Synthesis and in vitro antitumor evaluation of some indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol(in)es substituted with sulfonamide, sulfonylurea(-thiourea) pharmacophores, and some derived thiazole ring systems

Synthesis of 5-enamine-4-thiazolidinone derivatives with trypanocidal and anticancer activity

A series of novel 2-(5-aminomethylene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-3-phenylpropionic acid ethyl esters has been synthesized. Target compounds were evaluated for their trypanocidal activity towards Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Several hit-compounds (8, 10, 12) inhibited growth of the parasites at sub-micromolar concentrations (IC₅₀ 0.027-1.936 µM) and showed significant selectivity indices (SI = 108-1396.2) being non-toxic towards the human primary fibroblasts. The screening of anticancer activity in vitro within NCI DTP protocol allowed to identify active 2-(5-{[5-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-thiazol-2-ylamino]-methylene}-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-3-phenylpropionic acid ethyl ester 14 that demonstrated inhibition against all 59 human tumor cell lines with the average GI₅₀ value of 2.57 μM. It was established that the activity type (antitrypanosomal or anticancer) as well as its level depends on the character of enamine fragment in the C5 position of thiazolidinone core.

Dual Acting Isatin-heterocyclic Hybrids: Recent Highlights as Promising Pharmacological Agents

Background:

For the development of suitable lead molecules to different diseases is a highly challenging task for medicinal chemists. Nowadays, hybrid pharmacophore concept has developed as a useful structural modification tool in the drug design of new drug candidates for different diseases. Hybrid pharmacophore approach consists of combination of two or more pharmacophoric moieties from different biologically active compounds with complementary functions or different mechanisms of action into a single molecule. This often results in synergistic activity or enhanced drug efficacy.

Objective:

To develop the suitable leads for different diseases there will be a lot of scope to study the substitution of heterocyclic moieties on the different positions of isatin ring. The broad and potent activities of the isatin and their derivatives have been established them as pharmacologically significant scaffolds. In this review, an attempt has been made with specifically emphasizing the hybridization of Isatin with different derivatives of heterocyclic compounds on the different positions of the isatin ring (aryl ring, isatin nitrogen and C2/C3 carbonyl moieties).

Conclusion:

This review highlighted the recent advances of dual acting isatin-heterocyclic hybrids presenting various pharmacological activities viz., anticancer, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Madecassic Acid Derivatives Targeting ERK Cascade Signaling

In the present study, a series of novel madecassic acid derivatives was synthesized and screened against the National Cancer Institute's 60 human cancer cell line panel. Among them, compounds 5, 12, and 17 displayed potent and highly differential antiproliferative activity against 80% of the tumor cells harboring the B-Raf^V600E mutation within the nanomolar range. Structure-activity analysis revealed that a 5-membered A ring containing an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde substituted at C-23 with a 2-furoyl group seems to be crucial to produce this particular growth inhibition signature. In silico analysis of the cytotoxicity pattern of these compounds identified two highly correlated clinically approved drugs with known B-Raf^V600E inhibitory activity. Follow-up analysis revealed inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway through the reduction of cellular Raf protein levels is a key mechanism of action of these compounds. In particular, 17 was the most potent compound in suppressing tumor growth of B-Raf^V600E-mutant cell lines and displayed the highest reduction of Raf protein levels among the tested compounds. Taken together, this study revealed that modifications of madecassic acid structure can provide molecules with potent anticancer activity against cell lines harboring the clinically relevant B-Raf^V600E mutation, with compound 17 identified as a promising lead for the development of new anticancer drugs.

An oral quinoline derivative, MPT0B392, causes leukemic cells mitotic arrest and overcomes drug resistant cancer cells

Despite great advances in the treatment of acute leukemia, a renaissance of current chemotherapy needs to be improved. The present study elucidates the underlying mechanism of a new synthetic quinoline derivative, MPT0B392 (B392) against acute leukemia and its potential anticancer effect in drug resistant cells. B392 caused mitotic arrest and ultimately led to apoptosis. It was further demonstrated to be a novel microtubule-depolymerizing agent. The effects of oral administration of B392 showed relative potent anti-leukemia activity in an in vivo xenograft model. Further investigation revealed that B392 triggered induction of the mitotic arrest, followed by mitochondrial membrane potential loss and caspases cleavage by activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In addition, B392 enhanced the cytotoxicity of sirolimus in sirolimus-resistant acute leukemic cells through inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway and Mcl-1 protein expression, and also was active in the p-glycoprotein (p-gp)-overexpressing National Cancer Institute/Adriamycin-Resistant cells with little susceptibility to p-gp. Taken together, B392 has potential as an oral mitotic drug and adjunct treatment for drug resistant cancer cells.

