Ursolic acid improves diabetic nephropathy via suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced rats

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean region and cultivated around the world. Besides the therapeutic purpose, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. R. officinalis L. is constituted by bioactive molecules, the phytocompounds, responsible for implement several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antitumor and protective, inhibitory and attenuating activities. Thus, in vivo and in vitro studies were presented in this Review, approaching the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of R. officinalis L. on some physiological disorders caused by biochemical, chemical or biological agents. In this way, methodology, mechanisms, results, and conclusions were described. The main objective of this study was showing that plant products could be equivalent to the available medicines.

Ursolic Acid Treatment Alleviates Diabetic Kidney Injury By Regulating The ARAP1/AT1R Signaling Pathway

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate whether ursolic acid (UA) mitigates renal inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis by regulating the angiotensin II type 1 receptor-associated protein (ARAP1)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling pathway and subsequently alleviating renal damage.

METHODS

db/db mice were divided randomly into a diabetic nephropathy (DN) group and a UA treatment group. Light microscopy and electron microscopy were used to observe pathological changes in renal tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to examine changes in the expression of ARAP1, AT1R, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN), IL-1β and IL-18 in renal tissues. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to detect the respective changes in the protein and mRNA levels of ARAP1, AT1R, NOX4, NOX2, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), FN, collagen IV, IL-1β and IL-18 in renal tissues and mesangial cells. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was employed to examine changes in FN and NOX2 expression in mesangial cells.

RESULTS

UA treatment effectively reduced the body weights and blood glucose levels of db/db mice (p<0.05) as well as the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (p<0.05). In addition, the renal tissue lesions and glomerulosclerosis index of the db/db mice were significantly improved after treatment (p<0.01). Histochemical analysis results showed significantly lower expression levels of ARAP1, AT1R, FN, NOX2, 8-OHdG, IL-1β and IL-18 in renal tissues in the UA treatment group than in the DN group. Western blotting and RT-qPCR data also revealed UA-induced decreases in the renal levels of the ARAP1, AT1, NOX4, NOX2, TGF-β1, FN, collagen IV, IL-1β and IL-18 proteins in vivo and/or in vitro (p<0.01). ARAP1 knockdown effectively reduced the expression of NOX2 and FN in vitro.

CONCLUSION

UA alleviated renal damage in type 2 diabetic db/db mice by downregulating proteins in the ARAP1/AT1R signaling pathway to inhibit extracellular matrix accumulation, renal inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress.

Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 accelerates the proliferation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through activating Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Accumulating evidence has indicated the significant roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN). LncRNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to exert a key role in the progression of several diseases including diabetes. However, the role of NEAT1 in the regulation of DP progression remains barely known. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the role of NEAT1 in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model (DM) of rats and glucose-induced mouse mesangial cell models. Currently, we found that NEAT1 was greatly upregulated in DM rats and glucose-induced mice mesangial cells, in which a high activation of Akt/mTOR signaling was also observed. Then, it was shown that knockdown of NETA1 was able to reduce renal injury in DM rats obviously. In addition, cell counting kit-8 assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay were carried out and we observed downregulation of NEAT1 significantly inhibited mesangial cell proliferation. Meanwhile, extracellular matrix proteins and messenger RNA (transforming growth factor β1, fibronectin, and collagen IV) expression was dramatically restrained by silencing of NEAT1 in the high glucose-induced mesangial cells. Finally, knockdown of NEAT1 greatly reduced the expression of the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in vitro. These findings revealed that the decrease of NEAT1 repressed the proliferation and fibrosis in DN via activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which might represent a novel pathological mechanism of DN progression.

N6 -(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine from Cordyceps cicadae protects against diabetic kidney disease via alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation

This study investigated the kidney-protective ability of N⁶ -(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in the rats by the administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p) and treated with HEA for 6 weeks. Diabetic rats displayed marked increase in blood glucose, serum creatinine (Scr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), in addition to high excretion of urinary protein and albumin. Furthermore, diabetic rats showed decreased renal levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as renal concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and TGF-β1). Treatment of diabetic rats with HEA (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly increased the renal antioxidant level, reduced the levels of blood glucose, Scr, BUN, urinary protein, albumin, and pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent fashion. Histological evaluation of the kidney of diabetic rats indicated that HEA also ameliorated glomerular and tubular changes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: HEA is a bioactive constituent isolated from Cordyceps cicadae and has been shown to possess antihyperglycemic, kidney protective, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory effects in diabetic rats. HEA stimulated the antioxidant enzymes' activities in the kidney tissues as well as reduced pro-inflammatory mediators, indicating its antidiabetic and renoprotective effects in diabetic models. The results showed that HEA attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation in kidney tissues.