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Wąsik S, Arabski M, Drulis-Kawa Z, Gubernator J. Laser interferometry analysis of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin diffusion from liposomal solutions to water phase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2013; 42:549-58. [PMID: 23604440 PMCID: PMC3674336 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents experimental investigations of diffusion of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin or ampicillin) into the water phase from mixtures of neutral or negatively charged liposomes, and antibiotic-liposome interactions. Using the laser interferometry technique, the amounts and fluxes of released antibiotics, concentration field evolution, and the velocity of the concentration boundary layer's "growth" were determined. To avoid the limitations of membranes, a measurement system without the artificial boundary of phases with a free water-solution interface has been proposed. It was found that the diffusion of anionic and neutral liposomes into the water phase was insignificant and mainly the diffusion of antibiotics was measured. Differences in the diffusion kinetics of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin from liposomal solutions to the water phase were observed. Ampicillin diffused more efficiently than ciprofloxacin regardless of the liposomal solution type. Moreover, the amount of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin released from the anionic liposomal phase was higher than that from the neutral one. Our results confirm that ciprofloxacin at neutral pH shows little tendency to bind neutral liposomes. Additionally, it was also observed that ciprofloxacin disrupts negatively charged liposomes as a final effect of antibiotic-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wąsik
- Department of Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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Lorent J, Le Duff CS, Quetin-Leclercq J, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Induction of highly curved structures in relation to membrane permeabilization and budding by the triterpenoid saponins, α- and δ-Hederin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14000-14017. [PMID: 23530040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of triterpenoid monodesmosidic saponins, α-hederin and δ-hederin, with lipid membranes are involved in their permeabilizing effect. Unfortunately, the interactions of these saponins with lipid membranes are largely unknown, as are the roles of cholesterol or the branched sugar moieties (two for α-hederin and one for δ-hederin) on the aglycone backbone, hederagenin. The differences in sugar moieties are responsible for differences in the molecular shape of the saponins and the effects on membrane curvature that should be the most positive for α-hederin in a transbilayer direction. In large unilamellar vesicles and monocyte cells, we showed that membrane permeabilization was dependent on the presence of membrane cholesterol and saponin sugar chains, being largest for α-hederin and smallest for hederagenin. In the presence of cholesterol, α-hederin induced the formation of nonbilayer phases with a higher rate of Brownian tumbling or lateral diffusion. A reduction of Laurdan's generalized polarization in relation to change in order of the polar heads of phospholipids was observed. Using giant unilamellar vesicles, we visualized the formation of wrinkled borders, the decrease in liposome size, budding, and the formation of macroscopic pores. All these processes are highly dependent on the sugars linked to the aglycone, with α-hederin showing a greater ability to induce pore formation and δ-hederin being more efficient in inducing budding. Hederagenin induced intravesicular budding but no pore formation. Based on these results, a curvature-driven permeabilization mechanism dependent on the interaction between saponin and sterols and on the molecular shape of the saponin and its ability to induce local spontaneous curvature is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorent
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Bruxelles; Pharmacognosy, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Bruxelles
| | - Cécile S Le Duff
- Molecules, Solids and Reactivity, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joelle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Bruxelles
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Berényi S, Mihály J, Kristyán S, Naszályi Nagy L, Telegdi J, Bóta A. Thermotropic and structural effects of poly(malic acid) on fully hydrated multilamellar DPPC–water systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:661-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Sikorska E, Iłowska E, Wyrzykowski D, Kwiatkowska A. Membrane structure and interactions of peptide hormones with model lipid bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2982-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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57
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Pallicer JM, Krämer SD. Evaluation of fluorescence anisotropy to assess drug–lipid membrane partitioning. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 71:219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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58
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Comparative study of the interaction of fullerenol nanoparticles with eukaryotic and bacterial model membranes using solid-state NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 41:535-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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59
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Banerjee S, Pal TK, Guha SK. Probing molecular interactions of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) with lipid matrix models to interpret the therapeutic potential of the co-polymer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:537-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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60
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Razafindralambo H, Richel A, Wathelet B, Blecker C, Wathelet JP, Brasseur R, Lins L, Miñones J, Paquot M. Monolayer properties of uronic acid bicatenary derivatives at the air-water interface: effect of hydroxyl group stereochemistry evidenced by experimental and computational approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15291-8. [PMID: 21779589 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By screening uronic acid-based surfactant interfacial properties, the effect of the hydroxyl group stereochemistry (OH-4) on the conformation of bicatenary (disubstituted) derivatives at the air-water interface has been evidenced by experimental and computational approaches. Physical and optical properties of a monolayer characterized by Langmuir film balance, Brewster angle microscopy, and ellipsometry at 20 °C reveal that the derivative of glucuronate (C(14/14)-GlcA) forms a more expanded monolayer, and shows a transition state under compression, in the opposite to that of galacturonate (C(14/14)-GalA). Both films are very mechanically resistant (compression modulus > 300 mN m(-1)) and stable (collapse pressure exceeding 60 mN m(-1)), while that of C(14/14)-GalA exhibits a very high compression modulus up to 600 mN m(-1) like films in the solid state. Computational approaches provide single and assembly molecular models that corroborate the molecule expansion degree and interactions data from experimental results. Differences in the molecular conformation and film behaviours of uronic acid bicatenary derivatives at the air-water interface are attributed to the intra-H-bonding formation, which is more favourable with an OH-4 in the axial (C(14/14)-GalA) than in the equatorial position (C(14/14)-GlcA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hary Razafindralambo
