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Liu Y, Benitez MG, Chen J, Harrison E, Khusnutdinova AN, Mahadevan R. Opportunities and Challenges for Microbial Synthesis of Fatty Acid-Derived Chemicals (FACs). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:613322. [PMID: 33575251 PMCID: PMC7870715 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.613322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and uneven distribution of fossil fuels worldwide concerns have spurred the development of alternative, renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly resources. From an engineering perspective, biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived chemicals (FACs) is an attractive and promising solution to produce chemicals from abundant renewable feedstocks and carbon dioxide in microbial chassis. However, several factors limit the viability of this process. This review first summarizes the types of FACs and their widely applications. Next, we take a deep look into the microbial platform to produce FACs, give an outlook for the platform development. Then we discuss the bottlenecks in metabolic pathways and supply possible solutions correspondingly. Finally, we highlight the most recent advances in the fast-growing model-based strain design for FACs biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mauricio Garcia Benitez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Harrison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna N. Khusnutdinova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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52
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Li Y, Yang S, Ma D, Song W, Gao C, Liu L, Chen X. Microbial engineering for the production of C 2-C 6 organic acids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1518-1546. [PMID: 33410446 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2020Organic acids, as building block compounds, have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, plastic, and chemical industries. Until now, chemical synthesis is still the primary method for industrial-scale organic acid production. However, this process encounters some inevitable challenges, such as depletable petroleum resources, harsh reaction conditions and complex downstream processes. To solve these problems, microbial cell factories provide a promising approach for achieving the sustainable production of organic acids. However, some key metabolites in central carbon metabolism are strictly regulated by the network of cellular metabolism, resulting in the low productivity of organic acids. Thus, multiple metabolic engineering strategies have been developed to reprogram microbial cell factories to produce organic acids, including monocarboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, amino carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids and monomeric units for polymers. These strategies mainly center on improving the catalytic efficiency of the enzymes to increase the conversion rate, balancing the multi-gene biosynthetic pathways to reduce the byproduct formation, strengthening the metabolic flux to promote the product biosynthesis, optimizing the metabolic network to adapt the environmental conditions and enhancing substrate utilization to broaden the substrate spectrum. Here, we describe the recent advances in producing C2-C6 organic acids by metabolic engineering strategies. In addition, we provide new insights as to when, what and how these strategies should be taken. Future challenges are also discussed in further advancing microbial engineering and establishing efficient biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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53
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Li W, Cheng C, Cao G, Yang ST, Ren N. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Clostridium tyrobutyricum expressing a heterologous uptake hydrogenase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:142022. [PMID: 33370888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a promising microbial cell factory to produce biofuels. In this study, an uptake hydrogenase (hyd2293) from Ethanoligenens harbinense was overexpressed in C. tyrobutyricum and significantly affected the redox reactions and metabolic profiles. Compared to the parental strain (Ct-WT), the mutant strain Ct-Hyd2293 produced ~34% less butyrate, ~148% more acetate, and ~11% less hydrogen, accompanied by the emerging genesis of butanol. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 666 genes were significantly differentially expressed after the overexpression of hyd2293, including 82 up-regulated genes and 584 down-regulated genes. The up-regulated genes were mainly involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolisms while the down-regulated genes were distributed in nearly all pathways. Genes involved in glucose transportation, glycolysis, different fermentation pathways and hydrogen metabolism were studied and the gene expression changes showed the mechanism of the metabolic flux redistribution in Ct-Hyd2293. The overexpression of uptake hydrogenase redirected electrons from hydrogen and butyrate to butanol. The key enzymes participating in the energy conservation and sporulation were also identified and their transcription levels were generally reduced. This study demonstrated the transcriptomic responses of C. tyrobutyricum to the expression of a heterologous uptake hydrogenase, which provided a better understanding of the metabolic characteristics of C. tyrobutyricum and demonstrated the potential role of redox manipulation in metabolic engineering for biofuel productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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54
