51
|
Kiyama R, Wada-Kiyama Y. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors: Molecular mechanisms of action. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:11-40. [PMID: 26073844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of more than 450 estrogenic chemicals including estrogenic endocrine disruptors is provided here to understand the complex and profound impact of estrogen action. First, estrogenic chemicals are categorized by structure as well as their applications, usage and effects. Second, estrogenic signaling is examined by the molecular mechanism based on the receptors, signaling pathways, crosstalk/bypassing and autocrine/paracrine/homeostatic networks involved in the signaling. Third, evaluation of estrogen action is discussed by focusing on the technologies and protocols of the assays for assessing estrogenicity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action is important to assess the action of endocrine disruptors and will be used for risk management based on pathway-based toxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuko Wada-Kiyama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Liu Y, Zhang RY, Zhao J, Dong Z, Feng DY, Wu R, Shi M, Zhao G. Ginsenoside Rd Protects SH-SY5Y Cells against 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14395-408. [PMID: 26114390 PMCID: PMC4519848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), one of the main active monomer compounds from the medical plant Panaxginseng, has been shown to promote neuronal survival in models of ischemic cerebral damage. As an extending study, here we examined whether GSRd could exert a beneficial effect in an experimental Parkinson disease (PD) model in vitro, in which SH-SY5Y cells were injured by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), an active metabolic product of the classical Parkinsonian toxin1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Our results, from the addition of different concentrations of GSRd (1, 10 and 50 μM), showed that GSRd at 1 and 10 μM could significantly attenuate MPP+-induced cell death. This protective effect may be ascribed to its ability to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, enhance antioxidant enzymatic activities, preserve the activity of respiratory complex I, stabilize the mitochondrial membrane potential and increase intracellular ATP levels. Additionally, the PI3K/Akt survival-signaling pathway was also involved in the protective effect of GSRd. Finally, using a mouse PD model in vivo, we also found that GSRd obviously reversed the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in substanitia nigra induced by MPTP. Thus, our findings demonstrated that GSRd showed a significant neuro-protective effect against experimental PD models, which may involve its antioxidant effects and mitochondrial function preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
- 153rd Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou 450007, China.
| | - Ren-Yu Zhang
- Cadet Brigade of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- 316th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Cadet Brigade of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Dong-Yun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ginsenoside Rg1, a potential JNK inhibitor, protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver damage. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
54
|
Li N, Liu Y, Li W, Zhou L, Li Q, Wang X, He P. A UPLC/MS-based metabolomics investigation of the protective effect of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 in mice with Alzheimer's disease. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:9-17. [PMID: 26843817 PMCID: PMC4703800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease, for which there is no effective drug therapy at present. Ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) and G-Rg2 have been reported to alleviate memory deterioration. However, the mechanism of their anti-AD effect has not yet been clearly elucidated. Methods Ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem MS (UPLC/MS)-based metabolomics was used to identify metabolites that are differentially expressed in the brains of AD mice with or without ginsenoside treatment. The cognitive function of mice and pathological changes in the brain were also assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results The impaired cognitive function and increased hippocampal Aβ deposition in AD mice were ameliorated by G-Rg1 and G-Rg2. In addition, a total of 11 potential biomarkers that are associated with the metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), hypoxanthine, and sphingolipids were identified in the brains of AD mice and their levels were partly restored after treatment with G-Rg1 and G-Rg2. G-Rg1 and G-Rg2 treatment influenced the levels of hypoxanthine, dihydrosphingosine, hexadecasphinganine, LPC C 16:0, and LPC C 18:0 in AD mice. Additionally, G-Rg1 treatment also influenced the levels of phytosphingosine, LPC C 13:0, LPC C 15:0, LPC C 18:1, and LPC C 18:3 in AD mice. Conclusion These results indicate that the improvements in cognitive function and morphological changes produced by G-Rg1 and G-Rg2 treatment are caused by regulation of related brain metabolic pathways. This will extend our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the effects of G-Rg1 and G-Rg2 on AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naijing Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Gerontology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Dias C, Rauter AP. Carbohydrates and Glycomimetics in Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics and Diagnosis. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of late-life dementia, affecting millions worldwide. The devastating nature of the disease, unsuccessful treatment options and high socio-economic impact has inspired scientists to develop new structures with neuroprotective properties. Although currently available drugs target cholinergic neurotransmission, investigation towards disease-modifying therapies has been growing and carbohydrates have been playing an active role in the latest discoveries. Sugars, as polyfunctional compounds particularly important in biology and widely involved in human health and disease, have great potential to generate bioactive and bioavailable interesting molecules. Herein we discuss the importance of carbohydrates and glycomimetic structures, addressing different aspects of neuroprotection under investigation, targeting amyloid, tau and cholinergic hypotheses. The potential of carbohydrates in diagnosis is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Dias
