30 MZ, and 30 ZZ individuals) were analyzed for A1AT, ferritin, transferrin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Plasma samples were also assayed for metals using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES). Plasma levels of A1AT in MZ and ZZ individuals were approximately 60% and 20% of those for MM individuals respectively. Plasma ferritin concentrations in those with the ZZ genotype were greater relative to those individuals with either MM or MZ genotype. Plasma transferrin for MM, MZ, and ZZ genotypes showed no significant differences. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant (negative) relationship between plasma concentrations of A1AT and ferritin while that between A1AT and transferrin levels was not significant. Plasma CRP concentrations were not significantly different between MM, MZ, and ZZ individuals. ICPAES measurement of metals confirmed elevated plasma concentrations of nonheme iron among ZZ individuals. Nonheme iron concentrations correlated (negatively) with levels of A1AT. A1AT deficiency is associated with evidence of a disruption in iron homeostasis with plasma ferritin and nonheme iron concentrations being elevated among those with the ZZ genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- Human Studies Facility, US Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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61
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Jalalvand F, Su YC, Mörgelin M, Brant M, Hallgren O, Westergren-Thorsson G, Singh B, Riesbeck K. Haemophilus influenzae protein F mediates binding to laminin and human pulmonary epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:803-13. [PMID: 23230060 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) adheres to the respiratory epithelium or, in the case of epithelial damage, to the underlying basement membrane and extracellular matrix that, among other proteins, consists of laminin. We have recently identified protein F, an ABC transporter involved in NTHi immune evasion. Homology modeling of the protein F tertiary structure revealed a strong resemblance to the streptococcal laminin-binding proteins Lbp and Lmb. Here, we show that protein F promotes binding of NTHi to laminin and primary bronchial epithelial cells. Analyses with recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides revealed that the N-terminal part of protein F contains the host-interacting region. Moreover, protein F exists in all clinical isolates, and isogenic NTHi Δhpf mutants display significantly reduced binding to laminin and epithelial cells. We thus suggest protein F to be an important and ubiquitous NTHi adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Jalalvand
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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62
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Patel RB, Kotha SR, Sauers LA, Malireddy S, Gurney TO, Gupta NN, Elton TS, Magalang UJ, Marsh CB, Haley BE, Parinandi NL. Thiol-redox antioxidants protect against lung vascular endothelial cytoskeletal alterations caused by pulmonary fibrosis inducer, bleomycin: comparison between classical thiol-protectant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and novel thiol antioxidant, N,N'-bis-2-mercaptoethyl isophthalamide. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:383-96. [PMID: 22409285 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.673089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung vascular alterations and pulmonary hypertension associated with oxidative stress have been reported to be involved in idiopathic lung fibrosis (ILF). Therefore, here, we hypothesize that the widely used lung fibrosis inducer, bleomycin, would cause cytoskeletal rearrangement through thiol-redox alterations in the cultured lung vascular endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. We exposed the monolayers of primary bovine pulmonary artery ECs to bleomycin (10 µg) and studied the cytotoxicity, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and the macromolecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, 70,000 mol. wt.) paracellular transport in the absence and presence of two thiol-redox protectants, the classic water-soluble N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and the novel hydrophobic N,N'-bis-2-mercaptoethyl isophthalamide (NBMI). Our results revealed that bleomycin induced cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase leak), morphological alterations (rounding of cells and filipodia formation), and cytoskeletal rearrangement (actin stress fiber formation and alterations of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin) in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the formation of reactive oxygen species, loss of thiols (glutathione, GSH), EC barrier dysfunction (decrease of transendothelial electrical resistance), and enhanced paracellular transport (leak) of macromolecules. The observed bleomycin-induced EC alterations were attenuated by both NAC and NBMI, revealing that the novel hydrophobic thiol-protectant, NBMI, was more effective at µM concentrations as compared to the water-soluble NAC that was effective at mM concentrations in offering protection against the bleomycin-induced EC alterations. Overall, the results of the current study suggested the central role of thiol-redox in vascular EC dysfunction associated with ILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi B Patel
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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63
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Hfe deficiency impairs pulmonary neutrophil recruitment in response to inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39363. [PMID: 22745741 PMCID: PMC3383765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of iron homeostasis and the inflammatory response are tightly linked to protect the host from infection. Here we investigate how imbalanced systemic iron homeostasis in a murine disease model of hereditary hemochromatosis (Hfe−/− mice) affects the inflammatory responses of the lung. We induced acute pulmonary inflammation in Hfe−/− and wild-type mice by intratracheal instillation of 20 µg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analyzed local and systemic inflammatory responses and iron-related parameters. We show that in Hfe−/− mice neutrophil recruitment to the bronchoalveolar space is attenuated compared to wild-type mice although circulating neutrophil numbers in the bloodstream were elevated to similar levels in Hfe−/− and wild-type mice. The underlying molecular mechanisms are likely multifactorial and include elevated systemic iron levels, alveolar macrophage iron deficiency and/or hitherto unexplored functions of Hfe in resident pulmonary cell types. As a consequence, pulmonary cytokine expression is out of balance and neutrophils fail to be recruited efficiently to the bronchoalveolar compartment, a process required to protect the host from infections. In conclusion, our findings suggest a novel role for Hfe and/or imbalanced iron homeostasis in the regulation of the inflammatory response in the lung and hereditary hemochromatosis.
