51
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Dudás EF, Bodor A. Quantitative, Diffusion NMR Based Analytical Tool To Distinguish Folded, Disordered, and Denatured Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4929-4933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika F. Dudás
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodor
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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52
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Estaña A, Sibille N, Delaforge E, Vaisset M, Cortés J, Bernadó P. Realistic Ensemble Models of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Using a Structure-Encoding Coil Database. Structure 2019; 27:381-391.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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53
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Yang F, Wang H, Logan DT, Mu X, Danielsson J, Oliveberg M. The Cost of Long Catalytic Loops in Folding and Stability of the ALS-Associated Protein SOD1. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16570-16579. [PMID: 30359015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A conspicuous feature of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated protein SOD1 is that its maturation into a functional enzyme relies on local folding of two disordered loops into a catalytic subdomain. To drive the disorder-to-order transition, the protein employs a single Zn2+ ion. The question is then if the entropic penalty of maintaining such disordered loops in the immature apoSOD1 monomer is large enough to explain its unusually low stability, slow folding, and pathological aggregation in ALS. To find out, we determined the effects of systematically altering the SOD1-loop lengths by protein redesign. The results show that the loops destabilize the apoSOD1 monomer by ∼3 kcal/mol, rendering the protein marginally stable and accounting for its aggregation behavior. Yet the effect on the global folding kinetics remains much smaller with a transition-state destabilization of <1 kcal/mol. Notably, this 1/3 transition-state to folded-state stability ratio provides a clear-cut example of the enigmatic disagreement between the Leffler α value from loop-length alterations (typically 1/3) and the "standard" reaction coordinates based on solvent perturbations (typically >2/3). Reconciling the issue, we demonstrate that the disagreement disappears when accounting for the progressive loop shortening that occurs along the folding pathway. The approach assumes a consistent Flory loop entropy scaling factor of c = 1.48 for both equilibrium and kinetic data and has the added benefit of verifying the tertiary interactions of the folding nucleus as determined by phi-value analysis. Thus, SOD1 not only represents a case where evolution of key catalytic function has come with the drawback of a destabilized apo state but also stands out as a well-suited model system for exploring the physicochemical details of protein self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Huabing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Derek T Logan
- Division of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124, 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jens Danielsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mikael Oliveberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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54
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Nguemaha V, Qin S, Zhou HX. Atomistic Modeling of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Under Polyethylene Glycol Crowding: Quantitative Comparison with Experimental Data and Implication of Protein-Crowder Attraction. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11262-11270. [PMID: 30230839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The malleability of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has generated great interest in understanding how their conformations respond to crowded cellular environments. Experiments can report gross properties such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency but cannot resolve the conformational ensembles of IDPs and their interactions with macromolecular crowders. Computation can in principle provide the latter information but in practice has been hampered by the enormous expense for realistic modeling of IDPs and crowders and for sufficient conformational sampling. Here, taking advantage of a powerful method called FMAP (fast Fourier transform-based modeling of atomistic protein-crowder interactions), we computed how the conformational ensembles of three IDPs are modified in concentrated polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 solutions. We represented the IDPs at the all-atom level and the PEG molecules at a coarse-grained level and calculated the experimental observable, i.e., FRET efficiency. Whereas accounting for only steric repulsion of PEG led to overestimation of crowding effects, quantitative agreement with experimental data was obtained upon including mild IDP-PEG attraction. The present work demonstrates that realistic modeling of IDPs under crowded conditions for direct comparison with experiments is now achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Nguemaha
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Sanbo Qin
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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55
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Cragnell C, Rieloff E, Skepö M. Utilizing Coarse-Grained Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulations to Evaluate the Conformational Ensemble of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Regions. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2478-2492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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56
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Melková K, Zapletal V, Jansen S, Nomilner E, Zachrdla M, Hritz J, Nováček J, Zweckstetter M, Jensen MR, Blackledge M, Žídek L. Functionally specific binding regions of microtubule-associated protein 2c exhibit distinct conformations and dynamics. