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Suh KS, Rhee SY, Jung WW, Kim NJ, Jang YP, Kim HJ, Kim MK, Choi YK, Kim YS. Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract protects osteoblastic cells from highly reducing sugar-induced oxidative damage. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:241-50. [PMID: 23652775 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract (CZE) was investigated to determine its effects on 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib)-induced oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction in the MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cell line. Osteoblastic cells were treated with the highly reducing sugar, dRib, in the presence or absence of CZE. Cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were subsequently examined. It was observed that dRib reduced cell survival, while it markedly increased the intracellular levels of ROS and apoptosis. However, pre-treatment of the cells with CZE attenuated all the dRib-induced effects. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), also prevented dRib-induced oxidative cell damage. In addition, treatment with CZE resulted in a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and collagen content, as well as in the expression of genes associated with osteoblast differentiation [ALP, collagen, osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OC) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2, BMP4 and BMP7]. In mechanistic studies of the antioxidative potential of CZE, we found that CZE reversed the dRib-induced decrease in the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT)1 and AKT2 genes, which are master regulators of survival-related signaling pathways. CZE also upregulated the gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, SOD3 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), which was inhibited by dRib. Taken together, these results suggest that CZE attenuates dRib-induced cell damage in osteoblastic cells and may be useful for the treatment of diabetes-associated bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sik Suh
- Research Institute of Endocrinology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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Zhang JK, Yang L, Meng GL, Yuan Z, Fan J, Li D, Chen JZ, Shi TY, Hu HM, Wei BY, Luo ZJ, Liu J. Protection by salidroside against bone loss via inhibition of oxidative stress and bone-resorbing mediators. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57251. [PMID: 23437352 PMCID: PMC3577746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pivotal pathogenic factor for bone loss in mouse model. Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, exhibits potent antioxidative effects. In the present study, we used an in vitro oxidative stress model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in MC3T3-E1 cells and a murine ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis model to investigate the protective effects of salidroside on bone loss and the related mechanisms. We demonstrated that salidroside caused a significant (P<0.05) elevation of cell survival, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, calcium deposition, and the transcriptional expression of Alp, Col1a1 and Osteocalcin (Ocn) in the presence of H2O2. Moreover, salidroside decreased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and osteoclast differentiation inducing factors such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and IL-6 induced by H2O2. In vivo studies further demonstrated that salidroside supplementation for 3 months caused a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in blood of ovariectomized mouse (P<0.05), it also improved trabecular bone microarchitecture and bone mineral density in the fourth lumbar vertebra and distal femur. Our study indicated that the protection provided by salidroside in alleviating bone loss was mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of the release of bone-resorbing mediators and oxidative damage to bone-forming cells, suggesting that salidroside can be used as an effective remedy in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Lin Meng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zong Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Hu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Yuan Wei
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JL); (ZJL)
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JL); (ZJL)
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Feng YF, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li X, Ma ZS, Zou JW, Lei W, Zhang ZY. Effect of reactive oxygen species overproduction on osteogenesis of porous titanium implant in the present of diabetes mellitus. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2234-43. [PMID: 23294547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates diabetes as a majorrisk factor for titaniumimplant treatment with high failure rates and poor osteointegration, but the underlying mechanism involved remains elusive.We hypothesize that reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction may contribute to the impaired osteogenesis of porous titanium implants (pTi) under diabetic conditions. To test this hypothesis, we culturedprimary rabbit osteoblasts onto pTi and studied the cellular performance when subjected to normal serum (NS), diabetic serum (DS), DS + NAC (a potent ROS inhibitor) and NS + H(2)O(2)(an oxidant).In-vivo performance of pTi was investigated by transplanting them intofemoral condyledefects of diabetic rabbits, which received vehicle or NAC treatment respectively.Results showed that diabetic conditions induced significant cellular apoptosis, depressedosteoblast function evidenced by impairedcell attachment and morphology, decreased cell proliferation anddifferentiation, andcompromised in-vivo osteogenesis ofpTi, while cellular ROSgeneration was increased derived from mitochondrial dysfunction. Scavenging ROS with NAC markedly attenuated cell apoptosis and osteoblast dysfunction, and improved bone ingrowth within pTi. Furthermore, treatment withH(2)O(2) exerted similar adverse effect on cellular behavior as diabetes. This study furthers our knowledge on the potential role of ROS overproduction in the diabetes-induced impaired osteogenesis of titanium implants, and indicates anti-oxidative treatment as a promising strategy to promote the treatment efficacy of pTi in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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KIM HYUNSOOK, SUH KWANGSIK, KO ARA, SUL DONGGEUN, CHOI DALWOONG, LEE SEUNGKWAN, JUNG WOONWON. The flavonoid glabridin attenuates 2-deoxy-D-ribose-induced oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:243-51. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ham J, Evans BAJ. An emerging role for adenosine and its receptors in bone homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:113. [PMID: 23024635 PMCID: PMC3444801 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is continually being remodeled and defects in the processes involved lead to bone diseases. Many regulatory factors are known to influence remodeling but other mechanisms, hitherto unknown, may also be involved. Importantly, our understanding of these currently unknown mechanisms may lead to important new therapies for bone disease. It is accepted that purinergic signaling is involved in bone, and our knowledge of this area has increased significantly over the last 15 years, although most of the published work has studied the role of ATP and other signaling molecules via the P2 family of purinergic receptors. During the last few years, however, there has been increased interest within the bone field in the role of P1 receptors where adenosine is the primary signaling molecule. This review will bring together the current information available in relation to this expanding area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ham
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, Wales, UK
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Bronwen A. J. Evans
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, Wales, UK
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, Wales, UK
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Effects of Low-Dose versus High-Dose γ-Tocotrienol on the Bone Cells Exposed to the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:680834. [PMID: 22956976 PMCID: PMC3432387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/680834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis can disrupt the bone formation activity of osteoblasts which can lead to osteoporosis. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of γ-tocotrienol on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities, and apoptosis of osteoblast exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Osteoblasts were treated with 1, 10, and 100 μM of γ-tocotrienol for 24 hours before being exposed to 490 μM (IC50) H2O2 for 2 hours. Results showed that γ-tocotrienol prevented the malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation induced by H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. As for the antioxidant enzymes assays, all doses of γ-tocotrienol were able to prevent the reduction in SOD and CAT activities, but only the dose of 1 μM of GTT was able to prevent the reduction in GPx. As for the apoptosis assays, γ-tocotrienol was able to reduce apoptosis at the dose of 1 and 10 μM. However, the dose of 100 μM of γ-tocotrienol induced an even higher apoptosis than H2O2. In conclusion, low doses of γ-tocotrienol offered protection for osteoblasts against H2O2 toxicity, but itself caused toxicity at the high doses.