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64
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Pauluhn J, Wiemann M. Siderite (FeCO₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) overload-dependent pulmonary toxicity is determined by the poorly soluble particle not the iron content. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:763-83. [PMID: 22035119 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.606431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The two poorly soluble iron containing solid aerosols of siderite (FeCO₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) were compared in a 4-week inhalation study on rats at similar particle mass concentrations of approximately 30 or 100 mg/m³. The particle size distributions were essentially identical (MMAD ≈1.4 μm). The iron-based concentrations were 12 or 38 and 22 or 66 mg Fe/m³ for FeCO₃ and Fe₃O₄, respectively. Modeled and empirically determined iron lung burdens were compared with endpoints suggestive of pulmonary inflammation by determinations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and oxidative stress in lung tissue during a postexposure period of 3 months. The objective of study was to identify the most germane exposure metrics, that are the concentration of elemental iron (mg Fe/m³), total particle mass (mg PM/m³) or particle volume (μl PM/m³) and their associations with the effects observed. From this analysis it was apparent that the intensity of pulmonary inflammation was clearly dependent on the concentration of particle-mass or -volume and not of iron. Despite its lower iron content, the exposure to FeCO₃ caused a more pronounced and sustained inflammation as compared to Fe₃O₄. Similarly, borderline evidence of increased oxidative stress and inflammation occurred especially following exposure to FeCO₃ at moderate lung overload levels. The in situ analysis of 8-oxoguanine in epithelial cells of alveolar and bronchiolar regions supports the conclusion that both FeCO₃ and Fe₃O₄ particles are effectively endocytosed by macrophages as opposed to epithelial cells. Evidence of intracellular or nuclear sources of redox-active iron did not exist. In summary, this mechanistic study supports previous conclusions, namely that the repeated inhalation exposure of rats to highly respirable pigment-type iron oxides cause nonspecific pulmonary inflammation which shows a clear dependence on the particle volume-dependent lung overload rather than any increased dissolution and/or bioavailability of redox-active iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Experimental Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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65
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Kim J, Wessling-Resnick M. The Role of Iron Metabolism in Lung Inflammation and Injury. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY & THERAPY 2012; 3:004. [PMID: 29226014 PMCID: PMC5718378 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6121.s4-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron is required for many vital functions including oxygen transport and energy metabolism. Protective mechanisms maintain optimal iron concentration involving dynamic regulation of the transporters and iron storage proteins. In addition to these systemic regulatory mechanisms, the unique lung environment must provide detoxification from metal-induced oxidative stress and pathogenic infections. This review focuses on the unique role of iron metabolism in lung injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghan Kim
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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66
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 2012; 24:981-90. [PMID: 22286106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2834] [Impact Index Per Article: 236.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance due to excess ROS or oxidants over the capability of the cell to mount an effective antioxidant response. Oxidative stress results in macromolecular damage and is implicated in various disease states such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. Paradoxically, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS also serve as critical signaling molecules in cell proliferation and survival. While there is a large body of research demonstrating the general effect of oxidative stress on signaling pathways, less is known about the initial and direct regulation of signaling molecules by ROS, or what we term the "oxidative interface." Cellular ROS sensing and metabolism are tightly regulated by a variety of proteins involved in the redox (reduction/oxidation) mechanism. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which ROS directly interact with critical signaling molecules to initiate signaling in a broad variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation and survival (MAP kinases, PI3 kinase, PTEN, and protein tyrosine phosphatases), ROS homeostasis and antioxidant gene regulation (thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, Ref-1, and Nrf-2), mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and aging (p66Shc), iron homeostasis through iron-sulfur cluster proteins (IRE-IRP), and ATM-regulated DNA damage response.
