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Locato V, Cimini S, De Gara L. ROS and redox balance as multifaceted players of cross-tolerance: epigenetic and retrograde control of gene expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3373-3391. [PMID: 29722828 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde pathways occurring between chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus involve oxidative and antioxidative signals that, working in a synergistic or antagonistic mode, control the expression of specific patterns of genes following stress perception. Increasing evidence also underlines the relevance of mitochondrion-chloroplast-nucleus crosstalk in modulating the whole cellular redox metabolism by a controlled and integrated flux of information. Plants can maintain the acquired tolerance by a stress memory, also operating at the transgenerational level, via epigenetic and miRNA-based mechanisms controlling gene expression. Data discussed in this review strengthen the idea that ROS, redox signals, and shifts in cellular redox balance permeate the signalling network leading to cross-tolerance. The identification of specific ROS/antioxidative signatures leading a plant to different fates under stress is pivotal for identifying strategies to monitor and increase plant fitness in a changing environment. This review provides an update of the plant redox signalling network implicated in stress responses, in particular in cross-tolerance acquisition. The interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS), ROS-derived signals, and antioxidative pathways is also discussed in terms of plant acclimation to stress in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Locato
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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Brown SE, Sant KE, Fleischman SM, Venezia O, Roy MA, Zhao L, Timme-Laragy AR. Pancreatic beta cells are a sensitive target of embryonic exposure to butylparaben in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Birth Defects Res 2018. [PMID: 29516647 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butylparaben (butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid) is a common cosmetic and pharmaceutical preservative reported to induce oxidative stress and endocrine disruption. Embryonic development is sensitive to oxidative stress, with redox potentials playing critical roles in progenitor cell fate decisions. Because pancreatic beta cells have been reported to have low antioxidant gene expression, they may be sensitive targets of oxidative stress. We tested the hypotheses that butylparaben causes oxidative stress in the developing embryo, and that pancreatic beta cells are a sensitive target of butylparaben embryotoxicity. METHODS Transgenic insulin:GFP zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) were treated daily with 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 3,000 nM butylparaben. Pancreatic islet and whole embryo development were examined though 7 days postfertilization, and gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine redox content were measured at 28 hr postfertilization using HPLC. RESULTS Butylparaben exposure caused intestinal effusion, pericardial edema, and accelerated yolk utilization. At 250 nM, beta cell area increased by as much as 55%, and increased incidence of two aberrant morphologies were observed-fragmentation of the islet cluster and ectopic beta cells. Butylparaben concentrations of 500 and 1,000 nM increased GSH by 10 and 40%, respectively. Butylparaben exposure downregulated transcription factor pdx1, as well as genes involved in GSH synthesis, while upregulating GSH-disulfide reductase (gsr). CONCLUSIONS The endocrine pancreas is a sensitive target of embryonic exposure to butylparaben, which also causes developmental deformities and perturbs redox conditions in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Brown
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303
| | - Shana M Fleischman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303
| | - Olivia Venezia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303
| | - Monika A Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303.,Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave., 229 Jessie Harris Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303
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Thayumanavan P, Loganathan C, Iruthayaraj A, Poomani K, Nallaiyan S. S-allyl-glutathione, a synthetic analogue of glutathione protected liver against carbon tetrachloride toxicity: Focus towards anti-oxidative efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:21-28. [PMID: 29278860 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple analogue of well known natural antioxidant glutathione (GSH) called S-allyl-glutathione (SAG) was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress liver injury in rat. Pretreatment of SAG attenuated the CCl4-toxicity induced elevation of liver injury markers such as enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and LDH) and bilirubin in the blood circulation. Such protective effect of SAG resulted in preservation of liver function observed as normal level of total protein and albumin in plasma as well as inhibition of dyslipidemia in liver. In addition, in silico analysis has proved that SAG has strong affinity with the amino acids present in active site of the human cytochrome P450 2E1 and 3A4. Three important mechanisms provided by SAG such as scavenging of reactive oxidants, replenishing of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, catalase, GPx, GSH and vitamin C) and protection of mitochondrial function (oxidative phosphorylation complex activities) are involved in the optimal function of liver against CCl4-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chitra Loganathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Ancy Iruthayaraj
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Kumaradhas Poomani
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Selvan Nallaiyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Arts College, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu 612002, India.