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Zhang JK, Yang L, Meng GL, Fan J, Chen JZ, He QZ, Chen S, Fan JZ, Luo ZJ, Liu J. Protective effect of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside against hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction and oxidative stress in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 689:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xiao Y, Cui J, Shi Y, Le G. Alpha-lipoic acid protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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59
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Leung TK, Yang JC, Lin YS. The Physical, Chemical and Biological Effects by Room Temperature Ceramic Far-infrared Ray Emitting Material Irradiated Water: A Pilot Study. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhou X, Zhang GY, Wang J, Lu SL, Cao J, Sun LZ. A novel bridge between oxidative stress and immunity: the interaction between hydrogen peroxide and human leukocyte antigen G in placental trophoblasts during preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:447.e7-16. [PMID: 22542123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between hydrogen peroxide and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN We explored the correlation between HLA-G and hydrogen peroxide in preeclamptic (n = 30) and normotensive (n = 30) placentas, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Furthermore, RNA interference was used to explore the influence of HLA-G on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. RESULTS We found an inverse correlation between hydrogen peroxide and HLA-G expression in preeclamptic placentas. High levels of hydrogen peroxide could down-regulate HLA-G expression in HTR-8/SVneo. Compared with HLA-G knockdown HTR-8/SVneo, increased proliferation inhibition, higher apoptosis, and decreased cell invasion were found in the cell expressing HLA-G when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight that high levels of hydrogen peroxide can down-regulate HLA-G expression in trophoblasts during preeclampsia and trophoblasts expressing HLA-G are vulnerable to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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61
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Spalj S, Mlacovic Zrinski M, Tudor Spalj V, Ivankovic Buljan Z. In-vitro assessment of oxidative stress generated by orthodontic archwires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 141:583-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Leung TK, Shang HF, Chen DC, Chen JY, Chang TM, Hsiao SY, Ho CK, Lin YS. EFFECTS OF FAR INFRARED RAYS ON HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-SCAVENGING CAPACITY. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237211002414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Far infrared rays (FIRs) have several proven effects on the human body and are generally considered to be biologically beneficial. In this study, we determined the effect of FIRs on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -scavenging activity, which was directly increased by 10.26% after FIR application. Even in the indirect use of FIRs accompanying carrot extract, FIRs still contributed to a 5.48% increase in H2O2 -scavenging activity. We further proved that additional FIR treatment resulted in about 23.02% and 18.77% viability increases of osteoblast cells in the 200 and 800 μM H2O2 , respectively; and about 25.67% and 47.16% viability increases of fibroblast cells in the 25 and 50 μM H2O2 , respectively. Finally, FIR treatment also delayed senescence of detached Railway Beggarticks leaves in H2O2 solution with the concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μM. By reviewing past articles related to the effects of oxidative stress from metabolically produced H2O2 , we discuss possible benefits of FIRs for plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Kai Leung
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Fang Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Chian Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Min Chang
- Department of Applied Cosmetology and Graduate Institute of Cosmetic Science, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yi Hsiao
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kun Ho
- Department of Applied Cosmetology and Graduate Institute of Cosmetic Science, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Lin
- Department of Applied Cosmetology and Graduate Institute of Cosmetic Science, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Shakibaei M, Shayan P, Busch F, Aldinger C, Buhrmann C, Lueders C, Mobasheri A. Resveratrol mediated modulation of Sirt-1/Runx2 promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: potential role of Runx2 deacetylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35712. [PMID: 22539994 PMCID: PMC3335081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteogenic repair in response to bone injury is characterized by activation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to osteoblasts. This study determined whether activation of Sirt-1 (a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase) by the phytoestrogen resveratrol affects osteogenic differentiation. Methods Monolayer and high-density cultures of MSCs and pre-osteoblastic cells were treated with an osteogenic induction medium with/without the Sirt-1 inhibitor nicotinamide or/and resveratrol in a concentration dependent manner. Results MSCs and pre-osteoblastic cells differentiated to osteoblasts when exposed to osteogenic-induction medium. The osteogenic response was blocked by nicotinamide, resulting in adipogenic differentiation and expression of the adipose transcription regulator PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor). However, in nicotinamide-treated cultures, pre-treatment with resveratrol significantly enhanced osteogenesis by increasing expression of Runx2 (bone specific transcription factor) and decreasing expression of PPAR-γ. Activation of Sirt-1 by resveratrol in MSCs increased its binding to PPAR-γ and repressed PPAR-γ activity by involving its cofactor NCoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor). The modulatory effects of resveratrol on nicotinamide-induced expression of PPAR-γ and its cofactor NCoR were found to be mediated, at least in part, by Sirt-1/Runx2 association and deacetylation of Runx2. Finally, knockdown of Sirt-1 by using antisense oligonucleotides downregulated the expression of Sirt-1 protein and abolished the inhibitory effects of resveratrol, namely nicotinamide-induced Sirt-1 suppression and Runx2 acetylation, suggesting that the acetylated content of Runx2 is related to downregulated Sirt-1 expression. Conclusion These data support a critical role for Runx2 acetylation/deacetylation during osteogenic differentiation in MSCs in vitro. (242 words in abstract)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Takedachi M, Oohara H, Smith BJ, Iyama M, Kobashi M, Maeda K, Long CL, Humphrey MB, Stoecker BJ, Toyosawa S, Thompson LF, Murakami S. CD73-generated adenosine promotes osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2622-31. [PMID: 21882189 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD731 is a GPI-anchored cell surface protein with ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzyme activity that plays a crucial role in adenosine production. While the roles of adenosine receptors (AR) on osteoblasts and osteoclasts have been unveiled to some extent, the roles of CD73 and CD73-generated adenosine in bone tissue are largely unknown. To address this issue, we first analyzed the bone phenotype of CD73-deficient (cd73(-/-)) mice. The mutant male mice showed osteopenia, with significant decreases of osteoblastic markers. Levels of osteoclastic markers were, however, comparable to those of wild-type mice. A series of in vitro studies revealed that CD73 deficiency resulted in impairment in osteoblast differentiation but not in the number of osteoblast progenitors. In addition, over expression of CD73 on MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in enhanced osteoblastic differentiation. Moreover, MC3T3-E1 cells expressed adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)AR) and A(2B) receptors (A(2B)AR) and expression of these receptors increased with osteoblastic differentiation. Enhanced expression of osteocalcin (OC) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) observed in MC3T3-E1 cells over expressing CD73 were suppressed by treatment with an A(2B)AR antagonist but not with an A(2A) AR antagonist. Collectively, our results indicate that CD73 generated adenosine positively regulates osteoblast differentiation via A(2B)AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of 1,2,3-triazole analogs of combretastatin A-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:234-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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66
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Lee YS, Choi EM. Effect of pollen from Typha angustata on hydrogen peroxide induced toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:171-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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67
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Ueno T, Yamada M, Igarashi Y, Ogawa T. N-acetyl cysteine protects osteoblastic function from oxidative stress. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:523-31. [PMID: 21913320 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested the protective potential of an antioxidant amino acid derivative, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), in controlling oxidative stress against osteoblasts. Osteoblastic cells extracted from rat bone marrow were cultured. Oxidative stress was induced by adding 100 μM H₂O₂ into the culture media. Then, some H₂O₂-treated cultures were cotreated with 2.5 or 5 mM NAC. Addition of H₂O₂ decreased the number of cells to 50% of untreated cultures at days 2. Addition of 5 mM NAC into H₂O₂ cultures resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells, with the cell number being 50% greater than that in the 100 μM H₂O₂ culture. The gene expression levels of type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin were downregulated threefold by H₂O₂ on day 7. The H₂O₂-suppressed gene expression was fully recovered by NAC cotreatment. The mineralizing capability, assessed by Von Kossa staining on day 15, were approximately 1.8 times greater in the NAC + H₂O₂ cotreated group than in the culture with H₂O₂ alone. These NAC-mediated restorations were associated with an NAC dose-dependent increase of intracellular glutathione and a NAC dose-dependent decrease of intracellular reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ substantially impairs the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts. More importantly, the addition of NAC into the culture was found to restore these damages to a near normal level due to the improved redox balance, warranting further in vivo studies to test its therapeutic potential as a local antioxidative stress drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ueno
- Laboratory for Bone and Implant Sciences-LBIS, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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68
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Blakytny R, Spraul M, Jude EB. Review: The diabetic bone: a cellular and molecular perspective. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2011; 10:16-32. [PMID: 21444607 DOI: 10.1177/1534734611400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide prevalence of diabetes the resulting complications, their consequences and treatment will lead to a greater social and financial burden on society. One of the many organs to be affected is bone. Loss of bone is observed in type 1 diabetes, in extreme cases mirroring osteoporosis, thus a greater risk of fracture. In the case of type 2 diabetes, both a loss and an increase of bone has been observed, although in both cases the quality of the bone overall was poorer, again leading to a greater risk of fracture. Once a fracture has occurred, healing is delayed in diabetes, including nonunion. The reasons leading to such changes in the state of the bone and fracture healing in diabetes is under investigation, including at the cellular and the molecular levels. In comparison with our knowledge of events in normal bone homeostasis and fracture healing, that for diabetes is much more limited, particularly in patients. However, progress is being made, especially with the use of animal models for both diabetes types. Identifying the molecular and cellular changes in the bone in diabetes and understanding how they arise will allow for targeted intervention to improve diabetic bone, thus helping to counter conditions such as Charcot foot as well as preventing fracture and accelerating healing when a fracture does occur.