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13297-13309. [PMID: 29925592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 2c (MAP2c) is a 49-kDa intrinsically disordered protein regulating the dynamics of microtubules in developing neurons. MAP2c differs from its sequence homologue Tau in the pattern and kinetics of phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Moreover, the mechanisms through which MAP2c interacts with its binding partners and the conformational changes and dynamics associated with these interactions remain unclear. Here, we used NMR relaxation and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement techniques to determine the dynamics and long-range interactions within MAP2c. The relaxation rates revealed large differences in flexibility of individual regions of MAP2c, with the lowest flexibility observed in the known and proposed binding sites. Quantitative conformational analyses of chemical shifts, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement measurements disclosed that MAP2c regions interacting with important protein partners, including Fyn tyrosine kinase, plectin, and PKA, adopt specific conformations. High populations of polyproline II and α-helices were found in Fyn- and plectin-binding sites of MAP2c, respectively. The region binding the regulatory subunit of PKA consists of two helical motifs bridged by a more extended conformation. Of note, although MAP2c and Tau did not differ substantially in their conformations in regions of high sequence identity, we found that they differ significantly in long-range interactions, dynamics, and local conformation motifs in their N-terminal domains. These results highlight that the N-terminal regions of MAP2c provide important specificity to its regulatory roles and indicate a close relationship between MAP2c's biological functions and conformational behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Melková
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Zapletal
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Séverine Jansen
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Nomilner
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Zachrdla
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Hritz
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Nováček
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- the Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Strasse 3a, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, and
| | | | | | - Lukáš Žídek
- From Masaryk University, Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic, .,Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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57
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Lin X, Roy S, Jolly MK, Bocci F, Schafer NP, Tsai MY, Chen Y, He Y, Grishaev A, Weninger K, Orban J, Kulkarni P, Rangarajan G, Levine H, Onuchic JN. PAGE4 and Conformational Switching: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Implications for Prostate Cancer. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2422-2438. [PMID: 29758263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-associated gene 4 (PAGE4) is an intrinsically disordered protein implicated in prostate cancer. Thestress-response kinase homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1) phosphorylates two residues in PAGE4, serine 9 and threonine 51. Phosphorylation of these two residues facilitates the interaction of PAGE4 with activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex to potentiate AP-1's activity. In contrast, hyperphosphorylation of PAGE4 by CDC-like kinase 2 (CLK2) attenuates this interaction with AP-1. Small-angleX-ray scattering and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements have shown that PAGE4 expands upon hyperphosphorylation and that this expansion is localized to its N-terminal half. To understand the interactions underlying this structural transition, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using Atomistic AWSEM, a multi-scale molecular model that combines atomistic and coarse-grained simulation approaches. Our simulations show that electrostatic interactions drive transient formation of an N-terminal loop, the destabilization of which accounts for the dramatic change in size upon hyperphosphorylation. Phosphorylation also changes the preference of secondary structure formation of the PAGE4 ensemble, which leads to a transition between states that display different degrees of disorder. Finally, we construct a mechanism-based mathematical model that allows us to capture the interactions ofdifferent phosphoforms of PAGE4 with AP-1 and its downstream target, the androgen receptor (AR)-a key therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Our model predicts intracellular oscillatory dynamics of HIPK1-PAGE4, CLK2-PAGE4, and AR activity, indicating phenotypic heterogeneity in an isogenic cell population. Thus, conformational switching of PAGE4 may potentially affect the efficiency of therapeutically targeting AR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Lin
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Susmita Roy
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Federico Bocci
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Nicholas P Schafer
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Min-Yeh Tsai
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Yihong Chen
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Yanan He
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Alexander Grishaev
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Keith Weninger
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - John Orban
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Govindan Rangarajan
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Center for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - José N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States.
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58
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Wang YJ, Jeng US, Hsu SH. Biodegradable Water-Based Polyurethane Shape Memory Elastomers for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1397-1406. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, No. 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Research and Development Center for Medical Devices, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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59
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Abstract
Conditionally disordered proteins are either ordered or disordered depending on the environmental context. The substrates of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) oxidoreductase Mia40 are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and diffuse as intrinsically disordered proteins to the IMS, where they fold into their functional conformations; behaving thus as conditionally disordered proteins. It is not clear how the sequences of these polypeptides encode at the same time for their ability to adopt a folded structure and to remain unfolded. Here we characterize the disorder-to-order transition of a Mia40 substrate, the human small copper chaperone Cox17. Using an integrated real-time approach, including chromatography, fluorescence, CD, FTIR, SAXS, NMR, and MS analysis, we demonstrate that in this mitochondrial protein, the conformational switch between disordered and folded states is controlled by the formation of a single disulfide bond, both in the presence and in the absence of Mia40. We provide molecular details on how the folding of a conditionally disordered protein is tightly regulated in time and space, in such a way that the same sequence is competent for protein translocation and activity.