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Zhang P, Wu J, Xiao F, Zhao D, Luan Y. Disulfide bond based polymeric drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy and relevant redox environments in mammals. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1485-1510. [PMID: 29341223 DOI: 10.1002/med.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of disulfide linkage-employing polymeric drug carriers that utilize the reversible peculiarity of this unique covalent bond have been reported. The reduction-sensitive disulfide bond is usually employed as a linkage between hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, polymers and drugs, or as cross-linkers in polymeric drug carriers. These polymeric drug carriers are designed to exploit the significant redox potential difference between the reducing intracellular environments and relatively oxidizing extracellular spaces. In addition, these drug carriers can release a considerable amount of anticancer drug in response to the reducing environment when they reach tumor tissues, effectively improving antitumor efficacy. This review focuses on various disulfide linkage-employing polymeric drug carriers. Important redox thiol pools, including GSH/GSSG, Cys/CySS, and Trx1, as well as redox environments in mammals, will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jilian Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Fengmei Xiao
- Binzhou Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Binzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dujuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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55
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Jeong EM, Yoon JH, Lim J, Shin JW, Cho AY, Heo J, Lee KB, Lee JH, Lee WJ, Kim HJ, Son YH, Lee SJ, Cho SY, Shin DM, Choi K, Kim IG. Real-Time Monitoring of Glutathione in Living Cells Reveals that High Glutathione Levels Are Required to Maintain Stem Cell Function. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:600-614. [PMID: 29307581 PMCID: PMC5830891 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The core functions of stem cells (SCs) are critically regulated by their cellular redox status. Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol functioning as an antioxidant and a redox regulator. However, an investigation into the relationship between glutathione-mediated redox capacity and SC activities is hindered by lack of probe. Here, we demonstrate that cyanoacrylamide-based coumarin derivatives are ratiometric probes suitable for the real-time monitoring of glutathione levels in living SCs. These probes revealed that glutathione levels are heterogeneous among subcellular organelles and among individual cells and show dynamic changes and heterogeneity in repopulating SCs depending on oxidative stress or culture conditions. Importantly, a subpopulation of SCs with high glutathione levels exhibited increased stemness and migration activities in vitro and showed improved therapeutic efficiency in treating asthma. Our results indicate that high glutathione levels are required for maintaining SC functions, and monitoring glutathione dynamics and heterogeneity can advance our understanding of the cellular responses to oxidative stress. FreSHtracer is a reversible probe for a fast and ratiometric reaction with GSH FreSHtracer and its derivatives enable real-time monitoring of intracellular GSH FreSHtracer reports dynamic changes and heterogeneity of GSH level in stem cells High GSH levels are required for maintaining functional potency of stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Protein Glutathionylation in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2818565. [PMID: 29456785 PMCID: PMC5804111 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2818565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein glutathionylation is a redox-mediated posttranslational modification that regulates the function of target proteins by conjugating glutathione with a cysteine thiol group on the target proteins. Protein glutathionylation has several biological functions such as regulation of metabolic pathways, calcium homeostasis, signal transduction, remodeling of cytoskeleton, inflammation, and protein folding. However, the exact role and mechanism of glutathionylation during irreversible oxidative stress has not been completely defined. Irreversible oxidative damage is implicated in a number of neurological disorders. Here, we discuss and highlight the most recent findings and several evidences for the association of glutathionylation with neurodegenerative diseases and the role of glutathionylation of specific proteins in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the important role of glutathionylation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases may provide insights into novel therapeutic interventions.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione metabolism is comparable to a jigsaw puzzle with too many pieces. It is supposed to comprise (i) the reduction of disulfides, hydroperoxides, sulfenic acids, and nitrosothiols, (ii) the detoxification of aldehydes, xenobiotics, and heavy metals, and (iii) the synthesis of eicosanoids, steroids, and iron-sulfur clusters. In addition, glutathione affects oxidative protein folding and redox signaling. Here, I try to provide an overview on the relevance of glutathione-dependent pathways with an emphasis on quantitative data. Recent Advances: Intracellular redox measurements reveal that the cytosol, the nucleus, and mitochondria contain very little glutathione disulfide and that oxidative challenges are rapidly counterbalanced. Genetic approaches suggest that iron metabolism is the centerpiece of the glutathione puzzle in yeast. Furthermore, recent biochemical studies provide novel insights on glutathione transport processes and uncoupling mechanisms. CRITICAL ISSUES Which parts of the glutathione puzzle are most relevant? Does this explain the high intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione? How can iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, oxidative protein folding, or redox signaling occur at high glutathione concentrations? Answers to these questions not only seem to depend on the organism, cell type, and subcellular compartment but also on different ideologies among researchers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A rational approach to compare the relevance of glutathione-dependent pathways is to combine genetic and quantitative kinetic data. However, there are still many missing pieces and too little is known about the compartment-specific repertoire and concentration of numerous metabolites, substrates, enzymes, and transporters as well as rate constants and enzyme kinetic patterns. Gathering this information might require the development of novel tools but is crucial to address potential kinetic competitions and to decipher uncoupling mechanisms to solve the glutathione puzzle. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1130-1161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Deponte
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University , Heidelberg, Germany
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58
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García-Giménez JL, Romá-Mateo C, Pérez-Machado G, Peiró-Chova L, Pallardó FV. Role of glutathione in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:36-48. [PMID: 28705657 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field that studies gene expression modifications not involving changes in the DNA sequence. Histone H3, one of the basic proteins in the nucleosomes that make up chromatin, is S-glutathionylated in mammalian cells and tissues, making Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, glutathione (GSH), a physiological antioxidant and second messenger in cells, a new post-translational modifier of the histone code that alters the structure of the nucleosome. However, the role of GSH in the epigenetic mechanisms likely goes beyond a mere structural function. Evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a link between GSH metabolism and the control of epigenetic mechanisms at different levels (i.e., substrate availability, enzymatic activity for DNA methylation, changes in the expression of microRNAs, and participation in the histone code). However, little is known about the molecular pathways by which GSH can control epigenetic events. Studying mutations in enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and the alterations of the levels of cofactors affecting epigenetic mechanisms appears challenging. However, the number of diseases induced by aberrant epigenetic regulation is growing, so elucidating the intricate network between GSH metabolism, oxidative stress and epigenetics could shed light on how their deregulation contributes to the development of neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic pathologies and many other types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gisselle Pérez-Machado
- Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
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59
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Jia XL, Chen YK, Xu XZ, Shen F, Zheng QB, Du Z, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu XF, Han ZH, Zhang XZ. miR156 switches on vegetative phase change under the regulation of redox signals in apple seedlings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14223. [PMID: 29079841 PMCID: PMC5660156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, miR156 regulates the vegetative phase change via the target SBP/SPL genes. The regulation of miR156 during ontogenetic processes is not fully understood. In the apple genome, of 31 putative MdMIR156 genes that encode pre-miR156, seven were dominantly expressed. However, the transcript levels of only MdMIR156a5 and MdMIR156a12 decreased significantly during the vegetative phase change, which was consistent with the mature miR156 level, indicating that miR156 is under transcriptional regulation. Leaf H2O2 content was higher in the adult phase than in the juvenile phase because of excess H2O2 accumulation in chloroplasts. When in vitro shoots were treated with menadione, diphenyleneiodonium, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or buthionine sulphoximine, the expressions of MdMIR156a5, MdMIR156a12, and as well miR156 were coordinated with reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio but not H2O2 contents. Alteration of miR156 expression level by MdMIR156a6-overexpressing or miR156-mimetic transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana did not cause a corresponding change in reactive oxygen species or GSH status. Collectively, the results indicate that the vegetative phase change in apple is controlled by the MdMIR156a5 and MdMIR156a12 transcriptional regulatory network in response to the plastid–nucleus redox signals, such as GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin Jia