- University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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61
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Ribeiro C, Lopes SC, Gameiro P. New Insights into the Translocation Route of Enrofloxacin and Its Metalloantibiotics. J Membr Biol 2011; 241:117-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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62
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Pérez-Lara A, Ausili A, Aranda FJ, de Godos A, Torrecillas A, Corbalán-García S, Gómez-Fernández JC. Curcumin disorders 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine membranes and favors the formation of nonlamellar structures by 1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. J Phys Chem B 2011; 114:9778-86. [PMID: 20666521 DOI: 10.1021/jp101045p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol present in turmeric, a spice widely used in Asian traditional medicine and cooking. It has many and diverse biological effects and is incorporated in cell membranes. This paper describes the mode in which curcumin modulates the physical properties of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dielaidyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoetnanolamine (DEPE) multilamellar membranes. Curcumin disordered DPPC membranes at temperatures below T(c) as seen by DSC, FT-IR, (2)H NMR, WAXD, and SAXD. The decrease induced by curcumin in T(c) suggested that it is oriented in the bilayer with its main axis parallel to the acyl chains. Above T(c), too, curcumin introduced disorder as seen by infrared spectroscopy which showed that curcumin also alters the conformation of the polar group of DPPC, increasing the percentage of unhydrated C=O groups, but does not form hydrogen bonds with either the C=O group or the phosphate group of DPPC. Small angle X-ray diffraction showed a notable increase in the repeating spacings as a result of the presence of curcumin, suggesting the formation of a rippled phase. Increasing concentrations of curcumin progressively modified the onset and completion of the phase transition and also DeltaH up to a 6:1 DPPC/curcumin molar ratio. A further increase of curcumin concentration did not produce effects on the transition parameters, suggesting that there is a limit for the solubility of curcumin in DPPC. Additionally, when DEPE was used to test the effect of curcumin on the phospholipid polymorphism, it was found that the temperature at which the H(II) phase is formed decreased, indicating that curcumin favors negative curvature of the membrane, which may be important for explaining its effect on membrane dynamics and on membrane proteins or on proteins which may be activated through membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Pérez-Lara
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado de Correos 4021, E-30080-Murcia, Spain
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63
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Convulsant agent pentylenetetrazol does not alter the structural and dynamical properties of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine model membranes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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64
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Effect of sodium bicarbonate as a pharmaceutical formulation excipient on the interaction of fluvastatin with membrane phospholipids. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2010; 39:1637-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-010-0622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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65
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Lopes S, Neves CS, Eaton P, Gameiro P. Cardiolipin, a key component to mimic the E. coli bacterial membrane in model systems revealed by dynamic light scattering and steady-state fluorescence anisotropy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1357-66. [PMID: 20680614 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The phase transition temperatures of several lipidic systems were determined using two different techniques: dynamic light scattering (DLS) and steady-state fluorescence anisotropy, using two fluorescent probes that report different membrane regions (TMA-DPH and DPH). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used as a complementary technique to characterize different lipid model systems under study. The systems were chosen due to the increased interest in bacterial membrane studies due to the problem of antibiotic drug resistance. The simpler models studied comprised of mixtures of POPE and POPG lipids, which form a commonly used model system for Escherichia coli membranes. Given the important role of cardiolipin (CL) in natural membranes, a ternary model system, POPE/POPG/CL, was then considered. The results obtained in these mimetic systems were compared with those obtained for the natural systems E. coli polar and total lipid extract. DLS and fluorescence anisotropy are not commonly used to study lipid phase transitions, but it was shown that they can give useful information about the thermotropic behaviors of model systems for bacterial membranes. These two techniques provided very similar results, validating their use as methods to measure phase transitions in lipid model systems. The temperature transitions obtained from these two very different techniques and the AFM results clearly show that cardiolipin is a fundamental component to mimic bacteria membranes. The results suggest that the less commonly used ternary system is a considerably better mimic for natural E. coli membranes than binary lipid mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lopes
- Requimte, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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66
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Interaction of oligonucleotide-based amphiphilic block copolymers with cell membrane models. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 347:56-61. [PMID: 20350723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides have unique molecular recognition properties, being involved in biological mechanisms such as cell-surface receptor recognition or gene silencing. For their use in human therapy for drug or gene delivery, the cell membrane remains a barrier, but this can be obviated by grafting a hydrophobic tail to the oligonucleotide. Here we demonstrate that two oligonucleotides, one consisting of 12 guanosine units (G(12)), and the other one consisting of five adenosine and seven guanosine (A(5)G(7)) units, when functionalized with poly(butadiene), namely PB-G(12) and PB-A(5)G(7), can be inserted into Langmuir monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), which served as a cell membrane model. PB-G(12) and PB-A(5)G(7) were found to affect the DPPC monolayer even at high surface pressures. The effects from PB-G(12) were consistently stronger, particularly in reducing the elasticity of the DPPC monolayers, which may have important biological implications. Multilayers of DPPC and nucleotide-based copolymers could be adsorbed onto solid supports, in the form of Y-type LB films, in which the molecular-level interaction led to lower energies in the vibrational spectra of the nucleotide-based copolymers. This successful deposition of solid films opens the way for devices to be produced which exploit the molecular recognition properties of the nucleotides.