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Chourasia R, Abedin MM, Chiring Phukon L, Sahoo D, Singh SP, Rai AK. Biotechnological approaches for the production of designer cheese with improved functionality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:960-979. [PMID: 33325160 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cheese is a product of ancient biotechnological practices, which has been revolutionized as a functional food product in many parts of the world. Bioactive compounds, such as peptides, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, have been identified in traditional cheese products, which demonstrate functional properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, immunomodulation, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Besides, cheese-making probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert a positive impact on gut health, aiding in digestion, and improved nutrient absorption. Advancement in biotechnological research revealed the potential of metabolite production with prebiotics and bioactive functions in several strains of LAB, yeast, and filamentous fungi. The application of specific biocatalyst producing microbial strains enhances nutraceutical value, resulting in designer cheese products with multifarious health beneficial effects. This review summarizes the biotechnological approaches applied in designing cheese products with improved functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Chourasia
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Md Minhajul Abedin
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Loreni Chiring Phukon
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India.,Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, SAS Nagar, Mohali, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
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55
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Armbruster J, Steinmassl M, Müller Bogotá CA, Berg G, Nidetzky B, Dennig A. P450 Jα : A New, Robust and α-Selective Fatty Acid Hydroxylase Displaying Unexpected 1-Alkene Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:15910-15921. [PMID: 32449211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxyfunctionalization of fatty acids (FAs) is a key step in the design of novel synthetic pathways for biobased/biodegradable polymers, surfactants and fuels. Here, we show the isolation and characterization of a robust FA α-hydroxylase (P450Jα ) which catalyses the selective conversion of a broad range of FAs (C6:0-C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) with H2 O2 as oxidant. Under optimized reaction conditions P450Jα yields α-hydroxy acids all with >95 % regioselectivity, high specific activity (up to 15.2 U mg-1 ) and efficient coupling of oxidant to product (up to 85 %). Lauric acid (C12:0) turned out to be an excellent substrate with respect to productivity (TON=394 min-1 ). On preparative scale, conversion of C12:0 reached 83 % (0.9 g L-1 ) when supplementing H2 O2 in fed-batch mode. Under similar conditions P450Jα allowed further the first biocatalytic α-hydroxylation of oleic acid (88 % conversion on 100 mL scale) at high selectivity and in good yields (1.1 g L-1 ; 79 % isolated yield). Unexpectedly, P450Jα displayed also 1-alkene formation from shorter chain FAs (≤C10:0) showing that oxidative decarboxylation is more widely distributed across this enzyme family than reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Armbruster
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathilde Steinmassl
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina A Müller Bogotá
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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56
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Stoklosa RJ, Moore C, Latona RJ, Nghiem NP. Butyric Acid Generation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum from Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia (LMAA) Pretreated Sweet Sorghum Bagasse. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:761-776. [PMID: 33188509 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is an under-utilized feedstock for biochemical conversion to biofuels or high value chemicals. One such chemical that can be generated biochemically and applied to a wide array of industries from pharmaceuticals to the production of liquid transportation fuels is butyric acid. This work investigated cultivating the butyric acid producing strain Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 on low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreated SSB. Pretreated SSB hydrolysate was detoxified and supplemented with urea for shake flask batch fermentation to show that up to 11.4 g/L butyric acid could be produced with a selectivity of 87% compared to other organic acids. Bioreactor fermentation with pH control showed high biomass growth, but a similar output of 11.3 g/L butyric acid was achieved. However, the butyric acid productivity increased to 0.251 g/L∙hr with a butyric acid yield of 0.29 g/g sugar consumed. This butyric acid output represented an 83% theoretical yield. Further improvements in butyric acid titer and yield can be achieved by optimizing nutrient supplementation and incorporating fed-batch fermentation processing of pretreated SSB hydrolysate. Construction of ZGO:Sr NR- and ZGC@PDA NP-driven ratiometric aptasensor for CEA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stoklosa
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Carrington Moore
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.,Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Renee J Latona
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Nhuan P Nghiem
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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57