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69
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Gharibi B, Abraham AA, Ham J, Evans BAJ. Adenosine receptor subtype expression and activation influence the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and adipocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2112-24. [PMID: 21590734 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and adipocytes differentiate from a common precursor cell, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Adenosine is known to signal via four adenosine receptor subtypes, and significantly, recent findings indicate that these may play a role in MSC differentiation. We therefore investigated adenosine receptor expression and activation during the differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts and adipocytes. The A(2B) R was dominant in MSCs, and its expression and activity were transiently upregulated at early stages of osteoblastic differentiation. Both activation and overexpression of A(2B) R induced the expression of osteoblast-related genes [Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], as well as ALP activity, and stimulation increased osteoblast mineralization. The expression of A(2A) R was upregulated during later stages of osteoblastic differentiation, when its activation stimulated ALP activity. Differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes was accompanied by significant increases in A(1) R and A(2A) R expression, and their activation was associated with increased adipogenesis. Enhanced A(2A) R expression was sufficient to promote expression of adipocyte-related genes (PPARγ and C/EBPα), and its activation resulted in increased adipocytic differentiation and lipid accumulation. In contrast, the A(1) R was involved mainly in lipogenic activity of adipocytes rather than in their differentiation. These results show that adenosine receptors are differentially expressed and involved in lineage-specific differentiation of MSCs. We conclude, therefore, that fruitful strategies for treating diseases associated with an imbalance in the differentiation and function of these lineages should include targeting adenosine receptor signal pathways. Specifically, these research avenues will be useful in preventing or treating conditions with insufficient bone or excessive adipocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borzo Gharibi
- Center for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Goto S, Fujii H, Kono K, Nakai K, Hamada Y, Yamato H, Shinohara M, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Nishi S, Fukagawa M. Carvedilol ameliorates low-turnover bone disease in non-obese type 2 diabetes. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:281-90. [PMID: 21829007 DOI: 10.1159/000330853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic bone disease is a major complication in diabetes mellitus and is characterized by low-turnover bone formation. Recent studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress could be associated with diabetic bone disease and that β-adrenergic antagonists could increase bone formation. Our study investigated the effect of carvedilol (β-blocker), possessing an antioxidant effect, on diabetic bone disease. METHODS We used the non-obese, type 2 diabetes model Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats in this study. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls (control, n = 6). SDT rats were divided into four groups: diabetic (DM, n = 8), DM+insulin (DM+I, n = 7), DM+carvedilol (DM+C, n = 8), and DM+N-acetylcysteine (DM+N, n = 10) at 20 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at 30 weeks, after which blood and urine samples, bone mineral density, histomorphometry, and oxidative stress were evaluated. RESULTS The number of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine-positive cells in bone tissue was significantly lower in the DM+C and DM+N groups than in the DM group. Mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate per bone surface in the DM+C and DM+N groups were significantly higher than those in the DM group, and these parameters were better in the DM+C group than in the DM+N group. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that carvedilol has stronger effects on diabetic low-turnover bone disease beyond that which can be attributed to its antioxidative stress mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Goto
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Li JL, Zhao L, Cui B, Deng LF, Ning G, Liu JM. Multiple signaling pathways involved in stimulation of osteoblast differentiation by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors activation in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:895-903. [PMID: 21685927 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glutamate receptors are expressed in osteoblastic cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in vitro. METHODS Primary culture of osteoblasts was prepared from SD rats. Microarray was used to detect the changes of gene expression. The effect of NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist on individual gene was examined using RT-PCR. The activity of alkaloid phosphotase (ALP) was assessed using a commercial ALP staining kit. RESULTS Microarray analyses revealed that 10 genes were up-regulated by NMDA (0.5 mmol/L) and down-regulated by MK801 (100 μmol/L), while 13 genes down-regulated by NMDA (0.5 mmol/L) and up-regulated by MK801 (100 μmol/L). Pretreatment of osteoblasts with the specific PKC inhibitor Calphostin C (0.05 μmol/L), the PKA inhibitor H-89 (20 nmol/L), or the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (100 nmol/L) blocked the ALP activity increase caused by NMDA (0.5 mmol/L). Furthermore, NMDA (0.5 mmol/L) rapidly increased PI3K phosphorylation, which could be blocked by pretreatment of wortmannin (100 nmol/L). CONCLUSION The results suggest that activation of NMDA receptors stimulates osteoblasts differentiation through PKA, PKC, and PI3K signaling pathways, which is a new role for glutamate in regulating bone remodeling.
