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Karlsson D, Fallarero A, Shinde P, Anju CP, Busygin I, Leino R, Mohan CG, Vuorela P. Chemical Modifications of Cinchona Alkaloids Lead to Enhanced Inhibition of Human Butyrylcholinesterase. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors were identified from a collection containing cinchonine, cinchonidine and synthetic derivatives, and further characterized using cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies. The most active ones were: (10≡)-10,11-dibromo-10,11-dihydrocinchonidine (11), a competitive inhibitor with Ki, = 3.45±0.39 μM, and IC50 BChE = 9.83±0.30 μM/human (h)BChE = 34.47±4.63 and O-(trimethylsilyl)cinchonine (15), a mixed inhibitor with Kiuc = 1.73±0.46 μM and Kic = 0.85±0.26 μM, and IC50 BChE = 0.56±0.14 μM / hBChE = 0.24±0.04. In cytotoxicity experiments, ≥80% of the cells remained viable when exposed to concentrations of up to 80 μM of both inhibitors in four different cell lines, including neurons. Due to the bulkier trimethylsilyl side group of 15, it covered the active site of hBChE better than 11 with an OH-group while not being able to fit into the active site gorge of hAChE, thus explaining the selectivity of 15 towards hBChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karlsson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pravin Shinde
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine (ACNSMM), Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi- 682 041, Kerala State, India
| | - CP Anju
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine (ACNSMM), Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi- 682 041, Kerala State, India
| | - Igor Busygin
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - C. Gopi Mohan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine (ACNSMM), Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi- 682 041, Kerala State, India
| | - Pia Vuorela
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Ananthan B, Chang WC, Lin JS, Li PH, Yan TH. A C2-Symmetric Chiral Pool-Based Flexible Strategy: Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Shikimic Acids, (+)- and (−)-4-epi-Shikimic Acids, and (+)- and (−)-Pinitol. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2898-905. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402764v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bakthavachalam Ananthan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Chun Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jhe-Sain Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pin-Hui Li
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tu-Hsin Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Unbekandt M, Olson MF. The actin-myosin regulatory MRCK kinases: regulation, biological functions and associations with human cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:217-25. [PMID: 24553779 PMCID: PMC3940853 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The contractile actin-myosin cytoskeleton provides much of the force required for numerous cellular activities such as motility, adhesion, cytokinesis and changes in morphology. Key elements that respond to various signal pathways are the myosin II regulatory light chains (MLC), which participate in actin-myosin contraction by modulating the ATPase activity and consequent contractile force generation mediated by myosin heavy chain heads. Considerable effort has focussed on the role of MLC kinases, and yet the contributions of the myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinases (MRCK) proteins in MLC phosphorylation and cytoskeleton regulation have not been well characterized. In contrast to the closely related ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases that are regulated by the RhoA and RhoC GTPases, there is relatively little information about the CDC42-regulated MRCKα, MRCKβ and MRCKγ members of the AGC (PKA, PKG and PKC) kinase family. As well as differences in upstream activation pathways, MRCK and ROCK kinases apparently differ in the way that they spatially regulate MLC phosphorylation, which ultimately affects their influence on the organization and dynamics of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton. In this review, we will summarize the MRCK protein structures, expression patterns, small molecule inhibitors, biological functions and associations with human diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Unbekandt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK G61 1BD
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK G61 1BD
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Prinz M, Parlar S, Bayraktar G, Alptüzün V, Erciyas E, Fallarero A, Karlsson D, Vuorela P, Burek M, Förster C, Turunc E, Armagan G, Yalcin A, Schiller C, Leuner K, Krug M, Sotriffer CA, Holzgrabe U. 1,4-Substituted 4-(1H)-pyridylene-hydrazone-type inhibitors of AChE, BuChE, and amyloid-β aggregation crossing the blood–brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:603-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein-Júnior LC, Henriques AT. Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1701-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is currently the main pharmacological strategy available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this sense, many alkaloids isolated from natural sources, such as physostigmine, have been long recognized as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current knowledge on alkaloids as AChE and BChE inhibitors, highlighting structure–activity relationship (SAR) and docking studies.
Key findings
Natural alkaloids belonging to the steroidal/triterpenoidal, quinolizidine, isoquinoline and indole classes, mainly distributed within Buxaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Lycopodiaceae, are considered important sources of alkaloids with anti-enzymatic properties. Investigations into the possible SARs for some active compounds are based on molecular modelling studies, predicting the mode of interaction of the molecules with amino acid residues in the active site of the enzymes. Following this view, an increasing interest in achieving more potent and effective analogues makes alkaloids good chemical templates for the development of new cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
The anticholinesterase activity of alkaloids, together with their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, makes them good candidate agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina dos Santos Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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