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Amélia P. Rauter
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisbon Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Shi C, Luo X, Wang J, Long D. Incorporation of β-sitosterol into the membrane prevents tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and gonadotropin-releasing hormone decline. Steroids 2015; 96:1-6. [PMID: 25554578 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that hypothalamus has a programmatic role in aging development, and this role of hypothalamus is mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-directed gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) decline. β-Sitosterol (BS), one of the most common phytosterols in the diet, is able to inhibit pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. It has been demonstrated that dietary BS can enter the brain and accumulates in brain cell membranes. However, it is unknown whether and how membrane BS affects GnRH release. Using GT1-7 cells, a cell line of GnRH neurons, this study investigated if membrane BS had an influence on GnRH release. It was found that incorporation of BS into the membrane could prevent tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced GnRH decline. The underlying basis involves inhibition of NF-κβ activation via estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated inhibition of inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (Iκβ) processing. These results extend existing data regarding the beneficial effects of BS, and suggest the use of BS-enriched foods as anti-aging nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China.
| | - XiuMei Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Dahong Long
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Transcriptional regulation of BACE1 by NFAT3 leads to enhanced amyloidogenic processing. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:829-36. [PMID: 25663301 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) to form neuritic plaques in the brain is the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated from sequential cleavages of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the β- and γ-secretases, and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the essential β-secretase for Aβ generation. Vulnerable regions in AD brains show increased BACE1 protein levels. However, the underlying mechanism how BACE1 is regulated remains to be further illustrated. Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) has been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Despite the increasing appreciation for the importance of NFAT-dependent transcription in the nervous system, the regulation and function of specific NFAT isoforms in neurons is poorly understood. In this report we found that both BACE1 and NFAT3 levels were significantly increased in the brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. We found that overexpression of NFAT3 resulted in increase of BACE1 promoter activity and BACE1 transcription, while disruption of NFAT3 expression decreased BACE1 gene transcription and protein expression in SAS1 cells. In a addition, overexpression of NFAT3 leads to increase levels of Aβ production. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed direct binding of NFAT3 to specific DNA sequences within BACE1 promoter region. Taken together, our results indicate that NFAT is a BACE1 transcription factor. Our study suggests that inhibition of NFAT-mediated BACE1 expression may be a valuable drug target for AD therapy.
Collapse
|
58
|
ID1201, the ethanolic extract of the fruit of Melia toosendan ameliorates impairments in spatial learning and reduces levels of amyloid beta in 5XFAD mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:170-5. [PMID: 25281546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated the anti-amyloidogenic effects of the ethanolic extract of Meliae Fructus (ID1201) using cell lines with stably expressed human Swedish mutant APP695 and β-secretase 1, and 5Xfamilial AD (FAD) mice carrying five mutations. Here, we investigated the effects of ID1201 on cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Daily administration of ID1201 was commenced at 3 months of age and continued for 3 months. Mice were serially trained in cued/response and place/spatial training tasks in the Morris water maze. After this training, testing for strategy preference was conducted. Non-transgenic control mice with vehicle treatment, vehicle-treated 5XFAD, and ID1201-treated 5XFAD mice showed equivalent performance in cued/response training. However, as training progressed to the subsequent place/spatial learning, vehicle-treated control and ID1201-treated 5XFAD mice differed significantly from vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice in measures of spatial learning (search error and adaptive spatial learning strategy). In the strategy preference test that followed, control mice preferred a place/spatial strategy relative to vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, but differences between ID1201-treated 5XFAD mice and vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice were not significant. Additionally, ID1201 treatment reduced hippocampal levels of insoluble Aβ42 and increased cortical levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein α. These results indicate that ID1201 may possess potential as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease by decreasing Aβ deposits.