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Xu ZS, Wang XY, Xiao DM, Hu LF, Lu M, Wu ZY, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide protects MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications for the treatment of osteoporosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1314-23. [PMID: 21354302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Oxidative damage is an important contributor to the morphological and functional changes in the development of osteoporosis. We found in this study that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel endogenous gaseous mediator, protected MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative injury. NaHS, an H2S donor, increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis caused by H2O2. NaHS also stimulated osteoblast proliferation by enhancing both transcription and activity of alkaline phosphatase in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Moreover, treatment with NaHS stimulated the transcriptional level of osteocalcin, the main bone matrix protein, and the protein expression of collagen, a major constituent of bone tissue. The above effects were mediated by the antioxidant effect of H2S. NaHS reversed the reduced superoxide dismutase activity, decreased reactive oxygen species production, and suppressed NADPH oxidase activity in H2O2-treated osteoblasts. In addition, NaHS treatment also produced anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of H2S. Cell viability and Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the protective effects of H2S were mediated by p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs. In conclusion, H2S protects osteoblastic cells against oxidative stress-induced cell injury and suppression of proliferation and differentiation via a MAPK (p38 and ERK1/2)-dependent mechanism. Our findings suggest that H2S may have a potentially therapeutic value for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Shi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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Chaves Neto AH, Machado D, Yano CL, Ferreira CV. Antioxidant defense and apoptotic effectors in ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate-induced osteoblastic differentiation. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:88-96. [PMID: 21261614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MC3T3-E1 cells grown in the presence of ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate (AA/β-GP) express alkaline phosphatase and produce an extensive collagenous extracellular matrix. Differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells are more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress than undifferentiated cells. In this study, we compared the profile of antioxidant enzymes and molecular markers of apoptosis in undifferentiated and differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells (cell differentiation was induced by treatment with AA/β-GP). Differentiated osteoblasts showed lower expression and activity of catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. The total superoxide dismutase activity and the expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase were also lower, while the expression of Mn superoxide dismutase was higher in differentiated osteoblasts. The level of malondialdehyde, a widely used marker for oxidative stress, was lower in the AA/β-GP group compared with control cells, but this difference was not significant. Western blotting showed that treatment with AA/β-GP increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio used as an index of cellular vulnerability to apoptosis. In addition, the activities of caspases 3, 8 and 9 and cleaved poly (ADP) ribose polymerase were significantly higher in differentiated cells. These findings provide new insights into how changes in the activities of major antioxidant enzymes and in the signaling pathways associated with apoptosis may influence the susceptibility of bone cells to oxidative stress.
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Choi EM. Kaempferol protects MC3T3-E1 cells through antioxidant effect and regulation of mitochondrial function. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1800-5. [PMID: 21565246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid present in fruits, vegetables, and teas, provides beneficial effects for human health. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of kaempferol on antimycin A (AMA)-induced toxicity in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Exposure of MC3T3-E1 cells to AMA caused significant cell viability loss, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, complex IV inactivation, intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺](i)) elevation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Pretreatment with kaempferol prior to AMA exposure significantly reduced AMA-induced cell damage by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, complex IV inactivation, [Ca²⁺](i) elevation, and ROS production. Kaempferol also induced the activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Akt (protein kinase B), and CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein) inhibited by AMA, which result demonstrates that kaempferol utilizes the PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway to augment metabolic activity inhibited by AMA. All these data indicate that kaempferol may reduce or prevent osteoblasts degeneration in osteoporosis or other degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Education Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea.
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Hu XY, Fang Q, Wang JS, Xie JQ, Chai BS, Li FQ, Cui X, Yang Y. Over-expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 protects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:245-52. [PMID: 21293477 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To construct an eukaryotic expression vector containing the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) gene, and determine whether transfection with the ALDH2 gene can provide protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage, as well as attenuate apoptosis or cell death in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS The ALDH2 gene was cloned from human hepatocytes by RT-PCR. The eukaryotic expression vector containing the gene was constructed and then transfected into PBMCs via liposomes. RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of the transgene in target cells. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of ALDH2 on PBMCs damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. RESULTS The eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/myc-His-ALDH2 was successfully constructed and transfected into PBMCs. RT-PCR results showed higher mRNA expression of ALDH2 in the gene-transfected group than in the two control groups (empty vector-transfected group and negative control). Indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blot indicated distinct higher protein expression of ALDH2 in the gene-transfected group. The cell survival rate against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage was higher in the ALDH2 gene-transfected group. Moreover, apoptosis rates in gene-transfected PBMCs incubated with 50 and 75 μmol/L H₂O₂ decreased by 7% and 6%, respectively. The generation of intracellular ROS was also markedly downregulated. CONCLUSION ALDH2 gene transfection can protect PBMCs against H₂O₂-induced damage and attenuate apoptosis, accompanied with a downregulation of intracellular ROS. ALDH2 functions as a protector against oxidative stress.
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Lee HS, Kim MK, Kim YK, Jung EY, Park CS, Woo MJ, Lee SH, Kim JS, Suh HJ. Stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells by antler and fermented antler using Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:710-717. [PMID: 21040772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE For thousands of years antlers have been used in Asian countries to promote rapid healing, treat weight loss, slow growth in children, strengthen weak bones, and alleviate cold hands and feet. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to examine the effect of fermentation on the ability of antler to act as a stimulator of bone growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells to examine factors related to bone growth, such as cell proliferation, production of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., collagens, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein (BSP)), via the treatment of non-fermented and fermented antler. RESULTS Antler fermentation using Cordyceps militaris was carried out at 25°C for seven days. The total content of sugar, sialic acid, and protein increased with fermentation time. Cell proliferation was greater in the fermented antler- (FA-) treated groups than in the NFA- (non-fermented antler-) treated groups, in which proliferation increased significantly up to 137% of the basal value. Significant increases in mRNA expression and ALP activity were found at FA concentrations of 50-100 μg/ml; at 100 μg/ml the activity had increased 119% compared to the control activity. For NFA and FA the expression levels of type I collagen mRNA significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner at all treatment doses. However, significant differences between the antler groups were not observed. Mineralization significantly increased by NFA and FA treatment to 183% and 241%, respectively, when compared to colostrum, as a positive control (165%). CONCLUSIONS Antler treatment increased the proliferation of osteoblasts and bone matrix proteins, such as type I collagen and BSP. Antler fermented with Cordyceps militaris showed enhanced activity, and its stimulatory effects on cell proliferation and ALP production were greater than those of NFA. We surmise that these increases in activity were related to increased sialic acid content. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the physiological effects of antler, including bone growth, may be increased through the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