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Fu H, Lin M, Tang IC, Wang J, Yang ST. Effects of benzyl viologen on increasing NADH availability, acetate assimilation, and butyric acid production by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:770-783. [PMID: 33058166 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum produces butyric and acetic acids from glucose. The butyric acid yield and selectivity in the fermentation depend on NADH available for acetate reassimilation to butyric acid. In this study, benzyl viologen (BV), an artificial electron carrier that inhibits hydrogen production, was used to increase NADH availability and butyric acid production while eliminating acetic acid accumulation by facilitating its reassimilation. To better understand the mechanism of and find the optimum condition for BV effect on enhancing acetate assimilation and butyric acid production, BV at various concentrations and addition times during the fermentation were studied. Compared with the control without BV, the addition of 1 μM BV increased butyric acid production from glucose by ∼50% in yield and ∼29% in productivity while acetate production was completely inhibited. Furthermore, BV also increased the coutilization of glucose and exogenous acetate for butyric acid production. At a concentration ratio of acetate (g/L) to BV (mM) of 4, both acetate assimilation and butyrate biosynthesis increased with increasing the concentrations of BV (0-6.25 μM) and exogenous acetate (0-25 g/L). In a fed-batch fermentation with glucose and ∼15 g/L acetate and 3.75 μM BV, butyrate production reached 55.9 g/L with productivity 0.93 g/L/h, yield 0.48 g/g, and 97.4% purity, which would facilitate product purification and reduce production cost. Manipulating metabolic flux and redox balance via BV and acetate addition provided a simple to implement metabolic process engineering approach for butyric acid production from sugars and biomass hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - I-Ching Tang
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, Dublin, Ohio, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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58
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Abstract
Food waste has a great potential for resource recovery due to its huge yield and high organic content. Oriented fermentation is a promising method with strong application prospects due to high efficiency, strong robustness, and high-value products. Different fermentation types lead to different products, which can be shifted by adjusting fermentation conditions such as inoculum, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), organic loading rate (OLR), and nutrients. Compared with other types, lactic acid fermentation has the lowest reliance on artificial intervention. Lactic acid and volatile fatty acids are the common products, and high yield and high purity are the main targets of food waste fermentation. In addition to operational parameters, reactors and processes should be paid more attention to for industrial application. Currently, continuously stirred tank reactors and one-stage processes are used principally for scale-up continuous fermentation of food waste. Electro-fermentation and iron-based or carbon-based additives can improve food waste fermentation, but their mechanisms and application need further investigation. After fermentation, the recovery of target products is a key problem due to the lack of green and economic methods. Precipitation, distillation, extraction, adsorption, and membrane separation can be considered, but the recovery step is still the most expensive in the entire treatment chain. It is expected to develop more efficient fermentation processes and recovery strategies based on food waste composition and market demand.
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59
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Liu T, Zhu L, Zhu Z, Jiang L. Genome Sequence Analysis of Clostridium tyrobutyricum, a Promising Microbial Host for Human Health and Industrial Applications. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3685-3694. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Recent advances in n-butanol and butyrate production using engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:138. [PMID: 32794091 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acidogenic clostridia naturally producing acetic and butyric acids has attracted high interest as a novel host for butyrate and n-butanol production. Among them, Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a hyper butyrate-producing bacterium, which re-assimilates acetate for butyrate biosynthesis by butyryl-CoA/acetate CoA transferase (CoAT), rather than the phosphotransbutyrylase-butyrate kinase (PTB-BK) pathway widely found in clostridia and other microbial species. To date, C. tyrobutyricum has been engineered to overexpress a heterologous alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts butyryl-CoA to n-butanol. Compared to conventional solventogenic clostridia, which produce acetone, ethanol, and butanol in a biphasic fermentation process, the engineered C. tyrobutyricum with a high metabolic flux toward butyryl-CoA produced n-butanol at a high yield of > 0.30 g/g and titer of > 20 g/L in glucose fermentation. With no acetone production and a high C4/C2 ratio, butanol was the only major fermentation product by the recombinant C. tyrobutyricum, allowing simplified downstream processing for product purification. In this review, novel metabolic engineering strategies to improve n-butanol and butyrate production by C. tyrobutyricum from various substrates, including glucose, xylose, galactose, sucrose, and cellulosic hydrolysates containing the mixture of glucose and xylose, are discussed. Compared to other recombinant hosts such as Clostridium acetobutylicum and Escherichia coli, the engineered C. tyrobutyricum strains with higher butyrate and butanol titers, yields and productivities are the most promising hosts for potential industrial applications.