Collapse
|
59
|
Shi C, Zhu X, Wang J, Long D. Estrogen receptor α promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of platelet amyloid precursor protein via the MAPK/ERK pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:280-5. [PMID: 25017047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ), a proteolytic product of amyloid precursor protein (APP), in senile plaques and in the walls of cerebral blood vessels is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Platelets contain high levels of APP and Aβ and may contribute to amyloid deposits seen in AD. However, the biochemical mechanism(s) involved in the regulation of platelet APP metabolism are largely unknown. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) is found to be expressed in platelets. It has not been elucidated whether ERα-mediated non-genomic signaling intervenes with platelet APP processing. Using ERα knock-out (α-ERKO) mice and wild type (WT) littermates, the present study demonstrated that ERα-specific agonist propylpyrazole triol (PPT) promoted non-amyloidogenic processing of platelet APP via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The underlying basis involves direct association of activated ERK with a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 17 (ADAM17, an α-secretase candidate) and ERK-dependent threonine phosphorylation of ADAM17. These results suggest that selective modulation of ERα in peripheral target tissues may serve as an anti-amyloidogenic strategy for AD and other amyloidogenic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China.
| | - XiaoMing Zhu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Dahong Long
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ginsenoside Rd attenuates tau protein phosphorylation via the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway after transient forebrain ischemia. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1363-73. [PMID: 24792734 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylated tau was found to be regulated after cerebral ischemia and linked to high risk for the development of post-stroke dementia. Our previous study showed that ginsenoside Rd (Rd), one of the main active ingredients in Panax ginseng, decreased tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer model. As an extending study, here we investigated whether Rd could reduce tau phosphorylation and sequential cognition impairment after ischemic stroke. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. The tau phosphorylation of rat brains were analyzed following ischemia by Western blot and animal cognitive functions were examined by Morris water maze and Novel object recognition task. Ischemic insults increased the levels of phosphorylated tau protein at Ser199/202 and PHF-1 sites and caused animal memory deficits. Rd treatment attenuated ischemia-induced enhancement of tau phosphorylation and ameliorated behavior impairment. Furthermore, we revealed that Rd inhibited the activity of Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), the most important kinase involving tau phosphorylation, but enhanced the activity of protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), a key kinase suppressing GSK-3β activity. Moreover, we found that LY294002, an antagonist for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway, abolished the inhibitory effect of Rd on GSK-3β activity and tau phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that Rd may reduce cerebral ischemia-induced tau phosphorylation via the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway.