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ya Kun Chen
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao Zhao Xu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Bo Zheng
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Du
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Feng Xu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Hai Han
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhong Zhang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Calderón A, Ortiz-Espín A, Iglesias-Fernández R, Carbonero P, Pallardó FV, Sevilla F, Jiménez A. Thioredoxin (Trxo1) interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and its overexpression affects the growth of tobacco cell culture. Redox Biol 2017; 11:688-700. [PMID: 28183062 PMCID: PMC5299145 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), key components of cellular redox regulation, act by controlling the redox status of many target proteins, and have been shown to play an essential role in cell survival and growth. The presence of a Trx system in the nucleus has received little attention in plants, and the nuclear targets of plant Trxs have not been conclusively identified. Thus, very little is known about the function of Trxs in this cellular compartment. Previously, we studied the intracellular localization of PsTrxo1 and confirmed its presence in mitochondria and, interestingly, in the nucleus under standard growth conditions. In investigating the nuclear function of PsTrxo1 we identified proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a PsTrxo1 target by means of affinity chromatography techniques using purified nuclei from pea leaves. Such protein-protein interaction was corroborated by dot-blot and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, which showed that both proteins interact in the nucleus. Moreover, PsTrxo1 showed disulfide reductase activity on previously oxidized recombinant PCNA protein. In parallel, we studied the effects of PsTrxo1 overexpression on Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cell cultures. Microscopy and flow-cytometry analysis showed that PsTrxo1 overexpression increases the rate of cell proliferation in the transformed lines, with a higher percentage of the S phase of the cell cycle at the beginning of the cell culture (days 1 and 3) and at the G2/M phase after longer times of culture (day 9), coinciding with an upregulation of PCNA protein. Furthermore, in PsTrxo1 overexpressed cells there is a decrease in the total cellular glutathione content but maintained nuclear GSH accumulation, especially at the end of the culture, which is accompanied by a higher mitotic index, unlike non-overexpressing cells. These results suggest that Trxo1 is involved in the cell cycle progression of TBY-2 cultures, possibly through its link with cellular PCNA and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aingeru Calderón
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Ortiz-Espín
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Iglesias-Fernández
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP; UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, E-28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Carbonero
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP; UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, E-28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico Vicente Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sevilla
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Jiménez
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Gouveia B, Macedo T, Santos J, Barberino R, Menezes V, Müller M, Almeida J, Figueiredo J, Matos M. Supplemented base medium containing Amburana cearensis associated with FSH improves in vitro development of isolated goat preantral follicles. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1275-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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62
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Vidović M, Morina F, Milić-Komić S, Vuleta A, Zechmann B, Prokić L, Veljović Jovanović S. Characterisation of antioxidants in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic leaf tissues of variegated Pelargonium zonale plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:669-680. [PMID: 26712503 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is an important signalling molecule, involved in regulation of numerous metabolic processes in plants. The most important sources of H2 O2 in photosynthetically active cells are chloroplasts and peroxisomes. Here we employed variegated Pelargonium zonale to characterise and compare enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidative system in autotrophic and heterotrophic leaf tissues at (sub)cellular level under optimal growth conditions. The results revealed that both leaf tissues had specific strategies to regulate H2 O2 levels. In photosynthetic cells, the redox regulatory system was based on ascorbate, and on the activities of thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) and catalase. In this leaf tissue, ascorbate was predominantly localised in the nucleus, peroxisomes, plastids and mitochondria. On the other hand, non-photosynthetic cells contained higher glutathione content, mostly located in mitochondria. The enzymatic antioxidative system in non-photosynthetic cells relied on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and both Mn and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Interestingly, higher content of ascorbate and glutathione, and higher activities of APX in the cytosol of non-photosynthetic leaf cells compared to the photosynthetic ones, suggest the importance of this compartment in H2 O2 regulation. Together, these results imply different regulation of processes linked with H2 O2 signalling at subcellular level. Thus, we propose green-white variegated leaves as an excellent system for examination of redox signal transduction and redox communication between two cell types, autotrophic and heterotrophic, within the same organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vidović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research (IMSI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - F Morina
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research (IMSI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Milić-Komić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research (IMSI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Vuleta
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Lj Prokić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Veljović Jovanović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research (IMSI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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63
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Khan M, Daud MK, Basharat A, Khan MJ, Azizullah A, Muhammad N, Muhammad N, Ur Rehman Z, Zhu SJ. Alleviation of lead-induced physiological, metabolic, and ultramorphological changes in leaves of upland cotton through glutathione. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8431-40. [PMID: 26782322 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants face changes in leaves under lead (Pb) toxicity. Reduced glutathione (GSH) has several functions in plant metabolism, but its role in alleviating Pb toxicity in cotton leaves is still unknown. In the present study, cotton seedlings (28 days old) were exposed to 500 μM Pb and 50 μM GSH, both alone and in combination, for a period of 10 days, in the Hoagland solution under controlled growth conditions. Results revealed Pb-induced changes in cotton's leaf morphology, photosynthesis, and oxidative metabolism. However, exogenous application of GSH restored leaf growth. GSH triggered build up of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents and boosted fluorescence ratios (F v/F m and F v/F 0). Moreover, GSH reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Pb contents in cotton leaves. Results further revealed that total soluble protein contents were decreased under Pb toxicity; however, exogenously applied GSH improved these contents in cotton leaves. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) were also increased by GSH application under Pb toxicity. Microscopic analysis showed that excess Pb shattered thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts. However, GSH stabilized ultrastructure of Pb-stressed cotton leaves. These findings suggested that exogenously applied GSH lessened the adverse effects of Pb and improved cotton's tolerance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Khan
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - M K Daud
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ali Basharat
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Jamil Khan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shui Jin Zhu
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Inhibition of Glutathione Biosynthesis Sensitizes Plasmodium berghei to Antifolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3057-64. [PMID: 26953195 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01836-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and modulations to this status may affect malaria parasite sensitivity to certain types of antimalarials. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis in the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain through disruption of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) gene, which encodes the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, significantly sensitizes parasites in vivo to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, but not to chloroquine, artesunate, or primaquine, compared with control parasites containing the same pyrimethamine-resistant marker cassette. Treatment of mice infected with an antifolate-resistant P. berghei control line with a γ-GCS inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine, could partially abrogate pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine resistance. The role of glutathione in modulating the malaria parasite's response to antifolates suggests that development of specific inhibitors against Plasmodium γ-GCS may offer a new approach to counter Plasmodium antifolate resistance.