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Seidlitz EP, Sharma MK, Singh G. A by-product of glutathione production in cancer cells may cause disruption in bone metabolic processes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:197-203. [PMID: 20393585 DOI: 10.1139/y09-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site for metastasis of breast and prostate cancers, often resulting in pathologic changes in bone metabolism and severe pain. The mechanisms involved are not well understood, but tumour cells may release factors that interfere with bone homeostasis. Several observations have led us to hypothesize that the functional disruptions in bone metastasis are the result of a biological process common to many cell types. The high metabolic activity characteristic of cancer cells often upregulates oxidative stress protection mechanisms such as the antioxidant molecule glutathione. In maintaining redox balance, this normal metabolic response may result in unintended pathologic effects in certain sensitive organ sites. Malignant glioma cells kill surrounding neurons in the brain specifically by secreting the amino acid glutamate, an obligatory waste product of glutathione synthesis. We suggest that glutamate release is a plausible mechanism that may account for the pathologic changes in bone metastasis, since bone, like brain, is also highly sensitive to glutamatergic disruption. This report reviews the available evidence to draw a mechanistic connection between tumour cell oxidative stress and the pathology seen in patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
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Shakibaei M, Buhrmann C, Mobasheri A. Resveratrol-mediated SIRT-1 interactions with p300 modulate receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) activation of NF-kappaB signaling and inhibit osteoclastogenesis in bone-derived cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11492-505. [PMID: 21239502 PMCID: PMC3064204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoestrogen that has been shown to exhibit potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-catabolic properties. Increased osteoclastic and decreased osteoblastic activities result in bone resorption and loss of bone mass. These changes have been implicated in pathological processes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), a member of the TNF superfamily, is a major mediator of bone loss. In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on RANKL during bone morphogenesis in high density bone cultures in vitro. Untreated bone-derived cell cultures produced well organized bone-like structures with a bone-specific matrix. Treatment with RANKL induced formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells that exhibited morphological features of osteoclasts. RANKL induced NF-κB activation, whereas pretreatment with resveratrol completely inhibited this activation and suppressed the activation of IκBα kinase and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. RANKL up-regulated p300 (a histone acetyltransferase) expression, which, in turn, promoted acetylation of NF-κB. Resveratrol inhibited RANKL-induced acetylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, activation of Sirt-1 (a histone deacetylase) by resveratrol induced Sirt-1-p300 association in bone-derived and preosteoblastic cells, leading to deacetylation of RANKL-induced NF-κB, inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activation, and osteoclastogenesis. Co-treatment with resveratrol activated the bone transcription factors Cbfa-1 and Sirt-1 and induced the formation of Sirt-1-Cbfa-1 complexes. Overall, these results demonstrate that resveratrol-activated Sirt-1 plays pivotal roles in regulating the balance between the osteoclastic versus osteoblastic activity result in bone formation in vitro thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential for treating osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Bawa HK, Ng G, Wu Y, Libera M, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Yu X. Oxygen-generating nanofiber cell scaffolds with antimicrobial properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:67-73. [PMID: 21155527 DOI: 10.1021/am100862h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many next-generation biomaterials will need the ability to not only promote healthy tissue integration but to simultaneously resist bacterial colonization and resulting biomaterials-associated infection. For this purpose, antimicrobial nanofibers of polycaprolactone (PCL) were fabricated by incorporating calcium peroxide. PCL nanofibers containing different ratios of calcium peroxide (1%, 5% and 10% (w/w)) with or without ascorbic acid were fabricated using an electrospinning technique. Antimicrobial evaluations confirmed the inhibitory properties of the nanofibers on the growth of E. coli and S. epidemidis because of a significant burst release of calcium peroxide from the nanofibers. Analysis of tissue cell response showed that despite an initial toxic effect over the first 24 h, after 4 days of culture, osteoblast viability and morphology were both healthy. These results demonstrate that oxygen-generating nanofibers can be designed and developed to provide a short-term peroxide-based antimicrobial response while still maintaining attractive tissue-integration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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Eldh M, Ekström K, Valadi H, Sjöstrand M, Olsson B, Jernås M, Lötvall J. Exosomes communicate protective messages during oxidative stress; possible role of exosomal shuttle RNA. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15353. [PMID: 21179422 PMCID: PMC3003701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are small extracellular nanovesicles of endocytic origin that mediate different signals between cells, by surface interactions and by shuttling functional RNA from one cell to another. Exosomes are released by many cells including mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells and tumour cells. Exosomes differ compared to their donor cells, not only in size, but also in their RNA, protein and lipid composition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we show that exosomes, released by mouse mast cells exposed to oxidative stress, differ in their mRNA content. Also, we show that these exosomes can influence the response of other cells to oxidative stress by providing recipient cells with a resistance against oxidative stress, observed as an attenuated loss of cell viability. Furthermore, Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that the exosomal mRNA content not only differs between exosomes and donor cells, but also between exosomes derived from cells grown under different conditions; oxidative stress and normal conditions. Finally, we also show that exposure to UV-light affects the biological functions associated with exosomes released under oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results argue that the exosomal shuttle of RNA is involved in cell-to-cell communication, by influencing the response of recipient cells to an external stress stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eldh
- Krefting Research Centre, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Ekström
- Krefting Research Centre, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sjöstrand
- Krefting Research Centre, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bob Olsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Jernås
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lee HS, Jung EY, Bae SH, Kwon KH, Kim JM, Suh HJ. Stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells by yeast hydrolysate. Phytother Res 2010; 25:716-23. [PMID: 21077261 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was reported that yeast hydrolysate (YH) was effective in promoting bone growth in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. To further clarify the mechanism of YH, the effects of YH on proliferation, differentiation and gene expression in vitro were investigated using osteoblastic cell lines (MC3T3-E1). Cell proliferation increased significantly as much as 110% of the basal value when cells were treated with 100 µg/mL of YH. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased significantly with a YH concentration of 25-100 µg/mL, and the activity increased 152% that of the control at 100 µg/mL. The calcium content increased as much as 129% at 100 µg/mL YH. The gene expression levels of ALP and collagen type II (COL II) significantly increased approximately 1.3-fold and 1.7-fold of control, respectively, at 100 µg/mL. YH increased significantly the mRNA level of bone sialoprotein (BSP) but not in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, BMP-4, collagen type I (COL I) and osteonectin (ON) did not increase. In summary, YH increased the proliferation of osteoblasts and directly stimulated ALP and bone matrix proteins (e.g. BSP, COL II), and these increases trigger osteoblastic differentiation (e.g. mineralized nodule formation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Li M, Zhao L, Liu J, Liu AL, Zeng WS, Luo SQ, Bai XC. Hydrogen Peroxide Induces G2Cell Cycle Arrest and Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Osteoblasts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1107-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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83