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60
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Fraga H, Pujols J, Gil-Garcia M, Roque A, Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Santambrogio C, Bech-Serra JJ, Canals F, Bernadó P, Grandori R, Millet O, Ventura S. Disulfide driven folding for a conditionally disordered protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16994. [PMID: 29208936 PMCID: PMC5717278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditionally disordered proteins are either ordered or disordered depending on the environmental context. The substrates of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) oxidoreductase Mia40 are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and diffuse as intrinsically disordered proteins to the IMS, where they fold into their functional conformations; behaving thus as conditionally disordered proteins. It is not clear how the sequences of these polypeptides encode at the same time for their ability to adopt a folded structure and to remain unfolded. Here we characterize the disorder-to-order transition of a Mia40 substrate, the human small copper chaperone Cox17. Using an integrated real-time approach, including chromatography, fluorescence, CD, FTIR, SAXS, NMR, and MS analysis, we demonstrate that in this mitochondrial protein, the conformational switch between disordered and folded states is controlled by the formation of a single disulfide bond, both in the presence and in the absence of Mia40. We provide molecular details on how the folding of a conditionally disordered protein is tightly regulated in time and space, in such a way that the same sequence is competent for protein translocation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fraga
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquimica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Pujols
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcos Gil-Garcia
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alicia Roque
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesc Canals
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM-U1054, CNRS UMR-5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Oscar Millet
- Protein Stability and Inherited Diseases Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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61
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Structural disorder and induced folding within two cereal, ABA stress and ripening (ASR) proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15544. [PMID: 29138428 PMCID: PMC5686140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), stress and ripening (ASR) proteins are plant-specific proteins involved in plant response to multiple abiotic stresses. We previously isolated the ASR genes and cDNAs from durum wheat (TtASR1) and barley (HvASR1). Here, we show that HvASR1 and TtASR1 are consistently predicted to be disordered and further confirm this experimentally. Addition of glycerol, which mimics dehydration, triggers a gain of structure in both proteins. Limited proteolysis showed that they are highly sensitive to protease degradation. Addition of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) however, results in a decreased susceptibility to proteolysis that is paralleled by a gain of structure. Mass spectrometry analyses (MS) led to the identification of a protein fragment resistant to proteolysis. Addition of zinc also induces a gain of structure and Hydrogen/Deuterium eXchange-Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) allowed identification of the region involved in the disorder-to-order transition. This study is the first reported experimental characterization of HvASR1 and TtASR1 proteins, and paves the way for future studies aimed at unveiling the functional impact of the structural transitions that these proteins undergo in the presence of zinc and at achieving atomic-resolution conformational ensemble description of these two plant intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs).
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62
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An Efficient Method for Estimating the Hydrodynamic Radius of Disordered Protein Conformations. Biophys J 2017; 113:550-557. [PMID: 28793210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins play important roles throughout biology, yet our understanding of the relationship between their sequences, structural properties, and functions remains incomplete. The dynamic nature of these proteins, however, makes them difficult to characterize structurally. Many disordered proteins can attain both compact and expanded conformations, and the level of expansion may be regulated and important for function. Experimentally, the level of compaction and shape is often determined either by small-angle x-ray scattering experiments or pulsed-field-gradient NMR diffusion measurements, which provide ensemble-averaged estimates of the radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius, respectively. Often, these experiments are interpreted using molecular simulations or are used to validate them. We here provide, to our knowledge, a new and efficient method to calculate the hydrodynamic radius of a disordered protein chain from a model of its structural ensemble. In particular, starting from basic concepts in polymer physics, we derive a relationship between the radius of gyration of a structure and its hydrodynamic ratio, which in turn can be used, for example, to compare a simulated ensemble of conformations to NMR diffusion measurements. The relationship may also be valuable when using NMR diffusion measurements to restrain molecular simulations.
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63
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Del Giudice A, Dicko C, Galantini L, Pavel NV. Time-Dependent pH Scanning of the Acid-Induced Unfolding of Human Serum Albumin Reveals Stabilization of the Native Form by Palmitic Acid Binding. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4388-4399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Dicko
- Department
of Chemistry, Division for Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 2241 Lund, Sweden
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolae V. Pavel
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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64
