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Zuidema JM, Rivet CJ, Gilbert RJ, Morrison FA. A protocol for rheological characterization of hydrogels for tissue engineering strategies. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 102:1063-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Zuidema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180-3590
| | - Christopher J. Rivet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180-3590
| | - Ryan J. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180-3590
| | - Faith A. Morrison
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan 49931
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52
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Vijayamurugan N, Bakhshi S. Review of management issues in relapsed osteosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 14:151-61. [PMID: 24308680 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.863453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. With combined modality treatment long-term survival rate for localized disease is near 70%. Thirty percent of patients relapse with lung as the commonest site. Surgery is the treatment of choice for relapsed patients whenever possible. Addition of chemotherapy to surgery provides survival benefit in patients not achieving second surgical remission. Even patients with multiple lung recurrences can be cured with repeated thoracotomies. Disease-free interval and complete surgical resection are the main prognostic factor for post-relapse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraj Vijayamurugan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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53
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Galactosylated chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma cell-targeted delivery of adenosine triphosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2013. [PMID: 23899789 DOI: 10.3390/ijm5140815755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles composed of galactosylated chitosan oligosaccharide (Gal-CSO) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were prepared for hepatocellular carcinoma cell-specific uptake, and the characteristics of Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles were evaluated. CSO/ATP nanoparticles were prepared as a control. The average diameter and zeta potential of Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles were 51.03 ± 3.26 nm and 30.50 ± 1.25 mV, respectively, suggesting suitable properties for a drug delivery system. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles were examined by the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated with HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) cells. The results showed that the cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles on HepG2 cells was low. In the meantime, it was also found that the Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles could be uptaken by HepG2 cells, due to expression of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) on their surfaces. The presented results indicate that the Gal-CSO nanoparticles might be very attractive to be used as an intracellular drug delivery carrier for hepatocellular carcinoma cell targeting, thus warranting further in vivo or clinical investigations.
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54
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Zhu XL, Du YZ, Yu RS, Liu P, Shi D, Chen Y, Wang Y, Huang FF. Galactosylated chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma cell-targeted delivery of adenosine triphosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15755-66. [PMID: 23899789 PMCID: PMC3759884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles composed of galactosylated chitosan oligosaccharide (Gal-CSO) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were prepared for hepatocellular carcinoma cell-specific uptake, and the characteristics of Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles were evaluated. CSO/ATP nanoparticles were prepared as a control. The average diameter and zeta potential of Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles were 51.03 ± 3.26 nm and 30.50 ± 1.25 mV, respectively, suggesting suitable properties for a drug delivery system. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles were examined by the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated with HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) cells. The results showed that the cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles on HepG2 cells was low. In the meantime, it was also found that the Gal-CSO/ATP nanoparticles could be uptaken by HepG2 cells, due to expression of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) on their surfaces. The presented results indicate that the Gal-CSO nanoparticles might be very attractive to be used as an intracellular drug delivery carrier for hepatocellular carcinoma cell targeting, thus warranting further in vivo or clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; E-Mails: (X.L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (F.F.H.)
| | - Yong Zhong Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Ri Sheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; E-Mails: (X.L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (F.F.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-8820-8439
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; E-Mails: (X.L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (F.F.H.)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; E-Mails: (X.L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (F.F.H.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; E-Mails: (X.L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (F.F.H.)
| | - Fang Fang Huang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; E-Mails: (X.L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (F.F.H.)