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Hamada Y, Fujii H, Fukagawa M. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic bone disorder. Bone 2009; 45 Suppl 1:S35-8. [PMID: 19232402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus induces alterations in bone and mineral metabolism. Diabetic bone disorder causes an increase in bone fractures, delays healing of fractures, and affects the quality of life. There are few optimal therapies for these disorders and the mechanisms responsible for their complications have not been clearly identified. Bone histology studies in humans and animals have demonstrated that decreased bone formation is a critical mechanism of bone mass reduction in diabetes. A major hypothesis about the mechanisms of diabetic complications is a diabetes-induced increase in oxidative stress, because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased under diabetic conditions and are known to induce cellular dysfunction in a wide variety of cell types. Oxidative stress is induced by a variety of mechanisms including formation of increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), increased polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C isoforms, glucose autoxidation, and mitochondrial overproduction of superoxide under diabetic conditions. Other circulating factors that are elevated in diabetes, such as free fatty acids and leptin, also contribute to increased ROS generation. It is now widely accepted that ROS can cause severe damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Concerning bone metabolism, in vitro studies have shown that oxidative stress inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and induces osteoblast insults and apoptosis. Moreover, we have demonstrated that both streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, an animal model of type 1 diabetes, and spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes, have low-turnover osteopenia associated with increased oxidative stress and that markers of oxidative stress are inversely associated with the histomorphometric parameters of bone formation. Growing evidence suggests that the increase in oxidative stress may at least partly contribute to the development of diabetic osteopenia. This review focuses on the impact of diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the development of diabetic bone disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hamada
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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84
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Al-Gonaiah M, Smith RA, Stone TW. Xanthine oxidase-induced neuronal death via the oxidation of NADH: prevention by micromolar EDTA. Brain Res 2009; 1280:33-42. [PMID: 19450565 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of xanthine by xanthine oxidase (XO) or xanthine dehydrogenase represents an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to the damaging consequences of cerebral ischemia, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, both enzymes are also able to act on reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The FAD binding site to which NADH binds is distinct from that of the xanthine binding site. We report that the combination of xanthine oxidase and NADH is toxic to cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. Protection by superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD) or catalase indicates mediation of the toxicity by superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, pre-incubating XO with EDTA at concentrations as low as 2 microM, prevented the toxicity, indicating that a metal contaminating XO is involved in producing the toxic effects of XO/NADH. It is possible that such a metal might play a role in the toxicity of XO in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Al-Gonaiah
- Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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85
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Suh KS, Choi EM, Kwon M, Chon S, Oh S, Woo JT, Kim SW, Kim JW, Kim YS. Kaempferol attenuates 2-deoxy-d-ribose-induced oxidative cell damage in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:746-9. [PMID: 19336918 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reducing sugar, 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib), produces reactive oxygen species through autoxidation and protein glycosylation and causes osteoblast dysfunction. Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid, was investigated to determine whether it could influence dRib-induced cellular dysfunction and oxidative cell damage in the MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cell line. Osteoblastic cells were treated with 30 mM dRib in the presence or absence of kaempferol (10(-9)-10(-5) M) and markers of osteoblast function and lipid peroxidation were subsequently examined. Kaempferol (10(-9)-10(-5) M) significantly inhibited the dRib-induced decrease in growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. In addition, treatment with kaempferol resulted in a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, and mineralization in the cells. Treatment with kaempferol increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib. Taken together, these results suggest that kaempferol inhibits dRib-induced osteoblastic cell damage and may be useful for the treatment of diabetes-related bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sik Suh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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86
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Hamada Y, Fujii H, Kitazawa R, Yodoi J, Kitazawa S, Fukagawa M. Thioredoxin-1 overexpression in transgenic mice attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetic osteopenia: a novel role of oxidative stress and therapeutic implications. Bone 2009; 44:936-41. [PMID: 19146996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of osteopenia and bone fracture. However, the mechanisms accounting for diabetic bone disorder are unclear. We have previously reported that streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice develop low turnover osteopenia associated with increased oxidative stress in the diabetic condition. To determine the role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic osteopenia, we presently investigated the effect of overexpression of thioredoxin-1 (TRX), a major intracellular antioxidant, on the development of diabetic osteopenia, using TRX transgenic mice (TRX-Tg). TRX-Tg are C57BL/6 mice that carry the human TRX transgene under the control of beta-actin promoter. Eight-week-old male TRX-Tg mice and wild type (WT) littermates were intraperitoneally injected with either streptozotocin or vehicle. Mice were grouped as 1) non-diabetic WT, 2) non-diabetic TRX-Tg, 3) diabetic WT, and 4) diabetic TRX-Tg. After 12 weeks of streptozotocin treatment, oxidative stress on the whole body and bone was evaluated, and the physical properties of the femora, and histomorphometry parameters of the tibiae were assessed. TRX overexpression did not affect either body weight or hemoglobin A1c levels. There were no significant differences in renal function and in serum levels of calcium, phosphate, and intact parathyroid hormone among the four groups. On the other hand, urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, was significantly elevated in diabetic WT and attenuated in diabetic TRX-Tg. Immunohistochemical staining for 8-OHdG revealed marked intensity in the bone tissue of diabetic WT compared with non-diabetic WT, while staining was attenuated in diabetic TRX-Tg. TRX overexpression partially restored reduced bone mineral density and prevented the suppression of bone formation observed in diabetic WT. Increased oxidative stress in diabetic condition contributes to the development of diabetic osteopenia. Suppression of increased oxidative stress by TRX induction could be a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hamada
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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87
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Linares GR, Xing W, Govoni KE, Chen ST, Mohan S. Glutaredoxin 5 regulates osteoblast apoptosis by protecting against oxidative stress. Bone 2009; 44:795-804. [PMID: 19442627 PMCID: PMC4683083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence which suggests an important role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, little is known on the molecular components of the oxidative stress pathway or their functions in bone. In this study, we evaluated the role and mechanism of action of glutaredoxin (Grx) 5, a protein that is highly expressed in bone. Osteoblasts were transfected with Grx5 siRNA and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Grx5 siRNA treatment increased apoptosis while Grx5 overexpression protected MC3T3-E1 cells against H(2)O(2) induced apoptosis and ROS formation. Grx5 deficiency results in impaired biogenesis of Fe-S cluster in yeast. Accordingly, activity of mitochondrial aconitase, whose activity is dependent on Fe-S cluster, decreased in Grx5 siRNA treated cells. Since reduced formation of Fe-S cluster would lead to increased level of free iron, a competitive inhibitor of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), we measured MnSOD activity in Grx5 deficient osteoblasts and found MnSOD activity was significantly reduced. The consequence of long term inhibition of Grx5 on osteoblast apoptosis was evaluated using lentiviral shRNA technology. Grx5 shRNA cells exhibited higher caspase activity and cardiolipin oxidation in the presence of H(2)O(2). MnSOD activity was rescued by the addition of MnCl(2) to Grx5 shRNA osteoblasts in the presence of H(2)O(2). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Grx5 is an important determinant of osteoblast apoptosis and acts via a molecular pathway that involves regulation of ROS production, cardiolipin oxidation, caspase activity, Fe-S cluster formation, and MnSOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Linares
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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88