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Ibáñez de Opakua A, Merino N, Villate M, Cordeiro TN, Ormaza G, Sánchez-Carbayo M, Diercks T, Bernadó P, Blanco FJ. The metastasis suppressor KISS1 is an intrinsically disordered protein slightly more extended than a random coil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172507. [PMID: 28207895 PMCID: PMC5313212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor KISS1 is reported to be involved in the progression of several solid neoplasias, making it a promising molecular target for controlling their metastasis. The KISS1 sequence contains an N-terminal secretion signal and several dibasic sequences that are proposed to be the proteolytic cleavage sites. We present the first structural characterization of KISS1 by circular dichroism, multi-angle light scattering, small angle X-Ray scattering and NMR spectroscopy. An analysis of the KISS1 backbone NMR chemical shifts does not reveal any preferential conformation and deviation from a random coil ensemble. The backbone 15N transverse relaxation times indicate a mildly reduced mobility for two regions that are rich in bulky residues. The small angle X-ray scattering curve of KISS1 is likewise consistent with a predominantly random coil ensemble, although an ensemble optimization analysis indicates some preference for more extended conformations possibly due to positive charge repulsion between the abundant basic residues. Our results support the hypothesis that KISS1 mostly samples a random coil conformational space, which is consistent with its high susceptibility to proteolysis and the generation of Kisspeptin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tiago N. Cordeiro
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marta Sánchez-Carbayo
- Lucio Lascaray Research Center, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail:
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65
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Salladini E, Delauzun V, Longhi S. The Henipavirus V protein is a prevalently unfolded protein with a zinc-finger domain involved in binding to DDB1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:2254-2267. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PNT remains disordered also within the V protein. V binds to DDB1, with the ZnFD playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Salladini
- Aix-Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB)
- UMR 7257
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
| | - Vincent Delauzun
- Aix-Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB)
- UMR 7257
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Aix-Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB)
- UMR 7257
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
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66
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Cordeiro TN, Herranz-Trillo F, Urbanek A, Estaña A, Cortés J, Sibille N, Bernadó P. Structural Characterization of Highly Flexible Proteins by Small-Angle Scattering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1009:107-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6038-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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67
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Cordeiro TN, Herranz-Trillo F, Urbanek A, Estaña A, Cortés J, Sibille N, Bernadó P. Small-angle scattering studies of intrinsically disordered proteins and their complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 42:15-23. [PMID: 27794210 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs) perform a broad range of biological functions. Their relevance has motivated intense research activity seeking to characterize their sequence/structure/function relationships. However, the conformational plasticity of these molecules hampers the application of traditional structural approaches, and new tools and concepts are being developed to address the challenges they pose. Small-Angle Scattering (SAS) is a structural biology technique that probes the size and shape of disordered proteins and their complexes with other biomolecules. The low-resolution nature of SAS can be compensated with specially designed computational tools and its combined interpretation with complementary structural information. In this review, we describe recent advances in the application of SAS to disordered proteins and highly flexible complexes and discuss current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago N Cordeiro
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Fátima Herranz-Trillo
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Urbanek
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Alejandro Estaña
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Cortés
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Sibille
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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68
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Zheng W, Borgia A, Buholzer K, Grishaev A, Schuler B, Best RB. Probing the Action of Chemical Denaturant on an Intrinsically Disordered Protein by Simulation and Experiment. J Am Chem Soc 2016. [PMID: 27583687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05443.probing] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical denaturants are the most commonly used agents for unfolding proteins and are thought to act by better solvating the unfolded state. Improved solvation is expected to lead to an expansion of unfolded chains with increasing denaturant concentration, providing a sensitive probe of the denaturant action. However, experiments have so far yielded qualitatively different results concerning the effects of chemical denaturation. Studies using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and other methods found an increase in radius of gyration with denaturant concentration, but most small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies found no change. This discrepancy therefore challenges our understanding of denaturation mechanism and more generally the accuracy of these experiments as applied to unfolded or disordered proteins. Here, we use all-atom molecular simulations to investigate the effect of urea and guanidinium chloride on the structure of the intrinsically disordered protein ACTR, which can be studied by experiment over a wide range of denaturant concentration. Using unbiased molecular simulations with a carefully calibrated denaturant model, we find that the protein chain indeed swells with increasing denaturant concentration. This is due to the favorable association of urea or guanidinium chloride with the backbone of all residues and with the side-chains of almost all residues, with denaturant-water transfer free energies inferred from this association in reasonable accord with experimental estimates. Interactions of the denaturants with the backbone are dominated by hydrogen bonding, while interactions with side-chains include other contributions. By computing FRET efficiencies and SAXS intensities at each denaturant concentration, we show that the simulation trajectories are in accord with both experiments on this protein, demonstrating that there is no fundamental inconsistency between the two types of experiment. Agreement with experiment also supports the picture of chemical denaturation described in our simulations, driven by weak association of denaturant with the protein. Our simulations support some assumptions needed for each experiment to accurately reflect changes in protein size, namely, that the commonly used FRET chromophores do not qualitatively alter the results and that possible effects such as preferential solvent partitioning into the interior of the chain do not interfere with the determination of radius of gyration from the SAXS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
| | - Alessandro Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Buholzer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Grishaev
