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Li P, Mao X, Ren Y, Liu P. Epithelial cell polarity determinant CRB3 in cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:31-7. [PMID: 25552927 PMCID: PMC4278252 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, which is defined as asymmetry in cell shape, organelle distribution and cell function, is essential in numerous biological processes, including cell growth, cell migration and invasion, molecular transport, and cell fate. Epithelial cell polarity is mainly regulated by three conserved polarity protein complexes, the Crumbs (CRB) complex, partitioning defective (PAR) complex and Scribble (SCRIB) complex. Research evidence has indicated that dysregulation of cell polarity proteins may play an important role in cancer development. Crumbs homolog 3 (CRB3), a member of the CRB complex, may act as a cancer suppressor in mouse kidney epithelium and mouse mammary epithelium. In this review, we focus on the current data available on the roles of CRB3 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Xiaona Mao
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yu Ren
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
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Cao YW, Wan GX, Sun JP, Cui XB, Hu JM, Liang WH, Zheng YQ, Li WQ, Li F. Implications of the Notch1-Snail/Slug-epithelial to mesenchymal transition axis for lymph node metastasis in infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 31:70-6. [PMID: 25645984 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated by Snail/Slug promotes invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro. However, the implication of the Notch1-Snail/Slug-EMT axis in breast cancer patients remains unclear. A total of 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and 37 adjacent non-neoplastic tissue (ANNT) samples from patients who had not been treated with neoadjuvant therapy were examined. Expression of Notch1, Slug, Snail, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin was determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMAs). The correlation between protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients was also evaluated. Results showed that a significantly high percentage of cases with high expression of Notch1 (74%, 148/200), Slug (36%, 72/200), Snail (62%, 124/200), and N-cadherin (77%, 153/200) and a low percentage of cases with high expression of E-cadherin (27%, 54/200) were observed in IDC compared to those in ANNTs. High Notch1, Slug, Snail, and N-cadherin expression and low E-cadherin expression in patients with IDC were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. In addition, correlation analysis results revealed that high Notch1 expression was significantly associated with high Slug, Snail, and N-cadherin expression and low E-cadherin expression in IDC. Furthermore, a high Snail expression was significantly associated with low E-cadherin expression, and a high Slug expression was found to be significantly associated with increased N-cadherin expression in patients with IDC. Hence, our study suggested that the Notch1-Snail/Slug-EMT axis may be implicated in the lymph node metastasis affecting patients with IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Cao
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guo-Xing Wan
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Cui
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei-Hua Liang
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yu-Qin Zheng
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen-Qin Li
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (a joint venture with the Chinese Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
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Yuan X, Wu H, Han N, Xu H, Chu Q, Yu S, Chen Y, Wu K. Notch signaling and EMT in non-small cell lung cancer: biological significance and therapeutic application. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:87. [PMID: 25477004 PMCID: PMC4267749 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer cells acquire enhanced ability of migration and invasion, stem cell like characteristics and therapeutic resistance. Notch signaling regulates cell-cell connection, cell polarity and motility during organ development. Recent studies demonstrate that Notch signaling plays an important role in lung cancer initiation and cross-talks with several transcriptional factors to enhance EMT, contributing to the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Correspondingly, blocking of Notch signaling inhibits NSCLC migration and tumor growth by reversing EMT. Clinical trials have showed promising effect in some cancer patients received treatment with Notch1 inhibitor. This review attempts to provide an overview of the Notch signal in NSCLC: its biological significance and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Shiying Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