Tyrosine kinase inhibition effects of novel Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines ligand: Synthesis, biological screening and molecular modeling studies

Tyrosine kinases are one of the most critical mediators in the signaling path way. Late studies have proved the part of tyrosine kinases in the pathophysiology of cancer diseases. This current research paper has focused on investigating the novel Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as a small molecules that can inhibit tyrosine kinase in cancer cells. NCI protocol was applied to test the antitumor activity of such compounds. Leukemia and renal cancer cell lines proved to be sensitive to some derivatives such as 6b-d, 9a and 11 with GI% values ranging from 30.4 to 41.3%. In addition, compound 11 proved to be the most active against MCF-7 with GI% 62.5. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their inhibitory effects against EGFR kinase enzyme. Compound 9b proved to be the most active one among the synthesized series with inhibition % value of 81.72 at 25 nM concentration and IC₅₀ 8.4 nM which is very close to the reference drug Sorafenib. In vitro cytotoxicity test was also performed using the MCF-7 breast cell line. Computer modeling using the active site of tyrosine kinase as a template and the most active tyrosine kinase inhibitors were calculated. Docking studies of the synthesized compounds into the active site of EGFR kinase domain showed good agreement with the obtained biological results.

Diverse amide analogs of sulindac for cancer treatment and prevention

Sulindac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has shown significant anticancer activity. Sulindac sulfide amide (1) possessing greatly reduced COX-related inhibition relative to sulindac displayed in vivo antitumor activity that was comparable to sulindac in a human colon tumor xenograft model. Inspired by these observations, a panel of diverse sulindac amide derivatives have been synthesized and their activity probed against three cancer cell lines (prostate, colon and breast). A neutral analog, compound 79 was identified with comparable potency relative to lead 1 and activity against a panel of lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Several new series also show good activity relative to the parent (1), including five analogs that also possess nanomolar inhibitory potencies against acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Several new analogs identified may serve as anticancer lead candidates for further development.

Small hybrid heteroaromatics: resourceful biological tools in cancer research

Nowadays, hybrid drugs containing two or more covalently linked known potential pharmacophores are designed to simultaneously modulate multiple targets of multifactorial diseases to overcome the side effects associated with a single drug.

Study of reactivity of cyanoacetohydrazonoethyl-N-ethyl-N-methyl benzenesulfonamide: preparation of novel anticancer and antimicrobial active heterocyclic benzenesulfonamide derivatives and their molecular docking against dihydrofolate reductase

This article describes the synthesis of some novel heterocyclic sulfonamides having biologically active thiophene 3, 4, 5, 6, coumarin 8, benzocoumarin 9, thiazole 7, piperidine 10, pyrrolidine 11, pyrazole 14 and pyridine 12, 13. Starting with 4-(1-(2-(2-cyanoacetyl)hydrazono)ethyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide (2), which was prepared from condensation of acetophenone derivative 1 with 2-cyanoacetohydrazide. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ¹⁹F NMR and MS spectral data. All the newly synthesized heterocyclic sulfonamides were evaluated as in-vitro anti-breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and as in-vitro antimicrobial agents. Compounds 8, 5 and 11 were more active than MTX reference drug and compounds 12, 7, 4, 14, 5 and 8 were highly potent against Klebsiella pneumonia. Molecular operating environment performed virtual screening using molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds. The results indicated that some prepared compounds are suitable inhibitor against dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme (PDBSD:4DFR) with further modification.