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert B Best
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
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69
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Zheng W, Borgia A, Buholzer K, Grishaev A, Schuler B, Best RB. Probing the Action of Chemical Denaturant on an Intrinsically Disordered Protein by Simulation and Experiment. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11702-13. [PMID: 27583687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical denaturants are the most commonly used agents for unfolding proteins and are thought to act by better solvating the unfolded state. Improved solvation is expected to lead to an expansion of unfolded chains with increasing denaturant concentration, providing a sensitive probe of the denaturant action. However, experiments have so far yielded qualitatively different results concerning the effects of chemical denaturation. Studies using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and other methods found an increase in radius of gyration with denaturant concentration, but most small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies found no change. This discrepancy therefore challenges our understanding of denaturation mechanism and more generally the accuracy of these experiments as applied to unfolded or disordered proteins. Here, we use all-atom molecular simulations to investigate the effect of urea and guanidinium chloride on the structure of the intrinsically disordered protein ACTR, which can be studied by experiment over a wide range of denaturant concentration. Using unbiased molecular simulations with a carefully calibrated denaturant model, we find that the protein chain indeed swells with increasing denaturant concentration. This is due to the favorable association of urea or guanidinium chloride with the backbone of all residues and with the side-chains of almost all residues, with denaturant-water transfer free energies inferred from this association in reasonable accord with experimental estimates. Interactions of the denaturants with the backbone are dominated by hydrogen bonding, while interactions with side-chains include other contributions. By computing FRET efficiencies and SAXS intensities at each denaturant concentration, we show that the simulation trajectories are in accord with both experiments on this protein, demonstrating that there is no fundamental inconsistency between the two types of experiment. Agreement with experiment also supports the picture of chemical denaturation described in our simulations, driven by weak association of denaturant with the protein. Our simulations support some assumptions needed for each experiment to accurately reflect changes in protein size, namely, that the commonly used FRET chromophores do not qualitatively alter the results and that possible effects such as preferential solvent partitioning into the interior of the chain do not interfere with the determination of radius of gyration from the SAXS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
| | - Alessandro Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Buholzer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Grishaev
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert B Best
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
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70
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Gibbs EB, Showalter SA. Quantification of Compactness and Local Order in the Ensemble of the Intrinsically Disordered Protein FCP1. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8960-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Gibbs
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott A. Showalter
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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71
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Vestergaard B. Analysis of biostructural changes, dynamics, and interactions – Small-angle X-ray scattering to the rescue. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 602:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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72
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Launay H, Barré P, Puppo C, Manneville S, Gontero B, Receveur-Bréchot V. Absence of residual structure in the intrinsically disordered regulatory protein CP12 in its reduced state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:20-26. [PMID: 27268235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The redox switch protein CP12 is a key player of the regulation of the Benson-Calvin cycle. Its oxidation state is controlled by the formation/dissociation of two intramolecular disulphide bridges during the day/night cycle. CP12 was known to be globally intrinsically disordered on a large scale in its reduced state, while being partly ordered in the oxidised state. By combining Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Small Angle X-ray Scattering experiments, we showed that, contrary to secondary structure or disorder predictions, reduced CP12 is fully disordered, with no transient or local residual structure likely to be precursor of the structures identified in the oxidised active state and/or in the bound state with GAPDH or PRK. These results highlight the diversity of the mechanisms of regulation of conditionally disordered redox switches, and question the stability of oxidised CP12 scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Launay
- Laboratory of integrative Structural and Chemical Biology (iSCB), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS UMR 7258, INSERM U 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Universités, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Patrick Barré
- Laboratory of integrative Structural and Chemical Biology (iSCB), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS UMR 7258, INSERM U 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Universités, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Carine Puppo
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7281, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Stéphanie Manneville
- Laboratory of integrative Structural and Chemical Biology (iSCB), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS UMR 7258, INSERM U 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Universités, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7281, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Véronique Receveur-Bréchot
- Laboratory of integrative Structural and Chemical Biology (iSCB), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS UMR 7258, INSERM U 1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Universités, Marseille 13009, France.
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73
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Baruah A, Biswas P. Globular–disorder transition in proteins: a compromise between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:23207-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein disorder, like protein folding, satisfies the principle of minimal frustration.