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Xiao Z, Zhang J, Peng X, Dong Y, Jia L, Li H, Du J. The Notch γ-secretase inhibitor ameliorates kidney fibrosis via inhibition of TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:65-71. [PMID: 25150830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A recent study suggests that abnormal Notch signaling activation contributes to the development of renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates this process remains unexplored. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham-operated C57BL6 mice (aged 10 weeks) were randomly assigned to receive dibenzazepine (DBZ, 250 μg/100g/d) or vehicle for 7 days. Histologic examinations were performed on the kidneys using Masson's trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis were used for detection of mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation. The expression of Notch 1, 3, and 4, Notch intracellular domain (NICD), and its target genes Hes1 and HeyL were upregulated in UUO mice, while the increase in NICD protein was significantly attenuated by DBZ. After 7 days, the severity of renal fibrosis and expression of fibrotic markers, including collagen 1α1/3α1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin, were markedly increased in UUO compared with sham mice. In contrast, administration of DBZ markedly attenuated these effects. Furthermore, DBZ significantly inhibited UUO-induced expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, phosphorylated Smad 2, and Smad 3. Mechanistically, Notch signaling activation in tubular epithelial cells enhanced fibroblast proliferation and activation in a coculture experiment. Our study provides evidence that Notch signaling is implicated in renal fibrogenesis. The Notch inhibitor DBZ can ameliorate this process via inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, and might be a novel drug for preventing chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiao
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Detrimental effects of Notch1 signaling activated by cadmium in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1378. [PMID: 25118938 PMCID: PMC4454314 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the roles of Notch1 signaling and its cross-talk with other signaling pathways, including p53 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, in cadmium-induced cellular damage in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Following exposure to cadmium chloride (CdCl2), the level of Notch intracellular domain (NICD), the cleaved form of the Notch1 receptor, was increased and accumulated in the nuclear fraction. Knockdown of Notch1 with siRNA or treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester), prevented CdCl2-induced morphological change of HK-2 cells and reduction of cell viability. Knockdown of Jagged1 or Jagged2, the ligands of the Notch1 receptor, partially suppressed cadmium cytotoxicity. Inhibition of p53 activity with pifithrin-α or inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 suppressed CdCl2-induced cellular damage and elevation of Notch1-NICD. In addition, treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, AG1478, and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor, PPP, suppressed both Notch1-NICD accumulation and Akt phosphorylation in HK-2 cells exposed to CdCl2. However, knockdown of Notch1 did not affect CdCl2-induced p53 accumulation and phosphorylation but suppressed phosphorylation of EGFR, Akt, and p70 S6 kinase. Depletion of Notch1 suppressed CdCl2-induced reduction of E-cadherin expression and elevation of Snail expression. Furthermore, treatment with SB216763, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3, suppressed the potency of LY294002 treatment to reduce Snail expression in HK-2 cells exposed to CdCl2. Knockdown of Snail with siRNA partially prevented HK-2 cells from CdCl2-induced reduction of E-cadherin expression and cellular damage. These results suggest that cadmium exposure induces the activation of Notch1 signaling in renal proximal tubular cells with cooperative activation by the p53 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways; the resultant expression of Snail, a repressor of E-cadherin expression, might lead to cellular damage by decreasing cell-cell adhesion.
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Davis FM, Stewart TA, Thompson EW, Monteith GR. Targeting EMT in cancer: opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:479-88. [PMID: 25042456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The spread of cancer cells to distant organs represents a major clinical challenge in the treatment of cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a key regulator of metastasis in some cancers by conferring an invasive phenotype. As well as facilitating metastasis, EMT is thought to generate cancer stem cells and contribute to therapy resistance. Therefore, the EMT pathway is of great therapeutic interest in the treatment of cancer and could be targeted either to prevent tumor dissemination in patients at high risk of developing metastatic lesions or to eradicate existing metastatic cancer cells in patients with more advanced disease. In this review, we discuss approaches for the design of EMT-based therapies in cancer, summarize evidence for some of the proposed EMT targets, and review the potential advantages and pitfalls of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity M Davis
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Teneale A Stewart
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory R Monteith