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Chiu HY, Tsao LY, Yang RC. Heat-shock response protects peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial disturbance. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:207-17. [PMID: 18763057 PMCID: PMC2727987 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate ex vivo the protective mechanisms of heat-shock response against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rats. Twenty-four hours later, heat-shock treatment was executed in vivo; rat PBMCs were collected and treated with H(2)O(2). The accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated by intracellular fluorescent dHE and JC-1 dye staining, respectively, and expression of HSP72 and cytochrome c was detected by Western blot analysis. Cellular apoptosis was assayed by TUNEL staining and double staining of Annexin V and PI. The results showed that H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress leads to intracellular superoxide accumulation and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential in rat PBMCs. Moreover, cellular apoptosis was detected after H(2)O(2) treatment, and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol was significantly enhanced. Heat-shock pretreatment decreases the accumulation of intracellular superoxide in PBMCs during H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, heat-shock treatment prevents the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release from mitochondria during H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, mitochondria are critical organelles of the protective effects of heat-shock treatment. Cellular apoptosis during H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress is decreased by heat-shock treatment through a decrease in superoxide induction and preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yao Chiu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Lon-Yen Tsao
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Cheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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89
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Thompson CM, Quinn CA, Hergenrother PJ. Total Synthesis and Cytoprotective Properties of Dykellic Acid. J Med Chem 2008; 52:117-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801169s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Catherine A. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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90
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Park CS, Kim OS, Yun SM, Jo SA, Jo I, Koh YH. Presenilin 1/gamma-secretase is associated with cadmium-induced E-cadherin cleavage and COX-2 gene expression in T47D breast cancer cells. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:413-22. [PMID: 18791180 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal that has multiple toxic effects on human health and has been classified as a human carcinogen. E-cadherin is a major target of cadmium; however, the roles of E-cadherin and cadmium and the mechanisms of tumor progression remain to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that cadmium increases E-cadherin processing via a gamma-secretase in the T47D breast cancer cell lines. This presenilin 1 (PS1)/gamma-secretase-dependent cleavage of E-cadherin was accompanied by changes in reactive oxygen species or calcium. E-cadherin cleavage was blocked by a PS1 dominant-negative mutant, gamma-secretase inhibitors [N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) and L-685,486], antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride), or a calcium chelating drug 1,2-bis(o-Aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the disappearance of E-cadherin staining at the cell surface. Those inhibitors attenuated cadmium-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, cadmium treatment increased cell motility and invasion ability, which was abated by DAPT. Interestingly, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by cadmium was also inhibited by DAPT. The cadmium-induced cell motility and invasion ability were inhibited by a COX-2 inhibitor, NS398. Our data indicate a novel molecular mechanism that links cytotoxicity of cadmium and disrupted E-cadherin processing to adherens junctions; cadmium induces COX-2 expression via gamma-secretase, which increases cell motility and invasion ability. Understanding the downstream signaling cascades of cadmium that promote tumor progression might be a key to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seok Park
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, 194, Tongillo, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, 122-701, Korea
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91
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Li JL, Cui B, Qi L, Li XY, Deng LF, Ning G, Liu JM. NMDA enhances stretching-induced differentiation of osteoblasts through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Bone 2008; 43:469-75. [PMID: 18573356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the excitatory neurotransmitter N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and stretching both increase Ca(2+) influx in osteoblastic cells. We postulated that NMDA would enhance the osteoblastic cell's response to stretching. The goal of this study was to investigate, in the presence of the neurotransmitter NMDA, the effect of mechanical loading on osteoblast's stage of differentiation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway associated with it. Rat primary osteoblastic cells were subjected to cyclic, equibiaxial stretch for 48 h in the presence or absence of NMDA. Pretreatment with 0.5 mM NMDA significantly enhanced the stretching magnitude-dependent increase in osteogenesis markers. MK801, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, abolished those responses. To further study the mechanism of this response, osteoblastic cells were stretched for 5, 15, or 60 min in the absence of NMDA. Cyclic stretch induced a rapid increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2 phosphorylation with the peak at 15 min, but no changes were noted in p38 and JNK pathway signaling. NMDA could enhance ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated by stretching. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked the increase in osteogenesis markers. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that there is a synergistic effect between mechanical stimulation and NMDA in osteoblasts. ERK1/2 signaling may be the common pathway in the increased response to stretching in the presence of NMDA in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Li Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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92
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Fatokun AA, Stone TW, Smith RA. Prolonged exposures of cerebellar granule neurons to S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) induce neuronal damage independently of peroxynitrite. Brain Res 2008; 1230:265-72. [PMID: 18644353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) induces cell proliferation or cell death, depending on the cell type involved, the isoform of nitric oxide synthase activated, and its cellular localisation. In neurons, the damaging effect of NO is usually attributed to the highly toxic peroxynitrite, formed by its reaction with superoxide. Peroxynitrite induces DNA damage and consequently the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This study set out to examine the contribution of peroxynitrite to the damage induced in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) by treatment with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), for short (6 h) or prolonged (24 h) exposures. The Alamar blue assay was used to quantify CGN viability, which was also assessed by morphological examination. SNAP (10 microM-1 mM) induced a concentration- and time-dependent reduction of CGN viability, with associated damage to cell bodies and neurite processes evident following 100 microM SNAP treatments. Damage from 6 h exposures was prevented by the presence of haemoglobin (a NO scavenger), uric acid (a peroxynitrite scavenger), melatonin (a non-specific antioxidant), and by cyclosporin A (a permeability transition pore blocker). It was reduced by the PARP-1 inhibitor 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxyl]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone (DPQ), whilst superoxide dismutase (SOD) potentiated the effects. Following 24 h exposure to SNAP, damage was only partially blocked by haemoglobin, melatonin, cyclosporin A and DPQ, but was not affected by uric acid or SOD. The data suggest that short exposure to NO induces neuronal damage through peroxynitrite produced by its interaction with superoxide, whereas a longer exposure to NO can induce damage partly by a mechanism which is independent of peroxynitrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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93
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Abstract
A link between bone blood flow and osteoporosis may exist. Outside of the spine, the proximal femur is the most common site of osteoporotic fracture and is also an area prone to avascular necrosis and fracture nonunion. This study of the proximal femur investigates the relationship between BMD, bone marrow fat content, bone perfusion, and muscle perfusion. One hundred twenty healthy female subjects (mean age, 74 yr; age range, 67-89 yr) underwent DXA examination of the hip, proton MR spectroscopy, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the right proximal femur, acetabulum, and adductor thigh muscle. In all bone areas examined (femoral head, femoral neck, femoral shaft, acetabulum), perfusion indices (maximum enhancement, enhancement slope) were significantly reduced in subjects with osteoporosis compared with subjects with osteopenia or normal BMD. Adductor muscle perfusion was not affected by change in BMD. As marrow perfusion decreased in the proximal femur, marrow fat increased (r = 0.827). This increase in fat content seemed to account for the decrease in marrow perfusion more than a reduction in BMD. For normal BMD subjects, perfusion parameters in the femoral head were one third of those in the femoral neck or shaft and one fifth of those in the acetabulum. Perfusion throughout the proximal femur is reduced in osteoporotic subjects compared with osteopenic and normal subjects. This reduction in perfusion only affects bone and not those tissues outside of bone with the same blood supply. As bone perfusion decreased, there was a corresponding increase in marrow fat.