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61
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Fu H, Hu J, Guo X, Feng J, Zhang Y, Wang J. High-Selectivity Butyric Acid Production from Saccharina japonica Hydrolysate by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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62
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Liu T, Jiang C, Zhu L, Jiang L, Huang H. Fe 3O 4@chitosan Microspheres Coating as Cytoprotective Exoskeletons for the Enhanced Production of Butyric Acid With Clostridium tyrobutyricum Under Acid Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:449. [PMID: 32500066 PMCID: PMC7243709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of inorganic nano-materials may endow microbial cells with unique new features, including greater resistance to adverse abiotic stress. The aim of this work was to enhance the acid tolerance of Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 by coating cells with self-assembled Fe3O4@chitosan (Fe3O4@CS) microspheres, and thereby increase the production of butyric acid. The optimal coating efficiency of 81.19% was obtained by systematically optimizing the three operational parameters temperature, rpm and mass ratio, which were determined to be 37°C, 80 rpm and 1:2, respectively. Physicochemical characterization was used to assess the superparamagnetism, thermostability and subsize of Fe3O4@CS attached to the cells. Compared to free cells, C. tyrobutyricum coated with Fe3O4@CS (CtFC) exhibited stronger acid tolerance at low pH. At a pH of 4 or 5, the levels of ROS, MDA, LDH, and SOD caused by the acid environment in free cells were significant higher than in CtFC. Moreover, without adding NaOH, CtFC fermentation showed a higher butyric acid titer (37.60 vs. 31.56 g/L) compared to free-cell fermentation. At the same time, an average butyric acid yield of 0.46 g/g in each repeated-batch fermentation was also obtained by taking advantage of the biocatalyst’s reusability and convenient separation from the fermentation broth via an external magnetic force. Overall, the developed CtFC illustrates a new paradigm for developing an economical and reusable biocatalyst for industrial application in butyric acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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63
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He F, Qin S, Yang Z, Bai X, Suo Y, Wang J. Butyric acid production from spent coffee grounds by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum overexpressing galactose catabolism genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 304:122977. [PMID: 32062499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum cannot utilize galactose, which is abundant in lignocellulose and red algae, as a carbon source for butyric acid production. Hence, when using galactose-rich coffee ground hydrolysate as the substrate, the fermentation performance of C. tyrobutyricum is poor. In this work, a recombinant strain, C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755/ketp, overexpressing galactose catabolism genes (galK, galE, galT, and galP) from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was constructed for the co-utilization of glucose and galactose. Batch fermentation in the bioreactor showed that ATCC 25755/ketp could efficiently utilize galactose without glucose-induced carbon catabolite repression and consume nearly 100% of the galactose present in the spent coffee ground hydrolysate. Correspondingly, the butyric acid concentration and productivity of ATCC 25755/ketp reached 34.3 g/L and 0.36 g/L·h, respectively, an increase of 78.6% and 56.5% compared with the wild-type strain, indicating its potential for butyric acid production from hydrolysates of inexpensive and galactose-rich biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei He
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shiwen Qin
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Xuehui Bai
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute, Dehong 678600, China
| | - Yukai Suo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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64
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Guo X, Fu H, Feng J, Hu J, Wang J. Direct conversion of untreated cane molasses into butyric acid by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 301:122764. [PMID: 31958691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose metabolic genes (scrA, scrB and scrK) from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 were successfully overexpressed in C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755, endowing it with the ability to co-utilize sucrose, fructose and glucose in the cane molasses. As a result, the engineering strain C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755/scrBAK produced 18.07 g/L and 18.98 g/L butyric acid when sucrose and cane molasses were used as the carbon source, respectively. Furthermore, the medium composition and initial cane molasses concentration were optimized to make full use of the untreated cane molasses. Based on these results, 45.71 g/L butyric acid with a yield of 0.39 g/g was obtained in fed-batch fermentation, and the feedstock cost of using untreated cane molasses was decreased by ~47% when compared with the conventional glucose fermentation. This study demonstrated the potential application of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755/scrBAK for economic butyric acid production from untreated cane molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Luo H, Liu Z, Bilal M, Xie F, Zheng P, Yang R, Wang Z. Efficient production of butyric acid by Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in an internal fibrous bed bioreactor (IFBB). Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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66
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Jia L, Cao M, Chen H, Zhang M, Dong X, Ren Z, Sun J, Pan LL. Butyrate Ameliorates Antibiotic-Driven Type 1 Diabetes in the Female Offspring of Nonobese Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3112-3120. [PMID: 32046486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maternal gut dysbiosis affects the development of the offspring immune system. Our previous study has indicated that microbial metabolite butyrate directly shapes pancreatic immune tolerance and dampens type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression. Therefore, maternal butyrate intervention may protect their offspring from maternal gut dysbiosis-accelerated T1D. To test this, pregnant nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were treated with vancomycin in drinking water with or without a butyrate-supplemented diet during gestation and nursing (oral vancomycin is used to induce maternal gut dysbiosis). Three weeks after delivery, T1D-associated innate and adaptive immune cells were detected to investigate the effects of butyrate on the vancomycin-exacerbated pancreatic immune disorder in dams and pups. The results showed that butyrate inhibited maternal vancomycin-exacerbated secretion of proinflammation cytokines (interferon γ and interleukin-1β) and maternal vancomycin-exacerbated recruitment of interferon γ+ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes 1 cells and T helper type 1 cells) in the pancreas of the female offspring, thus dampening T1D development. The protection may be due to butyrate inhibiting the activation of pancreatic dendritic cells (DCs). Our data thus demonstrate that maternal gut dysbiosis can exacerbate pancreatic-directed autoimmunity in the female offspring through T cell- and DC-associated mechanisms that are inhibited by butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Minkai Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Dong