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Kim JE, Lee JH, Jeong KH, Kim GM, Kang H. Notch intracellular domain expression in various skin fibroproliferative diseases. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:332-7. [PMID: 24966632 PMCID: PMC4069643 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.3.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of the Notch signaling pathway in fibroproliferative skin diseases have not been fully elucidated. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of activated Notch signaling molecules in various skin fibroproliferative diseases. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) expression in keloid, hypertrophic scar, morphea, dermatofibroma, and normal control skin specimens was performed, and the clinical characteristics of patients with various skin fibroproliferative diseases were analyzed. Results NICD was highly expressed in fibroblasts of keloids and moderately to highly expressed in hypertrophic scars and dermatofibromas, whereas low or no expression was detected in the fibroblasts of normal skin specimens and morpheas. NICD was constitutively expressed in keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells in normal skin specimens. Conclusion NICD was significantly expressed in human fibroproliferative skin disorders, especially keloids, suggesting that an activated Notch signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan-Ho Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyong Moon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Wang T, Xuan X, Pian L, Gao P, Hu H, Zheng Y, Zang W, Zhao G. Notch-1-mediated esophageal carcinoma EC-9706 cell invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Snail. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1193-201. [PMID: 24022665 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch has recently been shown to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by involving in the EMT process that occurs during tumor progression and converts polarized epithelial cells into motile, invasive cells. However, it is still unclear whether the Notch signaling pathway is associated with the regulation of EMT in esophageal carcinoma. The present study explored Notch-1-mediated esophageal carcinoma EC-9706 cell invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition through Snail. The results demonstrated that the inhibition of Notch-1 expression in the esophageal carcinoma cell line EC-9706 could suppress the occurrence of EMT and at the same time could decrease the invasion and metastasis ability of the EC-9706 cells, indicative of its role in EMT. Snail is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin. We found that with the inhibition of Notch-1 expression in the esophageal carcinoma cell line EC-9706, the expression of Snail also decreased. Mechanistic studies showed that the up-expression of Snail in the EC-9706 cells restored the suppression of EMT regulated by Notch-1 inhibition, suggesting the role of Snail in Notch-1-mediated EMT. At the same time, the up-expression of Snail in the EC-9706 cells could also rescue the invasion and metastasis ability inhibited by Notch-1 siRNA. Taken together, our results had revealed that Notch-1 could participate in the invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma through EMT via Snail. This study indicated that Notch-1 might be a useful target for esophageal carcinoma prevention and therapy.
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Ginnebaugh KR, Ahmad A, Sarkar FH. The therapeutic potential of targeting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:731-45. [PMID: 24758643 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.909807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has long been advocated as a process during tumor progression and the acquisition of metastatic potential of human cancers. EMT has also been linked with resistance to cancer therapies. AREAS COVERED Basic research has provided evidence connecting EMT to increased invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. A number of signaling pathways such as notch, wnt, hedgehog and PI3K-AKT, and various other individual factors therein, have been intricately connected to the onset of EMT. Here, we provide latest updates on the evidences that further highlight an association between various signaling pathways and EMT, with a focus on therapeutic targets that may have the potential to reverse EMT. EXPERT OPINION Our understanding of EMT and its underlying causes is rapidly evolving and a number of putative targets have been identified. It is crucial, now than ever before, to design novel translational and clinical studies for the benefit of advanced stage cancer patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Ginnebaugh
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA
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Hepatitis C virus and microRNAs: miRed in a host of possibilities. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:1-10. [PMID: 24721496 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that the host microRNA (miRNA) milieu has a significant influence on the etiology of disease. In the context of viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), microRNAs have been shown to influence viral life cycles both directly, through interactions with the viral genome, and indirectly, through regulation of critical virus-associated host pathways. Several miRNA profiling studies have demonstrated that HCV infection aberrantly regulates a significant number of human miRNA. However, the biological relevance of these modulations remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent research that has shed light on the pro-viral and anti-viral roles of HCV-induced changes in human miRNA expression and their significance in the development of HCV related sequelae and response to therapy.