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67
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Peetla C, Stine A, Labhasetwar V. Biophysical interactions with model lipid membranes: applications in drug discovery and drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1264-76. [PMID: 19432455 DOI: 10.1021/mp9000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The transport of drugs or drug delivery systems across the cell membrane is a complex biological process, often difficult to understand because of its dynamic nature. In this regard, model lipid membranes, which mimic many aspects of cell-membrane lipids, have been very useful in helping investigators to discern the roles of lipids in cellular interactions. One can use drug-lipid interactions to predict pharmacokinetic properties of drugs, such as their transport, biodistribution, accumulation, and hence efficacy. These interactions can also be used to study the mechanisms of transport, based on the structure and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of drug molecules. In recent years, model lipid membranes have also been explored to understand their mechanisms of interactions with peptides, polymers, and nanocarriers. These interaction studies can be used to design and develop efficient drug delivery systems. Changes in the lipid composition of cells and tissue in certain disease conditions may alter biophysical interactions, which could be explored to develop target-specific drugs and drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss different model membranes, drug-lipid interactions and their significance, studies of model membrane interactions with nanocarriers, and how biophysical interaction studies with lipid model membranes could play an important role in drug discovery and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Peetla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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68
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Wang Z, Li X, Yang S. Studies of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers embedded with endohedral metallofullerene (Dy@C82). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:12968-12973. [PMID: 19739623 DOI: 10.1021/la9017932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological effects of carbon nanomaterials have attracted increasing attention. In this work, we studied the interaction between Dy@C(82) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in a monolayer at the N(2)/Tris buffer interface by thermodynamic analysis of surface pressure-area (pi-A) and surface potential-area (DeltaV-A) isotherms. Dy@C(82) was found to impact considerably more on the physical properties of the monolayers than C(60) because of its elliptical structure and distinctive dipole. The addition of Dy@C(82) essentially closed down the liquid expanded-liquid condensed (LE-LC) phase coexistence region of the mixed monolayers. Furthermore, Dy@C(82) reduced elasticity of the monolayers, as indicated by the decreasing elastic modulus (C(s)(-1)) with increasing molar ratio of Dy@C(82) (X(Dy@C82)). Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the dispersion of Dy@C(82) depend on the state of the mixed films. Dy@C(82) formed flocs from aggregation of Dy@C(82) towers in the LE and LE-LC coexistence regions, accompanied by gradual falling down of Dy@C(82) from the towers and permeation of the falling metallofullerenes into the LE phase during their compression-induced reorientation process. In the LC and solid phases, the Dy@C(82) flocs were dispersed into isolated towers, accompanied by the partial squeezing out of the embedded metallofullerenes to above the DPPC monolayer. The continuous falling down of Dy@C(82) from the towers resulted in their height decrease but diameter enlargement. When the surface pressure was increased to the kink value (53 mN/m), Dy@C(82) was almost completely extruded from the DPPC monolayers. These findings are believed to be important for understanding the impact of fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and nanomaterials in general on biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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69
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Cong W, Liu Q, Liang Q, Wang Y, Luo G. Investigation on the interactions between pirarubicin and phospholipids. Biophys Chem 2009; 143:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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70
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Seddon AM, Casey D, Law RV, Gee A, Templer RH, Ces O. Drug interactions with lipid membranes. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2509-19. [PMID: 19690732 DOI: 10.1039/b813853m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of drug-membrane interactions is one that spans a wide range of scientific disciplines, from synthetic chemistry, through biophysics to pharmacology. Cell membranes are complex dynamic systems whose structures can be affected by drug molecules and in turn can affect the pharmacological properties of the drugs being administered. In this tutorial review we aim to provide a guide for those new to the area of drug-membrane interactions and present an introduction to areas of this topic which need to be considered. We address the lipid composition and structure of the cell membrane and comment on the physical forces present in the membrane which may impact on drug interactions. We outline methods by which drugs may cross or bind to this membrane, including the well understood passive and active transport pathways. We present a range of techniques which may be used to study the interactions of drugs with membranes both in vitro and in vivo and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and highlight new methods being developed to further this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annela M Seddon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, London, UK SW7 2AZ.
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71
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Razafindralambo H, Blecker C, Mezdour S, Deroanne C, Crowet JM, Brasseur R, Lins L, Paquot M. Impacts of the Carbonyl Group Location of Ester Bond on Interfacial Properties of Sugar-Based Surfactants: Experimental and Computational Evidences. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:8872-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hary Razafindralambo
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blecker
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Samir Mezdour
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Claude Deroanne
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Crowet
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Robert Brasseur
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Michel Paquot
- Unité de Technologie des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, and Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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