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65
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Dequanter D, VAN DE Velde M, Bar I, Nuyens V, Rousseau A, Nagy N, Vanhamme L, Vanhaeverbeek M, Brohée D, Delrée P, Boudjeltia K, Lothaire P, Uzureau P. Nuclear localization of glutamate-cysteine ligase is associated with proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3660-3668. [PMID: 27284370 PMCID: PMC4887909 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the keystone of the cellular response toward oxidative stress. Elevated GSH content correlates with increased resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy of head and neck (HN) tumors. The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) accounts for the increased GSH availability observed in HN squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). For that purpose, the messenger (m)RNA levels of the modifier (M) and catalytic (C) subunits of GCL and its putative regulators (namely, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1 and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha) were monitored in 35 surgical resections of untreated HNSCC. The localization of GCLM was evaluated using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. GCLM expression was significantly increased in tumor samples, compared with normal mucosa, both at the mRNA and protein level (P=0.029), but the pathway of GCLM activation remains to be elucidated. Protein expression of GCLM was detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus. GCLM and the proliferation marker Ki-67 displayed a similar distribution, being both mainly expressed at the periphery of tumor lobules. The present study reported increased expression of GCL and the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, within HNSCC. The nuclear localization of GCLM and the concomitant expression of Ki-67 suggested that the localization of GSH synthesis contributes to the protection against oxidative stress within hotspots of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Dequanter
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center of Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Maureen VAN DE Velde
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bar
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Nagy
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University Hospital Center in Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi B-6041, Belgium
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center in Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Dany Brohée
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center in Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Paul Delrée
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Karim Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lothaire
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center of Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
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66
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Cai BL, Li Y, Shen LL, Zhao JL, Liu Y, Wu JZ, Liu YP, Yu B. Nuclear Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 1 Is Highly Associated with Better Prognosis of Human Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma through the Suppression of Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148223. [PMID: 26829120 PMCID: PMC4734599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1) overexpression is a well acknowledged predictor of poor response to chemotherapy, but MRP1 also correlated to better prognosis in some reports, especially for patients not pretreated with chemotherapy. In our previous study, we found nuclear translocation of MRP1 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) for the first time. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the function of nuclear MRP1 in MEC. Materials and Methods Human MEC tissue samples of 125 patients were selected and stained using immunohistochemistry. The expression level of total MRP1/nuclear MRP1 of each sample was evaluated by expression index (EI) which was scored using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The correlations between the clinicopathologic parameters and the EI of nuclear MRP1 were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, respectively. The effects of RNAi-mediated downregulation of nuclear MRP1 on MEC cells were assessed using flow cytometric analysis, MTT assay, plate colony formation assay, transwell invasion assay and monolayer wound healing assay. Results In this study, we found the EI of nuclear MRP1 was negatively correlated to the pathologic grading (r = -0.498, P<0.01) / clinical staging (r = -0.41, P<0.01) / tumor stage (r = -0.28, P = 0.02) / nodal stage (r = -0.29, P<0.01) of MEC patients. The RNAi-mediated downregulation of nuclear MRP1 further proved that the downregulation of nuclear MRP1 could increase the cell replication, growth speed, colony formation efficiency, migration and invasion ability of MEC cells. Conclusion Our results suggested that nuclear MRP1 is highly associated with better prognosis of human mucoepidermoid carcinoma and further study of its function mechanism would provide clues in developing new treatment modalities of MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Shen
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BY); (YPL)
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BY); (YPL)
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67
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Delorme-Hinoux V, Bangash SAK, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Nuclear thiol redox systems in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:84-95. [PMID: 26795153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is essential for many cellular functions in plants. It has major roles in defense mechanisms, maintains the redox status of the cell and plays structural, with regulatory roles for many proteins. Although thiol-based redox regulation has been extensively studied in subcellular organelles such as chloroplasts, it has been much less studied in the nucleus. Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is dependent on the conserved redox proteins, glutathione/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX) systems. We first focus on the functions of glutathione in the nucleus and discuss recent data concerning accumulation of glutathione in the nucleus. We also provide evidence that glutathione reduction is potentially active in the nucleus. Recent data suggests that the nucleus is enriched in specific GRX and TRX isoforms. We discuss the biochemical and molecular characteristics of these isoforms and focus on genetic evidences for their potential nuclear functions. Finally, we make an overview of the different thiol-based redox regulated proteins in the nucleus. These proteins are involved in various pathways including transcriptional regulation, metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delorme-Hinoux
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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68
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Schippers JH, Foyer CH, van Dongen JT. Redox regulation in shoot growth, SAM maintenance and flowering. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:121-8. [PMID: 26799134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated reduction/oxidation (redox) controls involving glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins play key roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. While many questions remain concerning redox functions in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), accumulating evidence suggests that redox master switches integrate major hormone signals and transcriptional networks in the SAM, and so regulate organ growth, polarity and floral development. Auxin-induced activation of plasma-membrane located NADPH-oxidases and mitochondrial respiratory bioenergetics are likely regulators of the ROS bursts that drive the cell cycle in proliferating regions, with other hormones such as jasmonic acid playing propagating or antagonistic roles in gene regulation. Moreover, the activation of oxygen production by photosynthesis and oxygen-dependent N-end rule controls are linked to the transition from cell proliferation to cell expansion and differentiation. While much remains to be understood, the nexus of available redox controls provides a key underpinning mechanism linking hormonal controls, energy metabolism and bioenergetics to plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Hm Schippers
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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69