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Fan Y, Deng C, Cheng R, Meng F, Zhong Z. In Situ Forming Hydrogels via Catalyst-Free and Bioorthogonal “Tetrazole–Alkene” Photo-Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2814-21. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400637s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Fan
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
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56
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Surface-mediated functional gene delivery: An effective strategy for enhancing competitiveness of endothelial cells over smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Efficacy of continuously administered PEDF-derived synthetic peptides against osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:230298. [PMID: 22701300 PMCID: PMC3369529 DOI: 10.1155/2012/230298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent antiangiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has shown promise against osteosarcoma, a tumour that originates in the bone and metastasises to the lungs. Neurotrophic, antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and antimetastatic properties of PEDF have been attributed to a number of functional epitopes on the PEDF glycoprotein. StVOrth-2 (residues 78–102) and StVOrth-3 (residues 90–114) are two PEDF-derived peptides based on these functional epitopes. StVOrth-2 has previously been shown to inhibit osteosarcoma cell proliferation, while StVOrth-3 increased osteosarcoma cell adhesion to collagen I in vitro. In this paper, we have evaluated systemically and continuously delivered StVOrth-2 and StVOrth-3 using a clinically relevant murine model of osteosarcoma with spontaneous metastasis. Treatment with StVOrth-2 or StVOrth-3 with microosmotic pumps was initiated after primary osteosarcoma was established in the tibia. While treatment with StVOrth-2 and StVOrth-3 did not appear to affect local tumour invasion, tumour necrosis or apoptosis, StVOrth-2 predominantly restricted the growth of primary tumours, while StVOrth-3 restricted the burden of pulmonary metastatic disease. No peptide caused gross toxicity in mouse tissues as assessed by measuring weight of animals, serum biochemistry, and gross tissue observation. The differential effects exhibited by StVOrth-2 and StVOrth-3 in this orthotopic model of osteosarcoma may be related to the functional epitopes on the PEDF glycoprotein that they represent.
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59
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Li Z, Kong W, Li X, Xu C, He Y, Gao J, Ma Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xing F, Li M, Liu Y. Antibiotic-Containing Biodegradable Bead Clusters with Porous PLGA Coating as Controllable Drug-Releasing Bone Fillers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:1713-31. [PMID: 20836923 DOI: 10.1163/092050610x521603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Li
- a School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weina Kong
- b School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiulan Li
- c Tianjin Orthopedic Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- d Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 300060, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang He
- e School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Gao
- f School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- g School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- h School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- i Tianjin Orthopedic Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P. R. China
| | - Fubao Xing
- j School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- k School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- l School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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60
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Li Y, Rodrigues J, Tomás H. Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: gelation, biodegradation and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2193-221. [PMID: 22116474 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 967] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels with biodegradability have in situ formability which in vitro/in vivo allows an effective and homogeneous encapsulation of drugs/cells, and convenient in vivo surgical operation in a minimally invasive way, causing smaller scar size and less pain for patients. Therefore, they have found a variety of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. This critical review systematically summarizes the recent progresses on biodegradable and injectable hydrogels fabricated from natural polymers (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginates, gelatin, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, etc.) and biodegradable synthetic polymers (polypeptides, polyesters, polyphosphazenes, etc.). The review includes the novel naturally based hydrogels with high potential for biomedical applications developed in the past five years which integrate the excellent biocompatibility of natural polymers/synthetic polypeptides with structural controllability via chemical modification. The gelation and biodegradation which are two key factors to affect the cell fate or drug delivery are highlighted. A brief outlook on the future of injectable and biodegradable hydrogels is also presented (326 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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61
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Li JM, Wang YY, Zhao MX, Tan CP, Li YQ, Le XY, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Multifunctional QD-based co-delivery of siRNA and doxorubicin to HeLa cells for reversal of multidrug resistance and real-time tracking. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2780-90. [PMID: 22243797 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic agents has been developed to combat multidrug resistance in cancer therapy. Recently, we developed a series of quantum dots (QDs) functionalized by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) coupled to amino acids, some of which can be used to facilitate the delivery of siRNA. In this study, two CdSe/ZnSe QDs modified with β-CD coupled to L-Arg or L-His were used to simultaneously deliver doxorubicin (Dox) and siRNA targeting the MDR1 gene to reverse the multidrug resistance of HeLa cells. In this co-delivery system, Dox was firstly encapsulated into the hydrophobic cavities of β-CD, resulting in bypass of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug efflux. After complex formation of the mdr1 siRNA with Dox-loaded QDs via electrostatic interaction, significant down-regulation of mdr1 mRNA levels and P-gp expression was achieved as shown by RT-PCR and Western blotting experiments, respectively. The number of apoptotic HeLa cells after treatment with the complexes substantially exceeded the number of apoptotic cells induced by free Dox only. The intrinsic fluorescence of the QDs provided an approach to track the system by laser confocal microscopy. These multifunctional QDs are promising vehicles for the co-delivery of nucleic acids and chemotherapeutics and for real-time tracking of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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62