Novel Anthra[1,2-c][1,2,5]Thiadiazole-6,11-Diones as Promising Anticancer Lead Compounds: Biological Evaluation, Characterization & Molecular Targets Determination

The novel compounds NSC745885 and NSC757963 developed at our laboratory were tested against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines at the National Cancer Institute, USA, and a panel of 39 cancer cell lines at the Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research. Both compounds demonstrated selective unique multi-log differential patterns of activity, with GI₅₀ values in the sub-micro molar range against cancer cells rather than normal cardiac cells. NSC757963 showed high selectivity towards the leukemia subpanel. Activities of both compounds strongly correlated to expression of NFKB1 and CSNK2B genes, implying that they may inhibit the NF-κB pathway. Immunocytochemical microscopy of OVCAR-3 cells showed clear cytosolic accumulation of the NF-κB p65 subunit following treatment. Western blotting showed dose dependent inhibition of the nuclear expression of the NF-κB p65 subunit with subsequent accumulation in the cytosol following treatment. Docking experiments showed binding of both compounds to the NF-κB activator IKKβ subunit preventing its translocation to the nucleus. Collectively, these results confirm the ability of our compounds to inhibit the constitutively active NF-κB pathway of OVCAR-3 cells. Furthermore, COMPARE analysis indicated that the activity of NSC757963 is similar to the antituberculosis agent rifamycin SV, this was confirmed by testing the antimycobacterial activity of NSC757963 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, results revealed potent activity suitable for use in clinical practice. Molecular properties and Lipinski’s parameters predicted acceptable bioavailability properties with no indication of mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, irritability and reproductive effects. Oral absorption experiments using the human Caco-2 model showed high intestinal absorption of NSC745885 by passive transport mechanism with no intestinal efflux or active transport mechanisms. The unique molecular characterization as well as the illustrated anticancer spectra of activity and bioavailability properties warrant further development of our compounds and present a foundation brick in the pre-clinical investigations to implement such compounds in clinical practice.

Design, synthesis, topoisomerase I & II inhibitory activity, antiproliferative activity, and structure-activity relationship study of pyrazoline derivatives: An ATP-competitive human topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitor

A series of pyrazoline derivatives (5) were synthesized in 92-96% yields from chalcones (3) and hydrazides (4). Subsequently, topo-I and IIα-mediated relaxation and antiproliferative activity assays were evaluated for 5. Among the tested compounds, 5h had a very strong topo-I activity of 97% (Camptothecin, 74%) at concentration of 100 μM. Nevertheless, all the compounds 5a-5i showed significant topo II inhibitory activity in the range of 90-94% (Etoposide, 96%) at the same concentration. Cytotoxic potential of these compounds was tested in a panel of three human tumor cell lines, HCT15, BT474 and T47D. All the compounds showed strong activity against HCT15 cell line with IC50 at the range of 1.9-10.4 μM (Adriamycin, 23.0; Etoposide, 6.9; and Camptothecin, 7.1 μM). Moreover, compounds 5c, 5f and 5i were observed to have strong antiproliferative activity against BT474 cell lines. Since, compound 5d showed antiproliferative activity at a very low IC50 thus 5d was then selected to study on their mode of action with diverse methods of ATP competition assay, ATPase assay and DNA-topo IIα cleavable complex assay and the results revealed that it functioned as a ATP-competitive human topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitor. Further evaluation of endogenous topo-mediated DNA relaxation in cells has been conducted to find that, 5d inhibited endogenous topo-mediated pBR322 plasmid relaxation is more efficient (78.0 ± 4.7% at 50 μM) than Etoposide (36.0 ± 1.7% at 50 μM).

Synthetic approaches, structure activity relationship and biological applications for pharmacologically attractive pyrazole/pyrazoline-thiazolidine-based hybrids

The features of the chemistry of 4-thiazolidinone and pyrazole/pyrazolines as pharmacologically attractive scaffolds were described in a number of reviews in which the main approaches to the synthesis of mentioned heterocycles and their biological activity were analyzed. However, the pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids as biologically active compounds is poorly discussed in the context of pharmacophore hybrid approach. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the data about the synthesis and modification of heterocyclic systems with thiazolidine and pyrazoline or pyrazole fragments in molecules as promising objects of modern bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. The description of biological activity was focused on SAR analysis and mechanistic insights of mentioned hybrids.

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Synthesis and chemistry of pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids.

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A diverse spectrum of pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids biological activities has been presented.

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Structure activity relationship of pyrazole/pyrazoline–thiazolidine-based hybrids for different activities has been discussed.