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Diaz-Vivancos P, de Simone A, Kiddle G, Foyer CH. Glutathione--linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1154-64. [PMID: 26546102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The multifaceted functions of reduced glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) continue to fascinate plants and animal scientists, not least because of the dynamic relationships between GSH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin reduction/oxidation (redox) regulation and signalling. Here we consider the respective roles of ROS and GSH in the regulation of plant growth, with a particular focus on regulation of the plant cell cycle. Glutathione is discussed not only as a crucial low molecular weight redox buffer that shields nuclear processes against oxidative challenge but also a flexible regulator of genetic and epigenetic functions. RECENT ADVANCES The intracellular compartmentalization of GSH during the cell cycle is remarkably consistent in plants and animals. Moreover, measurements of in vivo glutathione redox potentials reveal that the cellular environment is much more reducing than predicted from GSH/GSSG ratios measured in tissue extracts. The redox potential of the cytosol and nuclei of non-dividing plant cells is about -300 mV. This relatively low redox potential maintained even in cells experiencing oxidative stress by a number of mechanisms including vacuolar sequestration of GSSG. We propose that regulated ROS production linked to glutathione-mediated signalling events are the hallmark of viable cells within a changing and challenging environment. CRITICAL ISSUES The concept that the cell cycle in animals is subject to redox controls is well established but little is known about how ROS and GSH regulate this process in plants. However, it is increasingly likely that redox controls exist in plants, although possibly through different pathways. Moreover, redox-regulated proteins that function in cell cycle checkpoints remain to be identified in plants. While GSH-responsive genes have now been identified, the mechanisms that mediate and regulate protein glutathionylation in plants remain poorly defined. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The nuclear GSH pool provides an appropriate redox environment for essential nuclear functions. Future work will focus on how this essential thiol interacts with the nuclear thioredoxin system and nitric oxide to regulate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The characterization of redox-regulated cell cycle proteins in plants, and the elucidation of mechanisms that facilitate GSH accumulation in the nucleus are keep steps to unravelling the complexities of nuclear redox controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ambra de Simone
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Guy Kiddle
- Lumora Ltd, Bartholomews Walk, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge CB7 4EA, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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70
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Hahn ME, Timme-Laragy AR, Karchner SI, Stegeman JJ. Nrf2 and Nrf2-related proteins in development and developmental toxicity: Insights from studies in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:275-289. [PMID: 26130508 PMCID: PMC4698826 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of chemical toxicity, contributing to developmental toxicity and teratogenesis as well as to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic embryopathy. Developing animals are especially sensitive to effects of chemicals that disrupt the balance of processes generating reactive species and oxidative stress, and those anti-oxidant defenses that protect against oxidative stress. The expression and inducibility of anti-oxidant defenses through activation of NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and related proteins is an essential process affecting the susceptibility to oxidants, but the complex interactions of Nrf2 in determining embryonic response to oxidants and oxidative stress are only beginning to be understood. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an established model in developmental biology and now also in developmental toxicology and redox signaling. Here we review the regulation of genes involved in protection against oxidative stress in developing vertebrates, with a focus on Nrf2 and related cap'n'collar (CNC)-basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. Vertebrate animals including zebrafish share Nfe2, Nrf1, Nrf2, and Nrf3 as well as a core set of genes that respond to oxidative stress, contributing to the value of zebrafish as a model system with which to investigate the mechanisms involved in regulation of redox signaling and the response to oxidative stress during embryolarval development. Moreover, studies in zebrafish have revealed nrf and keap1 gene duplications that provide an opportunity to dissect multiple functions of vertebrate NRF genes, including multiple sensing mechanisms involved in chemical-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Chattoraj S, Amin MA, Mohapatra S, Ghosh S, Bhattacharyya K. Cancer Cell Imaging Using in Situ Generated Gold Nanoclusters. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:61-8. [PMID: 26437799 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In situ generated fluorescent gold nanoclusters (Au-NCs) are used for bio-imaging of three human cancer cells, namely, lung (A549), breast (MCF7), and colon (HCT116), by confocal microscopy. The amount of Au-NCs in non-cancer cells (WI38 and MCF10A) is 20-40 times less than those in the corresponding cancer cells. The presence of a larger amount of glutathione (GSH) capped Au-NCs in the cancer cell is ascribed to a higher glutathione level in cancer cells. The Au-NCs exhibit fluorescence maxima at 490-530 nm inside the cancer cells. The fluorescence maxima and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry suggest that the fluorescent Au-NCs consist of GSH capped clusters with a core structure (Au8-13). Time-resolved confocal microscopy indicates a nanosecond (1-3 ns) lifetime of the Au-NCs inside the cells. This rules out the formation of aggregated Au-thiolate complexes, which typically exhibit microsecond (≈1000 ns) lifetimes. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) in live cells indicates that the size of the Au-NCs is ≈1-2 nm. For in situ generation, we used a conjugate consisting of a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL, [pmim][Br]) and HAuCl4. Cytotoxicity studies indicate that the conjugate, [pmim][AuCl4], is non-toxic for both cancer and non-cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamtanu Chattoraj
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Md Asif Amin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Saswat Mohapatra
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Kankan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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Li J, Pearson SA, Fenk KD, Cowan JA. Glutathione-coordinated [2Fe-2S] cluster is stabilized by intramolecular salt bridges. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:1221-7. [PMID: 26468125 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Halide salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals were used to probe the contributions of intramolecular salt bridge formation on the stability of glutathione-coordinated [2Fe-2S] cluster toward hydrolysis. The effect of ionic strength on cluster stability was quantitatively investigated by application of Debye-Hückel theory to the rates of hydrolysis. Results from this study demonstrate that ionic strength influences the stability of the cluster, with the rate of cluster degradation depending on the charge density, hydrated ionic radius, and hydration energy. The identity of the salt ions was also observed to be correlated with the binding affinity toward the cluster. Based on the modified Debye-Hückel equation and counterion screening effect, these results suggest that interactions between glutathione molecules in the [2Fe-2S](GS)4 cluster is via salt bridges, in agreement with our previous results where modifications of glutathione carboxylates and amines prevented solution aggregation and cluster formation. These results not only provide a rationale for the stability of such clusters under physiological conditions, but also suggest that the formation of glutathione-complexed [2Fe-2S] cluster from a glutathione tetramer may be facilitated by salt bridge interactions between glutathione molecules prior to cluster assembly, in a manner consistent with Nature's equivalent of dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stephen A Pearson
- The Ohio State University Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kevin D Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - J A Cowan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Ohio State University Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Ag Nanoparticles (Ag NM300K) in the Terrestrial Environment: Effects at Population and Cellular Level in Folsomia candida (Collembola). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:12530-42. [PMID: 26473892 PMCID: PMC4626984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nanomaterials have been primarily assessed based on standard ecotoxicity guidelines. However, by adapting alternative measures the information gained could be enhanced considerably, e.g., studies should focus on more mechanistic approaches. Here, the environmental risk posed by the presence of silver nanoparticles (Ag NM300K) in soil was investigated, anchoring population and cellular level effects, i.e., survival, reproduction (28 days) and oxidative stress markers (0, 2, 4, 6, 10 days). The standard species Folsomia candida was used. Measured markers included catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), total glutathione (TG), metallothionein (MT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Results showed that AgNO₃ was more toxic than AgNPs at the population level: reproduction EC₂₀ and EC₅₀ was ca. 2 and 4 times lower, respectively. At the cellular level Correspondence Analysis showed a clear separation between AgNO₃ and AgNP throughout time. Results showed differences in the mechanisms, indicating a combined effect of released Ag⁺ (MT and GST) and of AgNPs (CAT, GR, TG, LPO). Hence, clear advantages from mechanistic approaches are shown, but also that time is of importance when measuring such responses.