Collapse
|
61
|
Smith I, Williamson EM, Putnam S, Farrimond J, Whalley BJ. Effects and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on cognition. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:319-33. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Smith
- School of Chemistry; Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading Berkshire UK
| | - Elizabeth M Williamson
- School of Chemistry; Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading Berkshire UK
| | | | | | - Benjamin J Whalley
- School of Chemistry; Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading Berkshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Shi C, Zhu X, Wang J, Long D. Tanshinone IIA promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein in platelets via estrogen receptor signaling to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:500-504. [PMID: 24944795 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a proteolytic product of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Recent findings suggested that platelet-derived Aβ is closely associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a pharmacologically active component of the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has long been used to treat AS and was also identified as a phytoestrogen. However, it has not been elucidated whether Tan IIA intervenes with platelet APP processing and whether such an intervention is associated with its estrogenic activity. Using human platelets, this study demonstrated that Tan IIA promoted the non-amyloidogenic cleavage of APP via estrogenic activity. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway may be involved in this effect of Tan IIA on platelet APP metabolism as a downstream effector of estrogen receptor signaling. This study aimed to extend the existing data and provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the vasoprotective effect of Tan IIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dahong Long
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Park H, Yoo JS, Kim JY, Hwang BY, Han JS, Yeon SW, Kang JH. Anti-amyloidogenic effects of ID1201, the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Melia toosendan, through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:513-520. [PMID: 24566006 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, which are generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP), are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the anti-amyloidogenic effects of the ethanolic extract of Meliae Fructus (ID1201) using human embryonic kidney 293 cells with stably expressed human wild-type or Swedish mutant APP695 and β-secretase 1. ID1201 treatment enhanced the non-amyloidogenic metabolism of APP; increases in soluble APPα levels and decreases in soluble APPβ and Aβ levels resulted from the α-secretase activation through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. In addition, ID1201-treated 5×familial AD (FAD) mice with 5 mutations in APP and presenilin 1 showed reduced levels of Aβ and amyloid plaques in the brain relative to those of 5×FAD mice with vehicle treatments. These results indicate that ID1201 possesses anti-amyloidogenic effects via the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyeol Park
- ILDONG Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Su Yoo
- ILDONG Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- ILDONG Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Yeon
- ILDONG Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-710, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Kang
- ILDONG Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-710, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Lee JH, Jiang Y, Han DH, Shin SK, Choi WH, Lee MJ. Targeting estrogen receptors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:39-49. [PMID: 23771838 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The significantly higher incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in women than in men has been attributed to loss of estrogen and a variety of related mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and hormonal levels, which subsequently elucidate neuroprotective roles of estrogen against AD-related pathology. Recent studies have proposed that beneficial effects of estrogen on AD are directly linked to its ability to reduce amyloid-β peptides and tau aggregates, two hallmark lesions of AD. Despite high expectations, large clinical trials with postmenopausal women indicated that the beneficial effects of estrogen therapies were insignificant and, in fact, elicited adverse effects. Here, we review the current status of AD prevention and treatment using estrogens focusing on recent understandings of their biochemical links to AD pathophysiology. This review also discusses development of selective ligands that specifically target either estrogen receptor α (ERα) or ERβ isoforms, which are potentially promising strategies for safe and efficient treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Muche A, Bürger S, Arendt T, Schliebs R. Hypoxic stress, brain vascular system, and β-amyloid: A primary cell culture study. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 18:1-11. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513z.000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
66
|
Shi C, Wu F, Zhu XC, Xu J. Incorporation of beta-sitosterol into the membrane increases resistance to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation via estrogen receptor-mediated PI3K/GSK3beta signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2538-44. [PMID: 23266618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain lipid peroxidation has long been considered a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). beta-sitosterol (BS), a plant sterol that is prevalent in plant plasma membrane, has been suggested to have antioxidant activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary BS can enter the brain and accumulates in the plasma membrane of brain cells. However, it is unknown whether and how BS exerts its antioxidant activity in plasma membrane. METHODS To incorporate BS into the plasma membrane in vitro, HT22 cells and primarily cultured hippocampal cells were supplemented with BS using 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) as a carrier. The present study then tested the antioxidant effect of membrane BS against glucose oxidase (GOX)-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and whether the antioxidant effect of membrane BS was associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PL3K)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3beta) signaling. RESULTS Incorporation of BS into cell membrane prevented GOX-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which could be suppressed by the ER antagonists and PI3K inhibitor. Additional experiments showed that incorporation of BS into cell membrane induced an up-regulation of PI3K activity and a recruitment of PI3K to lipid rafts, which could be inhibited by the ER antagonist. Membrane BS also increased the expression of p-GSK3beta, which could be suppressed in the presence of the ER antagonist and PI3K inhibitor. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Given that BS is prevalent in foods such as plant oil, the results provide a better understanding of the beneficial effects of these BS-enriched nutrients on neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Involvement of IGF-I receptor and estrogen receptor pathways in the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against Aβ25–35-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:1065-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
68
|
Kim HJ, Kim P, Shin CY. A comprehensive review of the therapeutic and pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in central nervous system. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:8-29. [PMID: 23717153 PMCID: PMC3659622 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in human. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are most widely investigated diseases among all others in respect to the ginseng’s therapeutic effects. These include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, and many other neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only the various types of diseases but also the diverse array of target pathways or molecules ginseng exerts its effect on. These range, for example, from neuroprotection to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and from regulation of neuroinflammatory processes to the regulation of neurotransmitter release, too many to mention. In general, ginseng and even a single compound of ginsenoside produce its effects on multiple sites of action, which make it an ideal candidate to develop multi-target drugs. This is most important in CNS diseases where multiple of etiological and pathological targets working together to regulate the final pathophysiology of diseases. In this review, we tried to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. Side by side comparison of the therapeutic effects in various neurological disorders may widen our understanding of the therapeutic potential of ginseng in CNS diseases and the possibility to develop not only symptomatic drugs but also disease modifying reagents based on ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Advanced Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
He P, Li P, Hua Q, Liu Y, Staufenbiel M, Li R, Shen Y. Chronic administration of anti-stroke herbal medicine TongLuoJiuNao reduces amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58181. [PMID: 23472157 PMCID: PMC3589383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Composed of Ginsenoside Rg1 and Geniposide, the herbal medicine TongLuoJiuNao (TLJN) injection liquid has anti-inflammatory properties and can improve learning and memory in mice. Recently, TLJN has been used to treat the patients with cerebral ischemic stroke and vascular dementia, which significantly increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the early human beings. Although beneficial effects of TLJN have been reported in the vascular-associated brain disorders, the roles of TLJN in AD brains are still not clear. In this study, we chronically administered TLJN in amyloid precursor protein (APP) Swedish mutant transgenic mice (APP23) from 6 months old of age, which is at the onset of Aβ plaques, to 12 months old. We found that TLJN significantly decreased Aβ production and deposition in the brain of APP23 mice. Furthermore, we observed that TLJN down-regulated the levels and activity of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein as well as the expression levels of γ-secretase complex components: PS1, nicastrin and anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH1) but not presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN2). The results suggest an inhibitory effect of TLJN on amyloidogenic APP processing by down-regulating the cleavage enzymes BACE1 and γ-secretase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies of Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pengtao Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Rena Li
- Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Shen
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies of Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Tohda C, Urano T, Umezaki M, Nemere I, Kuboyama T. Diosgenin is an exogenous activator of 1,25D₃-MARRS/Pdia3/ERp57 and improves Alzheimer's disease pathologies in 5XFAD mice. Sci Rep 2012; 2:535. [PMID: 22837815 PMCID: PMC3405293 DOI: 10.1038/srep00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and the mechanism of diosgenin, a famous plant-derived steroidal sapogenin, on memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice. Diosgenin-treated 5XFAD mice exhibited significantly improved performance of object recognition memory. Diosgenin treatment significantly reduced amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Degenerated axons and presynaptic terminals that were only observed in regions closely associated with amyloid plaques were significantly reduced by diosgenin treatment. The 1,25D3-membrane-associated, rapid response steroid-binding protein (1,25D3-MARRS) was shown to be a target of diosgenin. 1,25D3-MARRS knockdown completely inhibited diosgenin-induced axonal growth in cortical neurons. Treatment with a neutralizing antibody against 1,25D3-MARRS diminished the axonal regeneration effect of diosgenin in Aβ(1–42)-induced axonal atrophy. This is the first study to demonstrate that the exogenous stimulator diosgenin activates the 1,25D3-MARRS pathway, which may be a very critical signaling target for anti-AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|