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67
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Pro-oxidant iron in exhaled breath condensate: a potential excretory mechanism. Respir Med 2011; 105:1290-5. [PMID: 21514132 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pro-oxidant iron provides a potential measure of iron-catalysed oxidative stress in biological fluids. This study aimed, to investigate if the Bleomycin technique for measurement of pro-oxidant iron in biological fluids could be utilised for determinations in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Secondly, to measure levels of pro-oxidant iron in EBC from asthmatics after exposure to polluting city environments. METHODS Retrospective analysis of samples of EBC and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pro-oxidant iron levels were determined by the Bleomycin method. Transferrin levels were determined by radial diffusion immunoassay and lactoferrin by ELISA. SUBJECTS Patients undergoing surgery necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass, normal healthy controls, "healthy" smokers, and asthmatics (mild and moderate). RESULTS Pro-oxidant iron was significantly decreased (p<0.05) post cardiac surgery in both EBC and BALF. In smokers levels of pro-oxidant iron in EBC were significantly (p<0.05) increased verses healthy controls. In asthmatics with more severe disease, there were significant increases in EBC pro-oxidant iron content post exposure to city environments (p<0.001), with levels most elevated after exposure to the most polluted setting. CONCLUSION Similar patterns in the levels of pro-oxidant iron detectable in EBC and paired BALF from patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (pre and post surgery) suggest a potential for EBC determinations. Significantly elevated levels in EBC from smokers relative to control subjects provide further support for this technique. In asthma disease severity and environmental exposure influenced levels of pro-oxidant iron measured in EBC indicating a potential for enhanced iron-catalysed oxidative stress.
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Kim J, Molina RM, Donaghey TC, Buckett PD, Brain JD, Wessling-Resnick M. Influence of DMT1 and iron status on inflammatory responses in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L659-65. [PMID: 21278260 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is the major iron transporter responsible for duodenal dietary iron absorption and is required for erythropoiesis. Recent studies suggest that loss of DMT1 activity could be involved in metal-related lung injury, but little is known about the effects of iron status and DMT1 function on pulmonary inflammation. To better define the role of DMT1 and iron status in pulmonary inflammatory responses, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) following intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the Belgrade rat, an animal model deficient in DMT1 function. In the basal state, the BAL fluid of Belgrade rats had more macrophages and higher lactate dehydrogenase, myeloperoxidase, albumin, and hemoglobin levels compared with heterozygote control rats. Following LPS instillation, the macrophage fraction relative to total BAL cell content and levels of albumin and IgM were increased in Belgrade rats compared with controls. In contrast, heterozygote Belgrade rats made anemic by diet-induced iron deficiency exhibited attenuated inflammatory responses to LPS. These combined results show that pulmonary inflammation can be modified by both DMT1 and iron status. Loss of DMT1 alters pulmonary responses necessary for lung homeostasis in the basal state and enhances LPS-induced inflammation and therefore would contribute to progression of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghan Kim
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Patel RB, Kotha SR, Sherwani SI, Sliman SM, Gurney TO, Loar B, Butler SO, Morris AJ, Marsh CB, Parinandi NL. Pulmonary fibrosis inducer, bleomycin, causes redox-sensitive activation of phospholipase D and cytotoxicity through formation of bioactive lipid signal mediator, phosphatidic acid, in lung microvascular endothelial cells. Int J Toxicol 2010; 30:69-90. [PMID: 21131602 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of lung microvascular complications and pulmonary hypertension known to be associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a debilitating lung disease, are not known. Therefore, we investigated whether bleomycin, the widely used experimental IPF inducer, would be capable of activating phospholipase D (PLD) and generating the bioactive lipid signal-mediator phosphatidic acid (PA) in our established bovine lung microvascular endothelial cell (BLMVEC) model. Our results revealed that bleomycin induced the activation of PLD and generation of PA in a dose-dependent (5, 10, and 100 µg) and time-dependent (2-12 hours) fashion that were significantly attenuated by the PLD-specific inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI). PLD activation and PA generation induced by bleomycin (5 µg) were significantly attenuated by the thiol protectant (N-acetyl-L-cysteine), antioxidants, and iron chelators suggesting the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and iron therein. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the formation of ROS and loss of glutathione (GSH) in cells following bleomycin treatment, confirming oxidative stress as a key player in the bleomycin-induced PLD activation and PA generation in ECs. More noticeably, PLD activation and PA generation were observed to happen upstream of bleomycin-induced cytotoxicity in BLMVECs, which was protected by FIPI. This was also supported by our current findings that exposure of cells to exogenous PA led to internalization of PA and cytotoxicity in BLMVECs. For the first time, this study revealed novel mechanism of the bleomycin-induced redox-sensitive activation of PLD that led to the generation of PA, which was capable of inducing lung EC cytotoxicity, thus suggesting possible bioactive lipid-signaling mechanism/mechanisms of microvascular disorders encountered in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi B Patel