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74
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Kalinina EV, Chernov NN, Novichkova MD. Role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox-dependent processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1562-83. [PMID: 25749165 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade fundamentally new features have been revealed for the participation of glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin) in cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein folding, and cell signaling. Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in maintaining cellular redox status by participating in thiol-disulfide exchange, which regulates a number of cell functions including gene expression and the activity of individual enzymes and enzyme systems. Maintaining optimum GSH/GSSG ratio is essential to cell viability. Decrease in the ratio can serve as an indicator of damage to the cell redox status and of changes in redox-dependent gene regulation. Disturbance of intracellular GSH balance is observed in a number of pathologies including cancer. Consequences of inappropriate GSH/GSSG ratio include significant changes in the mechanism of cellular redox-dependent signaling controlled both nonenzymatically and enzymatically with the participation of isoforms of glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin. This review summarizes recent data on the role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in the regulation of cellular redox-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kalinina
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
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Locato V, Uzal EN, Cimini S, Zonno MC, Evidente A, Micera A, Foyer CH, De Gara L. Low concentrations of the toxin ophiobolin A lead to an arrest of the cell cycle and alter the intracellular partitioning of glutathione between the nuclei and cytoplasm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2991-3000. [PMID: 25890975 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ophiobolin A, a tetracyclic sesterpenoid produced by phytopathogenic fungi, is responsible for catastrophic losses in crop yield but its mechanism of action is not understood. The effects of ophiobolin A were therefore investigated on the growth and redox metabolism of Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cell cultures by applying concentrations of the toxin that did not promote cell death. At concentrations between 2 and 5 μM, ophiobolin A inhibited growth and proliferation of the TBY-2 cells, which remained viable. Microscopic and cytofluorimetric analyses showed that ophiobolin A treatment caused a rapid decrease in mitotic index, with a lower percentage of the cells at G1 and increased numbers of cells at the S/G2 phases. Cell size was not changed following treatment suggesting that the arrest of cell cycle progression was not the result of a block on cell growth. The characteristic glutathione redox state and the localization of glutathione in the nucleus during cell proliferation were not changed by ophiobolin A. However, subsequent decreases in glutathione and the re-distribution of glutathione between the cytoplasm and nuclei after mitosis occurring in control cells, as well as the profile of glutathionylated proteins, were changed in the presence of the toxin. The profile of poly ADP-ribosylated proteins were also modified by ophiobolin A. Taken together, these data provide evidence of the mechanism of ophiobolin A action as a cell cycle inhibitor and further demonstrate the link between nuclear glutathione and the cell cycle regulation, suggesting that glutathione-dependent redox controls in the nuclei prior to cell division are of pivotal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Locato
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Esther Novo Uzal
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara Cimini
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zonno
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Laura De Gara
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy
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76
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Study of linkage between glutathione pathway and the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from patients' swabs. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7210-29. [PMID: 25837469 PMCID: PMC4425013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we focused on the differences between bacterial cultures of E. coli obtained from swabs of infectious wounds of patients compared to laboratory E. coli. In addition, blocking of the protein responsible for the synthesis of glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteine synthase—GCL) using 10 mM buthionine sulfoximine was investigated. Each E. coli showed significant differences in resistance to antibiotics. According to the determined resistance, E. coli were divided into experimental groups based on a statistical evaluation of their properties as more resistant and more sensitive. These groups were also used for finding the differences in a dependence of the glutathione pathway on resistance to antibiotics. More sensitive E. coli showed the same kinetics of glutathione synthesis while blocking GCL (Km 0.1 µM), as compared to non-blocking. In addition, the most frequent mutations in genes of glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were observed in this group compared to laboratory E.coli. The group of “more resistant” E. coli exhibited differences in Km between 0.3 and 0.8 µM. The number of mutations compared to the laboratory E. coli was substantially lower compared to the other group.