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74
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Kikhney AG, Svergun DI. A practical guide to small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of flexible and intrinsically disordered proteins. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2570-7. [PMID: 26320411 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a biophysical method to study the overall shape and structural transitions of biological macromolecules in solution. SAXS provides low resolution information on the shape, conformation and assembly state of proteins, nucleic acids and various macromolecular complexes. The technique also offers powerful means for the quantitative analysis of flexible systems, including intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Here, the basic principles of SAXS are presented, and profits and pitfalls of the characterization of multidomain flexible proteins and IDPs using SAXS are discussed from the practical point of view. Examples of the synergistic use of SAXS with high resolution methods like X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as other experimental and in silico techniques to characterize completely, or partially unstructured proteins, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey G Kikhney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestr. 85, Geb. 25a, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestr. 85, Geb. 25a, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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75
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Kachala M, Valentini E, Svergun DI. Application of SAXS for the Structural Characterization of IDPs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 870:261-89. [PMID: 26387105 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20164-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful structural method allowing one to study the structure, folding state and flexibility of native particles and complexes in solution and to rapidly analyze structural changes in response to variations in external conditions. New high brilliance sources and novel data analysis methods significantly enhanced resolution and reliability of structural models provided by the technique. Automation of the SAXS experiment, data processing and interpretation make solution SAXS a streamline tool for large scale structural studies in molecular biology. The method provides low resolution macromolecular shapes ab initio and is readily combined with other structural and biochemical techniques in integrative studies. Very importantly, SAXS is sensitive to macromolecular flexibility being one of the few structural techniques applicable to flexible systems and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). A major recent development is the use of SAXS to study particle dynamics in solution by ensemble approaches, which allow one to quantitatively characterize flexible systems. Of special interest is the joint use of SAXS with solution NMR, given that both methods yield highly complementary structural information, in particular, for IDPs. In this chapter, we present the basics of SAXS and also consider protocols of the experiment and data analysis for different scenarios depending on the type of the studied object. These include ab initio shape reconstruction, validation of available high resolution structures and rigid body modelling for folded macromolecules and also characterisation of flexible proteins with the ensemble methods. The methods are illustrated by examples of recent applications and further perspectives of the integrative use of SAXS with NMR in the studies of IDPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kachala
- Hamburg Outstation, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Erica Valentini
- Hamburg Outstation, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- Hamburg Outstation, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603, Hamburg, Germany.
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76
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De Biasio A, Ibáñez de Opakua A, Cordeiro TN, Villate M, Merino N, Sibille N, Lelli M, Diercks T, Bernadó P, Blanco FJ. p15PAF is an intrinsically disordered protein with nonrandom structural preferences at sites of interaction with other proteins. Biophys J 2014; 106:865-74. [PMID: 24559989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present to our knowledge the first structural characterization of the proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-associated factor p15(PAF), showing that it is monomeric and intrinsically disordered in solution but has nonrandom conformational preferences at sites of protein-protein interactions. p15(PAF) is a 12 kDa nuclear protein that acts as a regulator of DNA repair during DNA replication. The p15(PAF) gene is overexpressed in several types of human cancer. The nearly complete NMR backbone assignment of p15(PAF) allowed us to measure 86 N-H(N) residual dipolar couplings. Our residual dipolar coupling analysis reveals nonrandom conformational preferences in distinct regions, including the proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-interacting protein motif (PIP-box) and the KEN-box (recognized by the ubiquitin ligase that targets p15(PAF) for degradation). In accordance with these findings, analysis of the (15)N R2 relaxation rates shows a relatively reduced mobility for the residues in these regions. The agreement between the experimental small angle x-ray scattering curve of p15(PAF) and that computed from a statistical coil ensemble corrected for the presence of local secondary structural elements further validates our structural model for p15(PAF). The coincidence of these transiently structured regions with protein-protein interaction and posttranslational modification sites suggests a possible role for these structures as molecular recognition elements for p15(PAF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo De Biasio
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Alain Ibáñez de Opakua
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Tiago N Cordeiro
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1054, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Maider Villate
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Nekane Merino
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Nathalie Sibille
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1054, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1054, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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77
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Del Giudice A, Leggio C, Balasco N, Galantini L, Pavel NV. Ibuprofen and Propofol Cobinding Effect on Human Serum Albumin Unfolding in Urea. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:10043-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504280n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Del Giudice
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Leggio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicole Balasco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolae V. Pavel
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.O. Box 34-Roma 62, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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78
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Watson MC, Curtis JE. Probing the average local structure of biomolecules using small-angle scattering and scaling laws. Biophys J 2014; 106:2474-82. [PMID: 24896127 PMCID: PMC4052260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle neutron and x-ray scattering have become invaluable tools for probing the nanostructure of molecules in solution. It was recently shown that the definite integral of the scattering profile exhibits a scaling (power-law) behavior with respect to molecular mass. We derive the origin of this relationship, and discuss how the integrated scattering profile can be used to identify differing levels of disorder over local ≲30 Å length scales. We apply our analysis to globular and intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Watson