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Bogaerts E, Heindryckx F, Vandewynckel YP, Van Grunsven LA, Van Vlierberghe H. The roles of transforming growth factor-β, Wnt, Notch and hypoxia on liver progenitor cells in primary liver tumours (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1015-22. [PMID: 24504124 PMCID: PMC3977811 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver tumours have a high incidence and mortality. The most important forms are hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, both can occur together in the mixed phenotype hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are bipotential stem cells activated in case of severe liver damage and are capable of forming both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Possibly, alterations in Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, Notch and hypoxia pathways in these LPCs can cause them to give rise to cancer stem cells, capable of driving tumourigenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the role of these pathways in LPC activation and differentiation during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Bogaerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1K12, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yves-Paul Vandewynckel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1K12, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Leo A Van Grunsven
- Department of Cell Biology, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1K12, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Qi W, Niu J, Qin Q, Qiao Z, Gu Y. Astragaloside IV attenuates glycated albumin-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting oxidative stress in renal proximal tubular cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:105-14. [PMID: 23719694 PMCID: PMC3857426 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic kidney disease (DKD), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a classic pathological process in tubular damage. Oxidative stress is considered to play an important role in DKD. Astragaloside IV (A-IV), one of the main active ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus, exhibits a wide range of biological activities. However, the effect of A-IV on regulating EMT in tubular cells is unclear. This study aims to determine whether A-IV could attenuate glycated albumin (GA)-induced EMT in the NRK-52E cell line by inhibiting oxidative stress. GA and A-IV-induced cytotoxicity were assayed by CCK-8. The intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by H2DCFDA. The activity of NADPH oxidase was assayed by adding exogenous NADPH oxidase, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) units were observed by NBT. We used a microscope to examine the morphology of the NRK-52E cell line. We conducted a wound healing assay to measure cell mobility. To determine mRNA and protein expressions of α-SMA and E-cadherin, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis. A-IV significantly attenuated GA-induced amplification of ROS, lowered the increased level of NADPH oxidase activity, and elevated the decreased level of SOD units. The GA-induced NRK-52E cell line showed increased expression of α-SMA and decreased expression of E-cadherin in mRNA and protein levels, whereas A-IV alleviated the expression of α-SMA and increased the expression of E-cadherin. Our data demonstrate that GA could induce NRK-52E cell line EMT through oxidative stress. This effect could be attenuated by A-IV via regulation of the impaired redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qi
- />Nephrology Department, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jianying Niu
- />Nephrology Department, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Qiaojing Qin
- />Nephrology Department, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Zhongdong Qiao
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yong Gu
- />Nephrology Department, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- />Nephrology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Pupo M, Pisano A, Abonante S, Maggiolini M, Musti AM. GPER activates Notch signaling in breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:56-67. [PMID: 24275097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor GPR30/GPER has been shown to mediate rapid effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) in diverse types of cancer cells. Here, we provide evidence for a novel crosstalk between GPER and the Notch signaling pathway in breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We show that E2 and the GPER selective ligand G-1 induce both the γ-secretase-dependent activation of Notch-1 and the expression of the Notch target gene Hes-1. These inductions are prevented by knocking down GPER or by using a dominant-negative mutant of the Notch transcriptional co-activator Master-mind like-1 (DN-MAML-1), hence suggesting the involvement of GPER in the Notch-dependent transcription. By performing chromatin-immunoprecipitation experiments and luciferase assays, we also demonstrate that E2 and G-1 induce the recruitment of the intracellular domain of Notch-1 (N1ICD) to the Hes-1 promoter and the transactivation of a Hes-1-reporter gene, respectively. Functionally, the E2 and G-1-induced migration of breast cancer cells and CAFs is abolished in presence of the γ-secretase inhibitor GSI or DN-MAML-1, which both inhibit the Notch signaling pathway. In addition, we demonstrate that E2 and G-1 prevent the expression of VE-Cadherin, while both compounds induce the expression of Snail, a Notch target gene acting as a repressor of cadherins expression. Notably, both GSI and DN-MAML-1 abolish the up-regulation of Snail-1 by E2 and G-1, whereas the use of GSI rescues VE-Cadherin expression. Taken together, our results prove the involvement of the Notch signaling pathway in mediating the effects of estrogenic GPER signaling in breast cancer cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Assunta Pisano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Musti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Notch-1 signaling regulates microglia activation via NF-κB pathway after hypoxic exposure in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78439. [PMID: 24223152 PMCID: PMC3819391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by the activated microglia is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic brain injury; however, the underlying mechanism of microglia activation remains unclear. Here, we show that the canonical Notch