Design, Synthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Novel Glycosylated Sulfonylureas as Antihyperglycemic Agents

Sulphonylurea compounds have versatile activities such as antidiabetic, diuretic, herbicide, oncolytic, antimalarial, antifungal and anticancer. The present study describes the design, synthesis and in vivo testing of novel glycosylated aryl sulfonylurea compounds as antihyperglycaemic agents in streptozocine-induced diabetic mice. The rational for the introduction of the glucosamine moiety is to enhance selective drug uptake by pancreatic β-cells in order to decrease the cardiotoxic side effect commonly associated with sulfonylurea agents. 2-Deoxy-2-(4-chlorophenylsulfonylurea)-d-glucopyranose was found to be the most potent antihyperglycaemic agents among the synthesized compounds in diabetic mice. This investigation indicates the importance of this novel class as potential antihyperglycaemic agents.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new nanosized aromatic polyamides containing amido- and sulfonamidopyrimidines pendant structures

Background

Antibiotics are biocides or products that inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the living cells and there are extensive works directed to develop efficient antimicrobial agents. The sulfonamide-containing polymers have great potential to resist gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial and fungal attacks. As a therapeutic agent, the sulfonamides have been reported as antitumor and antimicrobial agents against bacteria, being more potent against gram positive rather than gram negative strains. Design of new classes of inhibitors bearing fluorescent tails, as therapeutic and imaging agents, is currently an active area of research. Here, we describe the synthesis of a new family of polyamides based on chlorophenyl-3,5-diaminobenzamides, methyl substituted pyrimidinoamido-3,5-diamino- benzamides and methyl substituted pyrimidinosulfonamido-3,5-diaminobenzamides and evaluation of their thermal, optical and antimicrobial properties.

Results

We report the synthesis of a new series of nanosized polyamides containing bioactive pendent structures. The spherical nanosized polymer particles are soluble in many organic solvents and exhibited emissions ranging from blue to orange wavelength depending on the nature of the signaling unit. Pyrimidine- and p-chloroaromatic containing polymers exhibited higher bioactivity than that contain the sulfonamide group. The amidopyrimidine polymers exhibited remarkable antifungal and antibacterial activity and thus, these types of polymers are promising candidates for biomedical applications.

Conclusions

The SEM analysis indicated that most of the polyamides were organized as well defined nano sized spheres, but in certain derivatives small amount of aggregated nanospheres were also observed. Thermal analyses were studied up to 700 °C and results showed comparable thermal behavior. The optical results revealed that polymeric series (A) exhibited orange emission, series (B) showed green emission while series (C) exhibited yellow and blue emissions. Benzene/pyridine structure interchange resulted in red shifted peaks attributed to the localized lone pair of electrons on a nitrogen atom which offer a greater electron affinity and better electron-transporting properties. The amido- and sulfonamide pyrimidine containing polymers exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity. Relative to the reference Gentamicin, the polymer 54 exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria. Analogues 52 and 57 exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities compared to the references used. Thus, these polyamides are likely to be promising broad spectrum antibacterial agents and deserve further investigation at the molecular level.Graphical abstract:

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory evaluation of new 1,3,5-triaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives possessing an aminosulphonyl pharmacophore

A novel series of 2-pyrazoline derivatives 13a-l was synthesized via aldol condensation of 4-substituted acetophenones with appropriately substituted aldehydes followed by cyclization of the formed chalcones with 4-hydrazinobenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride. The chemical structures of the target pyrazoline derivatives were proved by means of IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses data. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cyclooxygenase selectivity, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic liability. While compounds 13e, 13h and 13i showed moderate COX-2 selectivity in vitro and good anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, compound 13i showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity that is very close in potency to the reference drug (celecoxib) with better gastric profile than celecoxib.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolylthiazole carboxylic acids as potent anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial agents

Current Letter presents design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of pyrazolylthiazole carboxylates 1a-1p and corresponding acid derivatives 2a-2p. All 32 novel compounds were tested for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method as well as for in vitro antimicrobial activity. All the tested compounds exhibited excellent AI activity profile. Three compounds 1p (R=Cl, R(1)=Cl), 2c (R=H, R(1)=F) and 2n (R=Cl, R(1)=OCH3) were identified as potent anti-inflammatory agents exhibiting edema inhibition of 93.06-89.59% which is comparable to the reference drug indomethacin (91.32%) after 3h of carrageenan injection while most of the other compounds displayed inhibition ⩾80%. In addition, pyrazolylthiazole carboxylic acids (2a-2p) also showed good antimicrobial profile. Compound 2h (R=OCH3, R(1)=Cl) showed excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC 6.25μg/mL) against both Gram positive bacteria comparable with the reference drug ciprofloxacin (MIC 6.25μg/mL).

Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activity of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives

A novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity.

1-[(2E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enoyl]-1H-benzimidazoles as anticancer agents: synthesis, crystal structure analysis and binding studies of the most potent anticancer molecule with serum albumin

The anticancer activity of 1H-benzimidazoles was studied against NCI 60 cell panel. Compound 3f showed antitumor activity with good to moderate selectivity ratio. Mechanism of interaction of 3f with protein was studied by spectral methods.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of santacruzamate A and analogs as potential anticancer agents

After a SAR study of santacruzamate A, 5 was discovered to selectively inhibit the growth of malignant cancer cells.

Synthesis, cytostatic evaluation and structure activity relationships of novel bis-indolylmethanes and their corresponding tetrahydroindolocarbazoles

BIMs (bis-indolylmethanes) (1a-n) were synthesized using glacial acetic acid as a protic acid for promotion of the condensation reaction of indoles with aldehydes in high yields (86-98 %). Corresponding tetrahydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazoles (2a-m) were synthesized via condensation of BIMs with aldehydes. Ten synthesized compounds have been submitted to the national cancer institute in the USA where all the submitted samples have been selected for one dose screening. As a result of the one dose screening of BIMs (1e,f,h,i,n) and of the indolocarbazoles (2e,f,h,i,j) the average highest cytostatic effects was recorded here for the BIM 1h and the indolocarbazole (2e) that showed the lowest mean values of "47.39%" and of "21.63%" respectively. Both compounds (1h and 2e) were further tested in five dose screening with the tested substance (1h) being significantly more sensitive for several cancers cell line as corresponding to their GI50 values. Furthermore, the basically substituted derivative 2e showed the highest antipoliferative activity in a nanomolar scale towards the three selected cancers cell lines Non small lung cell NCI-H460 with GI50 "616 nM", Ovarian Cancer cell line OVCAR-4 with GI50 "562 nM" and Breast Cancer cell line MCF7 with GI50 "930 nM".

Enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine imines with propioloylpyrazoles induced by chiral π-cation catalysts

We developed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine imines with propioloylpyrazoles catalyzed by a chiral copper(II) complex of 3-(2-naphthyl)-l-alanine amide. The asymmetric environment created by intramolecular π-cation interaction and the N-alkyl group of the chiral ligand gives the corresponding adducts in high yields with excellent enantioselectivity. This is the first successful method for the catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine imines with internal alkyne derivatives to give fully substituted pyrazolines.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking study of 3-aroyl-1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea derivatives as 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors

A series of 3-aroyl-1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea derivatives containing sulfonamide moiety were designed and synthesized as 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitors. Most synthesized compounds showed potent activity against soybean 15-LOX with IC50 values less than 25 μM. The most potent compound 4c (3-methylbenzoyl derivative) with IC50 value of 1.8 μM was 10-fold more potent than quercetin. Interestingly, compound 4c also showed the highest antioxidant activity, as determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Its capacity for reducing ferric ion was more than ascorbic acid. The viability assay of the selected compound 4c against oxidative stress-induced cell death in differentiated PC12 cells revealed that compound 4c significantly protected neurons against cell death in low concentrations.

Synthesis and Antitumor and Surface Activity of Novel Tetrachloro Metallate Complexes of Sulfaquinoxaline with Co(II), Cu(II), or Sn(II) Chlorides

New sulfonamide tetrachloro metallate complexes that might possess strong carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory properties were synthesized by the reaction of 4-amino-N-(quinoxalin-2-yl) benzene sulfonamide (sulfaquinoxaline) hydrochloride with different metal chlorides, i.e. CoCl2, CuCl2 or SnCl2. The produced metal complexes of the sulfonamide derivative, containing divalent cations, were characterized by standard procedures. These metal complexes might possess topical antiglaucoma properties which might make them more effective as pharmacological agents. The synthesized complexes exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against colon HCT-116 human cell line. Surface properties of these surfactants were investigated. The surface properties studies included critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Γmax), minimum surface area (Amin). Free energy of micellization (ΔG°mic) and adsorption (ΔG°ads) were calculated.