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94
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Lee KH, Choi EM. Myricetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, prevents 2-deoxy-D-ribose induced dysfunction and oxidative damage in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:1-6. [PMID: 18599037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myricetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, was investigated to determine whether it could protect osteoblasts from 2-deoxy-d-ribose induced dysfunction and oxidative damage in the MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated with 2-deoxy-d-ribose and/or myricetin, and markers of osteoblast function and oxidative damage were examined. Compared with control incubation, 2-deoxy-d-ribose significantly (P<0.05) inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, and calcium deposition at the concentration of 20 mM. Cellular malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, and advanced oxidation protein products contents were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-ribose (20 mM). Myricetin significantly (P<0.05) increased cell survival, ALP activity, collagen, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and calcium deposition and decreased MDA, protein carbonyl, and advanced oxidation protein products contents of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of 20 mM 2-deoxy-d-ribose. These results demonstrate that myricetin attenuates 2-deoxy-d-ribose induced damage, suggesting that myricetin may be a useful dietary supplement for minimizing oxidative injury in diabetes related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Lee
- Department of Food Service Management, College of Hotel and Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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95
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Resistance to kynurenic acid of the NMDA receptor-dependent toxicity of 3-nitropropionic acid and cyanide in cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res 2008; 1215:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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96
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Fatokun AA, Stone TW, Smith RA. Responses of differentiated MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells to reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 587:35-41. [PMID: 18448093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells represent a suitable model for studying osteogenic development in vitro. The current investigation extends our previous work on the response of these cells to hydrogen peroxide by considering the effects of reactive oxygen species from other sources, and by determining whether differentiation alters sensitivity to oxidative damage. Aspects of hydrogen peroxide-mediated apoptotic and necrotic death were also examined. Cell viability was determined using the Alamar Blue assay; and accompanying morphological changes monitored by phase-contrast microscopy. Sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide increased significantly in cultures which had been induced to differentiate. Hydrogen peroxide and copper (II) ions, when combined, produced greater damage than hydrogen peroxide alone, whilst the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol or dimethylsulphoxide had no effect. Cyclosporin A and nicotinamide afforded partial protection. The tryptophan metabolite, 3-hydroxykynurenine significantly reduced viability, although 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid did not. The xanthine/xanthine oxidase system also reduced cell viability, an effect prevented by catalase but potentiated by superoxide dismutase. S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine did not impair viability at the concentrations tested. Cultures were resistant to mitochondrial poisoning by potassium cyanide, but succumbed to 24-h exposures to 3-nitropropionic acid (1 mM). The results reveal a differential sensitivity of MC3T3-E1 cells to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, an enhancement of sensitivity by cellular differentiation, and a potential preference for the glycolytic pathway by MC3T3-E1 cells. This study gives new insight into how bone cells may succumb to the toxic effects of oxidative stress generated by different stimuli and has relevance to conditions such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Room 345, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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97
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Abstract
Studies during the last decade demonstrated that apoptosis is as important as mitosis for the growth and maintenance of the skeleton and provided information on the significance and molecular regulation of apoptosis of bone cells. It is now known that: (1) all osteoclasts die by apoptosis after completing a bone resorption cycle; (2) the majority of osteoblasts also die, whereas the remainder become lining cells or osteocytes; and (3) osteocytes, although long-living cells, also can die prematurely. Furthermore, mounting evidence indicates that systemic hormones, local growth factors, cytokines, and pharmacological agents, as well as mechanical forces regulate the rate of bone cell apoptosis. This chapter summarizes the methods developed in the last few years to examine apoptosis of cultured bone cells and identify the signaling pathways and molecules involved in apoptosis regulation by diverse skeletal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Bellido
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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98
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Dziak KL, Akkus O. Effects of polyelectrolytic peptides on the quality of mineral crystals grown in vitro. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26:569-75. [PMID: 18979156 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Charged amino acids such as arginine, lysine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid are abundant in noncollagenous proteins that regulate mineralization. Synthetic peptide forms of these amino acids have been shown to affect crystal growth in precipitation of mineral crystals in solution. However, little is known about the effects of these peptides on the viability and phenotype of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or on the in vitro mineralization process. Bone marrow was harvested from neonatal rat femora and cultured under conditions to induce mineralized nodule formation. Mineralized bone nodules were grown while supplementing the cultures with one of five polyelectrolytes: polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), poly-L: -glutamic acid (PLG), poly-L: -lysine (PLL), poly-L: -aspartic acid (PLA), and sodium citrate (SC), as well as a nontreated control group. The viability and the rate of collagen synthesis under the effect of these agents were characterized by cell-counting and dye-binding assays, respectively. Raman microspectroscopy was conducted on mineralized bone nodules to determine the effect of the polyelectrolytes on the mineralization, type-B carbonation, and crystallinity of the mineral phase. Morphology of resulting mineral crystals was investigated using X-ray diffraction line-broadening analysis (XRD). PSS had toxic effects on cells whereas the remaining agents were biocompatible, as the cell viability was either greater (PLG) or not different from controls. The total collagen production by day 21 was 27% and 42% lower than controls for PLL and PSS, respectively. Culture wells stained positively for alkaline phosphatase in the presence of polyelectrolytes, indicating that osteogenic differentiation was not impacted negatively. Raman microspectroscopy revealed that the type-B carbonation of the crystal lattice increased when treated with PLG, PLL, or PSS. Crystallinity of PLL and PSS was smaller than that of control. The mineral/matrix ratios of nodules did not change with polyelectrolyte treatment, with the exception of the PSS-treated group, which was less mineralized. XRD analysis of bone nodules indicated that PLA-treated samples were significantly longer than controls along the 002 direction. Overall, the results suggest that the polypeptides consisting of charged amino acids are biocompatible and that they have the potential to affect crystal quality and morphology in vitro in the presence of cells. However, the mechanisms by which these effects come into play remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dziak
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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99
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Adenosine receptor ligands protect against a combination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in cerebellar granule neurons. Exp Brain Res 2007; 186:151-60. [PMID: 18040669 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agonists at A(1) receptors and antagonists at A(2A) receptors are known to be neuroprotective against excitotoxicity. We set out to clarify the mechanisms involved by studying interactions between adenosine receptor ligands and endogenous glutamate in cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Glutamate and the selective agonist N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA), applied to CGNs at 9 div (days in vitro), both induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner, which was attenuated by treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonists dizocilpine, D: -2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (D: -AP5) or kynurenic acid (KYA), but not by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Glutamate toxicity was reduced in the presence of all of the following: cyclosporin A (CsA), a blocker of the membrane permeability transition pore, the caspase-3 inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (Z-DEVD-fmk), the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) inhibitor 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxyl]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone (DPQ), and nicotinamide. This is indicative of involvement of both apoptotic and necrotic processes. The A(1) receptor agonist, N (6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), and the A(2A) receptor antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazo-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385) afforded significant protection, while the A(1) receptor blocker 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and the A(2A) receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine (CGS21680) had no effect. These results confirm that glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in CGNs is mainly via the NMDA receptor, but show that a form of cell death which exhibits aspects of both apoptosis and necrosis is involved. The protective activity of A(1) receptor activation or A(2A) receptor blockade occurs against this mixed profile of cell death, and appears not to involve the selective inhibition of classical apoptotic or necrotic cascades.
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Hamada Y, Kitazawa S, Kitazawa R, Fujii H, Kasuga M, Fukagawa M. Histomorphometric analysis of diabetic osteopenia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: a possible role of oxidative stress. Bone 2007; 40:1408-14. [PMID: 17251074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 11/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic osteopenia causes an increase in bone fracture and a delay in healing of fractures, and affects the quality of life. However, the mechanisms responsible for the disease have not been clearly identified. Oxidative stress may be a potential candidate for the pathogenesis, since it is increased under diabetic conditions and is known to induce cellular dysfunction in a wide variety of cell types. Although in vitro studies have shown that oxidative stress inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and induces osteoblast insults and apoptosis, the relationship between diabetic osteopenia and oxidative stress remains unclear. To explore these issues, analysis of a mouse model that represents the diabetic osteopenia as seen in patients with diabetes is necessary. However, there are few reports of such a model. Therefore, we focused on the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse, one of the most common animal models of type 1 diabetes. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the following three groups: 1) control group, 2) diabetic group, and 3) insulin-treated diabetic group. After 12 weeks of STZ treatment, the physical properties of the femora, and the static and dynamic parameters of bone histomorphometry of the tibiae from STZ-induced diabetic mice (STZ-mice) were assessed, and oxidative stress in the whole body and bone of the mice was evaluated. Renal function was comparable in all three groups at the end of the experimental period. In addition, no significant difference in serum PTH, Ca, and P was found among the three groups. In contrast, radiological analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in trabecular bone volume, and histomorphometric analyses confirmed that parameters for both bone formation (OV/BV, OS/BS, and BFR/BS) and bone resorption (ES/BS and Oc.S/BS) were also significantly lower in STZ-mice. In addition, urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, was elevated in STZ-mice. Further immunohistological studies showed intensified immunostaining of an oxidative stress marker in bone tissue including the osteoblasts of diabetic mice. Here, we demonstrated that STZ-mice exhibit low-turnover osteopenia associated with increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hamada
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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