signaling orchestrates microglia activation after hypoxic exposure which is closely associated with multiple pathological situations of the brain. Notch-1 and Delta-1 expression in primary microglia and BV-2 microglial cells was significantly elevated after hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced activation of Notch signaling was further confirmed by the concomitant increase in the expression and translocation of intracellular Notch receptor domain (NICD), together with RBP-Jκ and target gene Hes-1 expression. Chemical inhibition of Notch signaling with N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alany1- S-phenyglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), a γ-secretase inhibitor, effectively reduced hypoxia-induced upregulated expression of most inflammatory mediators. Notch inhibition also reduced NF-κB/p65 expression and translocation. Remarkably, Notch inhibition suppressed expression of TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 pathways. In vivo, Notch signaling expression and activation in microglia were observed in the cerebrum of postnatal rats after hypoxic injury. Most interestingly, hypoxia-induced upregulation of NF-κB immunoexpression in microglia was prevented when the rats were given DAPT pretreatment underscoring the interrelationship between Notch signaling and NF-κB pathways. Taken together, we conclude that Notch signaling is involved in regulating microglia activation after hypoxia partly through the cross talk between TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB pathways. Therefore, Notch signaling may serve as a prospective target for inhibition of microglia activation known to be implicated in brain damage in the developing brain.
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Xie M, He CS, Wei SH, Zhang L. Notch-1 contributes to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor acquired resistance in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3559-72. [PMID: 23916913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) occurs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who initially respond to TKI treatment but whose cancer then progresses. Recent studies have shown that Notch signal is associated with drug resistance. However, the exact mechanism of Notch during acquisition of resistance to EGFR-TKI in human lung cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that the expression of Notch-1 was highly upregulated in EGFR-TKI acquired resistant lung cancer cells. More importantly, Notch-1 contributed to the acquisition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, which was critically associated with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI. Silencing of Notch-1 using siRNA resulted in mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), which was associated with impaired invasion and anchorage-independent growth of lung cancer and resensitisation to gefitinib in acquired resistant NSCLC cells. Finally, gefitinib treatment of Balb/c nu/nu with acquired resistant lung cancer xenografts in combination with Notch inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-(S)-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) resulted in effective tumour growth retardation, with decreased proliferative activity and increased apoptotic activity. Collectively, these data suggest that Notch-1 might play a novel role in acquired resistance to gefitinib, which could be reversed by inhibiting Notch-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Xie
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Kang J, Kim E, Kim W, Seong KM, Youn H, Kim JW, Kim J, Youn B. Rhamnetin and cirsiliol induce radiosensitization and inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by miR-34a-mediated suppression of Notch-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27343-27357. [PMID: 23902763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is a major cause of decreasing the efficiency of radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To understand the radioresistance mechanisms in NSCLC, we focused on the radiation-induced Notch-1 signaling pathway involved in critical cell fate decisions by modulating cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the use of Notch-1-regulating flavonoid compounds as novel therapeutic drugs to regulate radiosensitivity in NSCLC cells, NCI-H1299 and NCI-H460, with different levels of radioresistance. Rhamnetin and cirsiliol were selected as candidate Notch-1-regulating radiosensitizers based on the results of assay screening for activity and pharmacological properties. Treatment with rhamnetin or cirsiliol reduced the proliferation of NSCLC cells through the suppression of radiation-induced Notch-1 expression. Indeed, rhamnetin and cirsiliol increased the expression of tumor-suppressive microRNA, miR-34a, in a p53-dependent manner, leading to inhibition of Notch-1 expression. Consequently, reduced Notch-1 expression promoted apoptosis through significant down-regulation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway, resulting in a radiosensitizing effect on NSCLC cells. Irradiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition was also notably attenuated in the presence of rhamnetin and cirsiliol. Moreover, an in vivo xenograft mouse model confirmed the radiosensitizing and epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition effects of rhamnetin and cirsiliol we observed in vitro. In these mice, tumor volume was significantly reduced by combinational treatment with irradiation and rhamnetin or cirsiliol compared with irradiation alone. Taken together, our findings provided evidence that rhamnetin and cirsiliol can act as promising radiosensitizers that enhance the radiotherapeutic efficacy by inhibiting radiation-induced Notch-1 signaling associated with radioresistance possibly via miR-34a-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiHoon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735
| | - EunGi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735
| | - Wanyeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Division of Radiation Effect Research, Radiation Health Research Institute, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Seoul 132-703
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology/Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747
| | - Jung Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735
| | - Joon Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and BioInstitute, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735.