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
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79
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Hennig J, Sattler M. The dynamic duo: combining NMR and small angle scattering in structural biology. Protein Sci 2014; 23:669-82. [PMID: 24687405 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Structural biology provides essential information for elucidating molecular mechanisms that underlie biological function. Advances in hardware, sample preparation, experimental methods, and computational approaches now enable structural analysis of protein complexes with increasing complexity that more closely represent biologically entities in the cellular environment. Integrated multidisciplinary approaches are required to overcome limitations of individual methods and take advantage of complementary aspects provided by different structural biology techniques. Although X-ray crystallography remains the method of choice for structural analysis of large complexes, crystallization of flexible systems is often difficult and does typically not provide insights into conformational dynamics present in solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is well-suited to study dynamics at picosecond to second time scales, and to map binding interfaces even of large systems at residue resolution but suffers from poor sensitivity with increasing molecular weight. Small angle scattering (SAS) methods provide low resolution information in solution and can characterize dynamics and conformational equilibria complementary to crystallography and NMR. The combination of NMR, crystallography, and SAS is, thus, very useful for analysis of the structure and conformational dynamics of (large) protein complexes in solution. In high molecular weight systems, where NMR data are often sparse, SAS provides additional structural information and can differentiate between NMR-derived models. Scattering data can also validate the solution conformation of a crystal structure and indicate the presence of conformational equilibria. Here, we review current state-of-the-art approaches for combining NMR, crystallography, and SAS data to characterize protein complexes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Hennig
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
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80
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Abelein A, Abrahams JP, Danielsson J, Gräslund A, Jarvet J, Luo J, Tiiman A, Wärmländer SKTS. The hairpin conformation of the amyloid β peptide is an important structural motif along the aggregation pathway. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:623-34. [PMID: 24737040 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid β (Aβ) peptides are 39-42 residue-long peptides found in the senile plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These peptides self-aggregate in aqueous solution, going from soluble and mainly unstructured monomers to insoluble ordered fibrils. The aggregation process(es) are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Several lines of evidence indicate that the neurotoxic species are the intermediate oligomeric states appearing along the aggregation pathways. This minireview summarizes recent findings, mainly based on solution and solid-state NMR experiments and electron microscopy, which investigate the molecular structures and characteristics of the Aβ peptides at different stages along the aggregation pathways. We conclude that a hairpin-like conformation constitutes a common motif for the Aβ peptides in most of the described structures. There are certain variations in different hairpin conformations, for example regarding H-bonding partners, which could be one reason for the molecular heterogeneity observed in the aggregated systems. Interacting hairpins are the building blocks of the insoluble fibrils, again with variations in how hairpins are organized in the cross-section of the fibril, perpendicular to the fibril axis. The secondary structure propensities can be seen already in peptide monomers in solution. Unfortunately, detailed structural information about the intermediate oligomeric states is presently not available. In the review, special attention is given to metal ion interactions, particularly the binding constants and ligand structures of Aβ complexes with Cu(II) and Zn(II), since these ions affect the aggregation process(es) and are considered to be involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Abelein
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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81
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Abstract
Proteins are fascinating supramolecular structures, which are able to recognize ligands transforming binding information into chemical signals. They can transfer information across the cell, can catalyse complex chemical reactions, and are able to transform energy into work with much more efficiency than any human engine. The unique abilities of proteins are tightly coupled with their dynamic properties, which are coded in a complex way in the sequence and carefully refined by evolution. Despite its importance, our experimental knowledge of protein dynamics is still rather limited, and mostly derived from theoretical calculations. I will review here, in a systematic way, the current state-of-the-art theoretical approaches to the study of protein dynamics, emphasizing the most recent advances, examples of use and the expected lines of development in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto Orozco
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri i Reixac 8, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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82
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Communie G, Ruigrok RWH, Jensen MR, Blackledge M. Intrinsically disordered proteins implicated in paramyxoviral replication machinery. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 5:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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83
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Luan B, Lyle N, Pappu RV, Raleigh DP. Denatured state ensembles with the same radii of gyration can form significantly different long-range contacts. Biochemistry 2013; 53:39-47. [PMID: 24280003 DOI: 10.1021/bi4008337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Defining the structural, dynamic, and energetic properties of the unfolded state of proteins is critical for an in-depth understanding of protein folding, protein thermodynamics, and protein aggregation. Here we analyze long-range contacts and compactness in two apparently fully unfolded ensembles of the same protein: the acid unfolded state of the C-terminal domain of ribosomal protein L9 in the absence of high concentrations of urea as well as the urea unfolded state at low pH. Small angle X-ray scattering reveals that the two states are expanded with values of Rg differing by <7%. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) nuclear magnetic resonance studies, however, reveal that the acid unfolded state samples conformations that facilitate contacts between residues that are distant in sequence while the urea unfolded state ensemble does not. The experimental PRE profiles for the acid unfolded state differ significantly from these predicted using an excluded volume limit ensemble, but these long-range contacts are largely eliminated by the addition of 8 M urea. The work shows that expanded unfolded states can sample very different distributions of long-range contacts yet still have similar radii of gyration. The implications for protein folding and for the characterization of unfolded states are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowu Luan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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84