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Mazzetti AP, Fiorile MC, Primavera A, Lo Bello M. Glutathione transferases and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2015; 82:10-8. [PMID: 25661512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial agreement that the unbalance between oxidant and antioxidant species may affect the onset and/or the course of a number of common diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Many studies suggest a crucial role for oxidative stress in the first phase of aging, or in the pathogenesis of various diseases including neurological ones. Particularly, the role exerted by glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes (Glutathione Transferases) in the nervous system appears more relevant, this latter tissue being much more vulnerable to toxins and oxidative stress than other tissues such as liver, kidney or muscle. The present review addresses the question by focusing on the results obtained by specimens from patients or by in vitro studies using cells or animal models related to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In general, there is an association between glutathione depletion and Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. In addition, a significant decrease of glutathione transferase activity in selected areas of brain and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was found. For some glutathione transferase genes there is also a correlation between polymorphisms and onset/outcome of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, there is a general agreement about the protective effect exerted by glutathione and glutathione transferases but no clear answer about the mechanisms underlying this crucial role in the insurgence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Lo Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Schnaubelt D, Queval G, Dong Y, Diaz-Vivancos P, Makgopa ME, Howell G, De Simone A, Bai J, Hannah MA, Foyer CH. Low glutathione regulates gene expression and the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:266-79. [PMID: 24329757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is considered to exert a strong influence on cellular redox homeostasis and to regulate gene expression, but these processes remain poorly characterized. Severe GSH depletion specifically inhibited root meristem development, while low root GSH levels decreased lateral root densities. The redox potential of the nucleus and cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana roots determined using roGFP probes was between -300 and -320 mV. Growth in the presence of the GSH-synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) increased the nuclear and cytosolic redox potentials to approximately -260 mV. GSH-responsive genes including transcription factors (SPATULA, MYB15, MYB75), proteins involved in cell division, redox regulation (glutaredoxinS17, thioredoxins, ACHT5 and TH8) and auxin signalling (HECATE), were identified in the GSH-deficient root meristemless 1-1 (rml1-1) mutant, and in other GSH-synthesis mutants (rax1-1, cad2-1, pad2-1) as well as in the wild type following the addition of BSO. Inhibition of auxin transport had no effect on organ GSH levels, but exogenous auxin decreased the root GSH pool. We conclude that GSH depletion significantly increases the redox potentials of the nucleus and cytosol, and causes arrest of the cell cycle in roots but not shoots, with accompanying transcript changes linked to altered hormone responses, but not oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schnaubelt
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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79
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Deorukhkar A, Ahuja N, Mercado AL, Diagaradjane P, Raju U, Patel N, Mohindra P, Diep N, Guha S, Krishnan S. Zerumbone increases oxidative stress in a thiol-dependent ROS-independent manner to increase DNA damage and sensitize colorectal cancer cells to radiation. Cancer Med 2015; 4:278-92. [PMID: 25450478 PMCID: PMC4329011 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced rectal cancers are treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy followed by surgery. In a minority (~20%) of patients, no tumor is present at the time of surgery; these patients with a complete pathologic response (pathCR) to neoadjuvant therapy have better treatment outcomes. Unfortunately, the inherent radioresistance of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells dictates that the majority of patients do not achieve a pathCR. Efforts to improve these odds have fueled the search for novel, relatively less-toxic radiosensitizers with distinct molecular mechanism(s) and broad-spectrum anticancer activities. Here, we use zerumbone, a sesquiterpene from the edible ginger (Zingiber zerumbet Smith), to enhance radiosensitivity of CRC cells. Short exposure to zerumbone (7 h) profoundly sensitized CRC cells, independent of their p53 or k-RAS status. Zerumbone enhanced radiation-induced cell cycle arrest (G2/M), increased radiation-induced apoptosis, but induced little apoptosis by itself. Zerumbone significantly enhanced radiation-induced DNA damage, as evident by delayed resolution of post-irradiation nuclear γH2AX foci, whereas zerumbone treatment alone did not induce γH2AX foci formation. Zerumbone pretreatment inhibited radiation-induced nuclear expression of DNA repair proteins ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-PKcs. Interestingly, zerumbone-mediated radiosensitization did not involve reactive oxygen species (ROS), but was mediated through depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH). Ability of only thiol-based antioxidants to abrogate zerumbone-mediated radiosensitization further corroborated this hypothesis. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group in zerumbone was found to be essential for its bioactivity as zerumbone analog α-Humulene that lacks this functional group, could neither radiosensitize CRC cells, nor deplete cellular GSH. Our studies elucidate novel mechanism(s) of zerumbone's ability to enhance CRC radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Deorukhkar
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Niharika Ahuja
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Armando-Lopez Mercado
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Parmeswaran Diagaradjane
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Uma Raju
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Nalini Patel
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Pranshu Mohindra
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Nga Diep
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Sushovan Guha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The UT Medical School and Health Science Center at Houston6431 Fannin Street, MSB 4.234, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
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80
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Bhutia YD, Babu E, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V. The amino acid transporter SLC6A14 in cancer and its potential use in chemotherapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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81
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Fang SC, Chung CL, Chen CH, Lopez-Paz C, Umen JG. Defects in a new class of sulfate/anion transporter link sulfur acclimation responses to intracellular glutathione levels and cell cycle control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1852-68. [PMID: 25361960 PMCID: PMC4256884 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a mutation, suppressor of mating type locus3 15-1 (smt15-1), that partially suppresses the cell cycle defects caused by loss of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor-related protein encoded by the MAT3 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. smt15-1 single mutants were also found to have a cell cycle defect leading to a small-cell phenotype. SMT15 belongs to a previously uncharacterized subfamily of putative membrane-localized sulfate/anion transporters that contain a sulfate transporter domain and are found in a widely distributed subset of eukaryotes and bacteria. Although we observed that smt15-1 has a defect in acclimation to sulfur-limited growth conditions, sulfur acclimation (sac) mutants, which are more severely defective for acclimation to sulfur limitation, do not have cell cycle defects and cannot suppress mat3. Moreover, we found that smt15-1, but not sac mutants, overaccumulates glutathione. In wild-type cells, glutathione fluctuated during the cell cycle, with highest levels in mid G1 phase and lower levels during S and M phases, while in smt15-1, glutathione levels remained elevated during S and M. In addition to increased total glutathione levels, smt15-1 cells had an increased reduced-to-oxidized glutathione redox ratio throughout the cell cycle. These data suggest a role for SMT15 in maintaining glutathione homeostasis that impacts the cell cycle and sulfur acclimation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Chin-Lin Chung
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Cristina Lopez-Paz