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KIM ARUM, KIM EUNYOUNG, CHO EUNNA, KIM HYUNGJUNG, KIM SEKYU, CHANG JOON, AHN CHULMIN, CHANG YOONSOO. Notch1 destabilizes the adherens junction complex through upregulation of the Snail family of E-cadherin repressors in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1423-9. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Muir AB, Lim DM, Benitez AJ, Modayur Chandramouleeswaran P, Lee AJ, Ruchelli ED, Spergel JM, Wang ML. Esophageal epithelial and mesenchymal cross-talk leads to features of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:850-9. [PMID: 23237990 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal fibrosis is a complication of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) which has been attributed to both subepithelial fibrosis and to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal features. Common to both causes of EoE-fibrosis is the notion that granulocyte-derived TGF-β, induces myofibroblast differentiation of the target cell. To date, the role of esophageal epithelial cells as effector cells in esophageal fibrosis has never been explored. Herein, we investigated consequences of cross-talk between esophageal epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and identified profibrotic cytokines which influence the development of EMT in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Stimulation of primary fetal esophageal fibroblasts (FEF3) with conditioned media (CEM) from esophageal epithelial cells (EPC2-hTERT), primed FEF3 cells to secrete IL-1β and TNFα, but not TGFβ. To determine whether these cytokines signaled in a paracrine fashion to esophageal epithelial cells, FEF3 cells were stimulated with CEM, followed by transfer of this fibroblast conditioned media (FCM) to EPC2-hTERT cells. Epithelial FCM stimulation increased expression of mesenchymal markers and reduced E-cadherin expression, features of EMT which were TNFα and IL-1β-dependent. Using organotypic culture models, primary EoE epithelial cells exhibited features of EMT compared to non-EoE cells, corresponding to patterns of EMT in native biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal epithelial cell and fibroblast cross-talk contributes to esophageal fibrosis. Our results suggest that features of EMT can develop independent of TGF-β and granulocytes, which may have important implications in treatment of EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Muir
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sarma NJ, Tiriveedhi V, Subramanian V, Shenoy S, Crippin JS, Chapman WC, Mohanakumar T. Hepatitis C virus mediated changes in miRNA-449a modulates inflammatory biomarker YKL40 through components of the NOTCH signaling pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50826. [PMID: 23226395 PMCID: PMC3511274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important health problem worldwide. HCV induced changes in microRNAs (miRNA) are shown to mediate inflammation leading to liver fibrosis. Gene expression analyses identified dysregulation of miRNA-449a in HCV patients but not in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. By sequence analysis of the promoter for YKL40, an inflammatory marker upregulated in patients with chronic liver diseases with fibrosis, adjacent binding sites for nuclear factor of Kappa B/P65 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPα) were identified. P65 interacted with CEBPα to co-operatively activate YKL40 expression through sequence specific DNA binding. In vitro analysis demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) mediated YKL40 expression is regulated by miRNA-449a and its target NOTCH1 in human hepatocytes.NOTCH1 facilitated nuclear localization of P65 in response to TNFα. Further, HCV patients demonstrated upregulation of NOTCH1 along with downregulation of miRNA-449a. Taken together it is demonstrated that miRNA-449a plays an important role in modulating expression of YKL40 through targeting the components of the NOTCH signaling pathway following HCV infection. Therefore, defining transcriptional regulatory mechanisms which control inflammatory responses and fibrosis will be important towards developing strategies to prevent hepatic fibrosis especially following HCV recurrence in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan J. Sarma
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vijay Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Surendra Shenoy
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Crippin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William C. Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thalachallour Mohanakumar
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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