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhengnan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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67
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Aghapour Aktij S, Zirehpour A, Mollahosseini A, Taherzadeh MJ, Tiraferri A, Rahimpour A. Feasibility of membrane processes for the recovery and purification of bio-based volatile fatty acids: A comprehensive review. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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68
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Huang J, Du Y, Bao T, Lin M, Wang J, Yang ST. Production of n-butanol from cassava bagasse hydrolysate by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum overexpressing adhE2: Kinetics and cost analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121969. [PMID: 31415989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of biofuels such as butanol is usually limited by the availability of inexpensive raw materials and high substrate cost. Using food crops as feedstock in the biorefinery industry has been criticized for its competition with food supply, causing food shortage and increased food prices. In this study, cassava bagasse as an abundant, renewable, and inexpensive byproduct from the cassava starch industry was used for n-butanol production. Cassava bagasse hydrolysate containing mainly glucose was obtained after treatments with dilute acid and enzymes (glucoamylases and cellulases) and then supplemented with corn steep liquor for use as substrate in repeated-batch fermentation with engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum CtΔack-adhE2 in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Stable butanol production with high titer (>15.0 g/L), yield (>0.30 g/g), and productivity (~0.3 g/L∙h) was achieved, demonstrating the feasibility of an economically competitive process for n-butanol production from cassava bagasse for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yinming Du
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Teng Bao
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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69
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Cheng C, Lin M, Jiang W, Zhao J, Li W, Yang ST. Development of an in vivo fluorescence based gene expression reporter system for Clostridium tyrobutyricum. J Biotechnol 2019; 305:18-22. [PMID: 31472166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C. tyrobutyricum, an acidogenic Clostridium, has aroused increasing interest due to its potential to produce biofuel efficiently. However, construction of recombinant C. tyrobutyricum for enhanced biofuel production has been impeded by the limited genetic engineering tools. In this study, a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent fluorescent protein Bs2-based gene expression reporter system was developed to monitor transformation and explore in vivo strength and regulation of various promoters in C. tyrobutyricum and C. acetobutylicum. Unlike green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants, Bs2 can emit green light without oxygen, which makes it extremely suitable for promoter screening and transformation confirmation in organisms grown anaerobically. The expression levels of bs2 under thiolase promoters from C. tyrobutyricum and C. acetobutylicum were measured and compared based on fluorescence intensities. The capacities of the two promoters in driving secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) gene for isopropanol production in C. tyrobutyricum were distinguished, confirming that this reporter system is a convenient, effective and reliable tool for promoter strength assay and real time monitoring in C. tyrobutyricum, while demonstrating the feasibility of producing isopropanol in C. tyrobutyricum for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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70
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Huang W, Zeng C, Liu J, Yuan L, Liu W, Wang L, Zhu H, Xu Y, Luo Y, Xie D, Jiang X, Ren C. Sodium butyrate induces autophagic apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting AKT/mTOR signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:64-70. [PMID: 31023529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we confirmed the anti-tumor effects of sodium butyrate (NaBu) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, its molecular mechanisms have not be fully elucidated. In this study, we studied the effects of NaBu on autophagy and explored the relation between NaBu associated autophagy and apoptosis in NPC cells. EGFP-LC3 plasmids were introduced into NPC cells to observed the effects of NaBu on autophagy flux with or without chloroquine (CQ) addition. Autophagy markers were also detected by Western blot. Under NaBu treatment, autophagy and apoptosis markers were detected simultaneously at different time. Then, to explore the roles of autophagy in NaBu induced apoptosis, the effects of autophagy inhibition, via specific inhibitor treatment or key gene knockdown, were analyzed. At last, the upstream signaling and its roles in NaBu induced autophagy and apoptosis were also analyzed. Increased LC3 dots and LC3-II accumulation indicated that NaBu can promote autophagy flux in NPC cells. LC3-II accumulation was earlier than cleaved PARP increment suggesting autophagy activation is prior to apoptosis activation, which was validated by flow cytometry mediated apoptosis analysis. Moreover, autophagy inhibition, achieved by 3-MA treatment or BECN1 knockdown, can antagonize NaBu induced apoptosis reflecting by re-deregulated cPARP and apoptotic rates. Furthermore, NaBu treatment inhibited the AKT/mTOR axis indicated by deregulated p-AKT(S473) and p-mTOR(S2448) and ectopic AKT expression both suppressed NaBu induced autophagy and apoptosis. At last, Western blot showed that HDAC6 dependent EGFR deregulation may account for the NaBu associated AKT/mTOR inhibition. NaBu can induce autophagic apoptosis via suppressing AKT/mTOR axis in NPC cells. Our results suggest that combination of autophagy inhibitors and deacetylase inhibitors may not be recommended in NPC clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Neurology, Hunan Rongjun Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hecheng Zhu
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Caiping Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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