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - James G Umen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We provide a conceptual framework for the interactions between the cellular redox signaling hub and the phytohormone signaling network that controls plant growth and development to maximize plant productivity under stress-free situations, while limiting growth and altering development on exposure to stress. RECENT ADVANCES Enhanced cellular oxidation plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. Oxidative signals or cycles of oxidation and reduction are crucial for the alleviation of dormancy and quiescence, activating the cell cycle and triggering genetic and epigenetic control that underpin growth and differentiation responses to changing environmental conditions. CRITICAL ISSUES The redox signaling hub interfaces directly with the phytohormone network in the synergistic control of growth and its modulation in response to environmental stress, but a few components have been identified. Accumulating evidence points to a complex interplay of phytohormone and redox controls that operate at multiple levels. For simplicity, we focus here on redox-dependent processes that control root growth and development and bud burst. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The multiple roles of reactive oxygen species in the control of plant growth and development have been identified, but increasing emphasis should now be placed on the functions of redox-regulated proteins, along with the central roles of reductants such as NAD(P)H, thioredoxins, glutathione, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins, ascorbate, and reduced ferredoxin in the regulation of the genetic and epigenetic factors that modulate the growth and vigor of crop plants, particularly within an agricultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- 1 School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
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83
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García-Giménez JL, Pallardó FV. Maintenance of glutathione levels and its importance in epigenetic regulation. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24847264 PMCID: PMC4017153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José L García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases Valencia, Spain ; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Valencia, Spain ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases Valencia, Spain ; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Valencia, Spain ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
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84
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The Glutathione System: A New Drug Target in Neuroimmune Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1059-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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85
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Marquez-Garcia B, Njo M, Beeckman T, Goormachtig S, Foyer CH. A new role for glutathione in the regulation of root architecture linked to strigolactones. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:488-98. [PMID: 23906110 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is required for root development, but its functions are not characterized. The effects of GSH depletion on root development were therefore studied in relation to auxin and strigolactone (SL) signalling using a combination of molecular genetic approaches and pharmacological techniques. Lateral root (LR) density was significantly decreased in GSH synthesis mutants (cad2-1, pad2-, rax1-), but not by the GSH synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). BSO-induced GSH depletion therefore did not influence root architecture in the same way as genetic impairment. Root glutathione contents were similar in the wild-type seedlings and max3-9 and max4-1 mutants that are deficient in SL synthesis and in the SL-signalling mutant, max2-1. BSO-dependent inhibition of GSH synthesis depleted the tissue GSH pool to a similar extent in the wild-type and SL synthesis mutants, with no effect on LR density. The application of the SL analogue GR24 increased root glutathione in the wild-type, max3-9 and max4-1 seedlings, but this increase was absent from max2-1. Taken together, these data establish a link between SLs and the GSH pool that occurs in a MAX2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Marquez-Garcia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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86
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Timme-Laragy AR, Goldstone JV, Imhoff BR, Stegeman JJ, Hahn ME, Hansen JM. Glutathione redox dynamics and expression of glutathione-related genes in the developing embryo. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:89-101. [PMID: 23770340 PMCID: PMC3823629 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development involves dramatic changes in cell proliferation and differentiation that must be highly coordinated and tightly regulated. Cellular redox balance is critical for cell fate decisions, but it is susceptible to disruption by endogenous and exogenous sources of oxidative stress. The most abundant endogenous nonprotein antioxidant defense molecule is the tripeptide glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH), but the ontogeny of GSH concentration and redox state during early life stages is poorly understood. Here, we describe the GSH redox dynamics during embryonic and early larval development (0-5 days postfertilization) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model vertebrate embryo. We measured reduced and oxidized glutathione using HPLC and calculated the whole embryo total glutathione (GSHT) concentrations and redox potentials (Eh) over 0-120 h of zebrafish development (including mature oocytes, fertilization, midblastula transition, gastrulation, somitogenesis, pharyngula, prehatch embryos, and hatched eleutheroembryos). GSHT concentration doubled between 12h postfertilization (hpf) and hatching. The GSH Eh increased, becoming more oxidizing during the first 12h, and then oscillated around -190 mV through organogenesis, followed by a rapid change, associated with hatching, to a more negative (more reducing) Eh (-220 mV). After hatching, Eh stabilized and remained steady through 120 hpf. The dynamic changes in GSH redox status and concentration defined discrete windows of development: primary organogenesis, organ differentiation, and larval growth. We identified the set of zebrafish genes involved in the synthesis, utilization, and recycling of GSH, including several novel paralogs, and measured how expression of these genes changes during development. Ontogenic changes in the expression of GSH-related genes support the hypothesis that GSH redox state is tightly regulated early in development. This study provides a foundation for understanding the redox regulation of developmental signaling and investigating the effects of oxidative stress during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Jared V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Barry R. Imhoff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Jason M. Hansen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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87
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Queval G, Foyer CH. Regulating the redox gatekeeper: vacuolar sequestration puts glutathione disulfide in its place. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:665-71. [PMID: 23958862 PMCID: PMC3793048 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The case is made for the potential importance of compartmentalization in redox signaling with new data on the transporters that may be involved.
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88
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A central role for thiols in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7405-32. [PMID: 23549272 PMCID: PMC3645693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress. First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds. Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle. The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation. The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance.
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Mengel A, Chaki M, Shekariesfahlan A, Lindermayr C. Effect of nitric oxide on gene transcription - S-nitrosylation of nuclear proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:293. [PMID: 23914201 PMCID: PMC3729996 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in many different physiological processes in plants. It mainly acts by post-translationally modifying proteins. Modification of cysteine residues termed as S-nitrosylation is believed to be the most important mechanism for transduction of bioactivity of NO. The first proteins found to be nitrosylated were mainly of cytoplasmic origin or isolated from mitochondria and peroxisomes. Interestingly, it was shown that redox-sensitive transcription factors are also nitrosylated and that NO influences the redox-dependent nuclear transport of some proteins. This implies that NO plays a role in regulating transcription and/or general nuclear metabolism which is a fascinating new aspect of NO signaling in plants. In this review, we will discuss the impact of S-nitrosylation on nuclear plant proteins with a focus on transcriptional regulation, describe the function of this modification and draw also comparisons to the animal system in which S-nitrosylation of nuclear proteins is a well characterized concept.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Lindermayr
- *Correspondence: Christian Lindermayr, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany e-mail:
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