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Kim SH, Dass CR. Induction of Caspase-2 Activation by a DNA Enzyme Evokes Tumor Cell Apoptosis. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1-7. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
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63
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Broadhead ML, Dass CR, Choong PFM. Systemically administered PEDF against primary and secondary tumours in a clinically relevant osteosarcoma model. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1503-11. [PMID: 21979423 PMCID: PMC3242526 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous glycoprotein with a potential role as a therapeutic for osteosarcoma. Animal studies have demonstrated the biological effects of PEDF on osteosarcoma; however, these results are difficult to extrapolate for human use due to the chosen study design and drug delivery methods. Methods: In this study we have attempted to replicate the human presentation and treatment of osteosarcoma using a murine orthotopic model of osteosarcoma. The effects of PEDF on osteosarcoma cell lines were evaluated in vitro prior to animal experimentation. Orthotopic tumours were induced by intra-tibial injection of SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. Treatment with PEDF was delayed until after the macroscopic appearance of primary tumours. Pigment epithelium-derived factor was administered systemically via an implanted intraperitoneal micro-osmotic pump. Results: In vitro, PEDF inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and inhibited cell cycling of osteosarcoma cells. Pigment epithelium-derived factor promoted adhesion to Collagen I and inhibited invasion through Collagen I. In vivo, treatment with PEDF caused a reduction in both primary tumour volume and burden of pulmonary metastases. Systemic administration of PEDF did not cause toxic effects on normal tissues. Conclusion: Systemically delivered PEDF is effective in suppressing the size of primary and secondary tumours in an orthotopic murine model of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Broadhead
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Level 3, Daly Wing, 35 Victoria Pde, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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Abstract
In the current research slow release anticancer drug delivery system was prepared and drug release kinetics in vitro evaluated. Porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) as carrier material and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as anticancer agent was used. DOX is an anthracycline drug commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. Unfortunately, its therapeutic potential is restricted cardiotoxicity and resistance developed by the tumor cells to the molecule after treatment. To prepare HAp-DOC composites, the porous bioceramic scaffolds were impregnated with doxorubicin in low vacuum conditions. 10% (HAp-10%PLA) and 20% (HAp-20%PLA) poly lactic acid and 20% (HAp-20%PCL) poly(e-caprolactone) solutions in dichloromethane were used to form the polymer coatings on the drug/bioceramic composites. In general there was a burst release observed from all the samples during the first 2 hours followed by a much reduced release profile. In the next 5 days the drug release from all the samples decreased in the following order: 20% PLA (from 56 ng/ml to 3 ng/ml), 20% PCL (from 196 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml), 10% PLA (from 497 ng/ml to 18 ng/ml). HAp-DOX composite without the polymer coating demonstrated the drug release reduction from 230 ng/ml to 13 ng/ml. The cumulative drug release was observed over 19 days.
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Broadhead ML, Clark JCM, Choong PFM, Dass CR. Making gene therapy for osteosarcoma a reality. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:477-80. [PMID: 20397911 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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66
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Tan ML, Dunstan DE, Friedhuber AM, Choong PF, Dass CR. A nanoparticulate system that enhances the efficacy of the tumoricide Dz13 when administered proximal to the lesion site. J Control Release 2010; 144:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Akiyama T, Choong PFM, Dass CR. RANK-Fc inhibits malignancy via inhibiting ERK activation and evoking caspase-3-mediated anoikis in human osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:207-15. [PMID: 20383567 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour, mainly afflicting the young. While there has been substantial improvement in treatment of OS with surgery and chemotherapy in the past two decades, this disease remains a significant health problem, warranting efforts to find better therapeutic options. In this study, we examined the RANK/RANKL axis in OS cells, using a RANK-Fc protein to perturb this coupling in an effort to reduce OS cell growth. RANK-Fc suppressed OS cell migration (P < 0.005), invasion ability (P < 0.05), and anchorage-independent ability in collagen-1 gel (P < 0.005) following induction of anoikis and activation of caspase-3. OS cell proliferation was not perturbed by RANK-Fc. The anti-invasion and anti-metastasis capability of RANK-Fc is attributed to reduced extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling via RANK-Fc, though activation of NFkappaB, and altered expression of Akt, p38, JNK, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 were ruled out. In vivo, activity of the RANK-Fc against OS cell migration and invasion was confirmed in a model strictly monitoring metastasis. Thus, RANK-Fc, given its ability to directly reduce OS aggression, is a potential drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Akiyama
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Surgery, St. Vincent's Health, University of Melbourne,Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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