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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Mourad S, Rajab M, Alameddine A, Fares M, Ziade F, Merhi BA. Hemoglobin level as a risk factor for lower respiratory tract infections in Lebanese children. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2010; 2:461-6. [PMID: 22558548 PMCID: PMC3339108 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2010.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the biggest single cause of childhood death under the age of 5 years, and anemia affects approximately 30% of infants and children all over the world. AIM Determination of the relationship between anemia and lower respiratory tract infection as a risk factor in Lebanese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total number of two hundred infants and children aged nine months to twelve years were included; One hundred cases were hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection in Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, and one hundred healthy, age and sex matched controls, were selected from outpatient department. Complete blood count, iron level, ferritin level, and total iron binding capacity were taken if hemoglobin level less than eleven gram per deci-liter. In addition peripheral blood smear, chest radiograph and C-reactive protein were done to hospitalized cases. Definition of iron deficiency anemia and normal laboratory values were predetermined. RESULTS Anemia was found in 32% of hospitalized cases and 16% of healthy controls. Mean hemoglobin level was 9.99 ± 0.62 gram per deci-liter and 11.99 ± 0.92 gram per deci-liter in anemic and non-anemic group respectively with a significant P-value of 0.001. C-reactive protein levels and number hospitalization days were similar among the anemic and non-anemic group. History of recurrent chest infections was significantly higher in both anemic group and hospitalized cases compared to non-anemic group and healthy controls. Low hemoglobin level was a risk factor for lower respiratory tract infection with a P-value of 0.008. CONCLUSION Anemic children were two times more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infection compared to the control group, and iron deficiency anemia was predominating. Accurate diagnosis and prevention of anemia, whatever its etiology, is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Mourad
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Rajab
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aouni Alameddine
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Fares
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Ziade
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassem Abou Merhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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Peebles B, Nagy A, Waldman WJ, Dutta PK. Fenton activity and cytotoxicity studies of iron-loaded carbon particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6887-6892. [PMID: 20695492 DOI: 10.1021/es101250s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and biological properties of iron-loaded manufactured carbon nanoparticles (Flammruss 101) were contrasted with those of an iron-loaded synthetic carbon particle. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the iron on the carbon particles. Production of hydroxyl free radicals via the Fenton reaction was monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The iron-loaded synthetic carbon particles produced a positive Fenton response, whereas the iron-loaded manufactured carbon particles did not. The source of the Fenton activity of the synthetic carbon particles is proposed to be a soluble iron compound that was formed during the synthesis of the particle. A likely candidate for the soluble iron species is Fe2F5, which was synthesized and its properties were examined. Higher toxicity of Fe2F5 toward murine macrophages compared with other simple iron salts was attributed to soluble iron that was stabilized by the fluoride ligand. The cytotoxicity of manufactured carbon particles toward murine macrophages decreased or remained unaltered upon impregnation with iron compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Peebles
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Shiozawa N, Hayashimoto K, Suzuki E, Kikuchi H, Takata S, Ashida K, Watanabe M, Hosaki Y, Mitsunobu F. Lung function and blood markers of nutritional status in non-COPD aging men with smoking history: a cross-sectional study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010; 5:233-40. [PMID: 20714377 PMCID: PMC2921691 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cigarette smoking and advanced age are well known as risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and nutritional abnormalities are important in patients with COPD. However, little is known about the nutritional status in non-COPD aging men with smoking history. We therefore investigated whether reduced lung function is associated with lower blood markers of nutritional status in those men. Subjects and methods: This association was examined in a cross-sectional study of 65 Japanese male current or former smokers aged 50 to 80 years: 48 without COPD (non-COPD group), divided into tertiles according to forced expiratory volume in one second as percent of forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), and 17 with COPD (COPD group). Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, lower FEV1/FVC was significantly associated with lower red blood cell count (RBCc), hemoglobin, and total protein (TP); not with total energy intake. The difference in adjusted RBCc and TP among the non-COPD group tertiles was greater than that between the bottom tertile in the non-COPD group and the COPD group. Conclusion: In non-COPD aging men with smoking history, trends toward reduced nutritional status and anemia may independently emerge in blood components along with decreased lung function even before COPD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Shiozawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori, Japan
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Mousavi S, Mojtahedza M, Abdollahi M. Place of Iron Chelators Like Desferrioxamine and Deferasirox in Management of Hyperoxia-induced Lung Injury; A Systematic Review. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.326.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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