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Pham CLL, Kirby N, Wood K, Ryan T, Roberts B, Sokolova A, Barnham KJ, Masters CL, Knott RB, Cappai R, Curtain CC, Rekas A. Guanidine hydrochloride denaturation of dopamine-induced α-synuclein oligomers: A small-angle X-ray scattering study. Proteins 2013; 82:10-21. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi L. L. Pham
- Department of Pathology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Nigel Kirby
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, The Australian Synchrotron; Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Kathleen Wood
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); Kirrawee New South Wales 2232 Australia
| | - Timothy Ryan
- The University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Blaine Roberts
- The University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); Kirrawee New South Wales 2232 Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- The University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Robert B. Knott
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); Kirrawee New South Wales 2232 Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Cyril C. Curtain
- Department of Pathology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Agata Rekas
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); Kirrawee New South Wales 2232 Australia
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85
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Toward an atomistic description of the urea-denatured state of proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5933-8. [PMID: 23536295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216589110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here the characterization of the structural, dynamics, and energetics of properties of the urea-denatured state of ubiquitin, a small prototypical soluble protein. By combining state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations with NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering data, we were able to: (i) define the unfolded state ensemble, (ii) understand the energetics stabilizing unfolded structures in urea, (iii) describe the dedifferential nature of the interactions of the fully unfolded proteins with urea and water, and (iv) characterize the early stages of protein refolding when chemically denatured proteins are transferred to native conditions. The results presented herein are unique in providing a complete picture of the chemically unfolded state of proteins and contribute to deciphering the mechanisms that stabilize the native state of proteins, as well as those that maintain them unfolded in the presence of urea.
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86
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Residual dipolar couplings measured in unfolded proteins are sensitive to amino-acid-specific geometries as well as local conformational sampling. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 40:989-94. [PMID: 22988852 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many functional proteins do not have well defined folded structures. In recent years, both experimental and computational approaches have been developed to study the conformational behaviour of this type of protein. It has been shown previously that experimental RDCs (residual dipolar couplings) can be used to study the backbone sampling of disordered proteins in some detail. In these studies, the backbone structure was modelled using a common geometry for all amino acids. In the present paper, we demonstrate that experimental RDCs are also sensitive to the specific geometry of each amino acid as defined by energy-minimized internal co-ordinates. We have modified the FM (flexible-Meccano) algorithm that constructs conformational ensembles on the basis of a statistical coil model, to account for these differences. The modified algorithm inherits the advantages of the FM algorithm to efficiently sample the potential energy landscape for coil conformations. The specific geometries incorporated in the new algorithm result in a better reproduction of experimental RDCs and are generally applicable for further studies to characterize the conformational properties of intrinsically disordered proteins. In addition, the internal-co-ordinate-based algorithm is an order of magnitude more efficient, and facilitates side-chain construction, surface osmolyte simulation, spin-label distribution sampling and proline cis/trans isomer simulation.
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87
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Structural characterization of intrinsically disordered proteins by the combined use of NMR and SAXS. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 40:955-62. [PMID: 22988847 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, IDPs (intrinsically disordered proteins) have emerged as pivotal actors in biology. Despite IDPs being present in all kingdoms of life, they are more abundant in eukaryotes where they are involved in the vast majority of regulation and signalling processes. The realization that, in some cases, functional states of proteins were partly or fully disordered was in contradiction to the traditional view where a well defined three-dimensional structure was required for activity. Several experimental evidences indicate, however, that structural features in IDPs such as transient secondary-structural elements and overall dimensions are crucial to their function. NMR has been the main tool to study IDP structure by probing conformational preferences at residue level. Additionally, SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) has the capacity to report on the three-dimensional space sampled by disordered states and therefore complements the local information provided by NMR. The present review describes how the synergy between NMR and SAXS can be exploited to obtain more detailed structural and dynamic models of IDPs in solution. These combined strategies, embedded into computational approaches, promise the elucidation of the structure-function properties of this important, but elusive, family of biomolecules.
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88
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García de la Torre J, Harding SE. Hydrodynamic modelling of protein conformation in solution: ELLIPS and HYDRO. Biophys Rev 2013; 5:195-206. [PMID: 23646070 PMCID: PMC3641304 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last three decades has seen some important advances in our ability to represent the conformation of proteins in solution on the basis of hydrodynamic measurements. Advances in theoretical modeling capabilities have been matched by commensurate advances in the precision of hydrodynamic measurements. We consider the advances in whole-body (simple ellipsoid-based) modeling—still useful for providing an overall idea of molecular shape, particularly for those systems where only a limited amount of data is available—and outline the ELLIPS suite of algorithms which facilitates the use of this approach. We then focus on bead modeling strategies, particularly the surface or shell–bead approaches and the HYDRO suite of algorithms. We demonstrate how these are providing great insights into complex issues such as the conformation of immunoglobulins and other multi-domain complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García de la Torre
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus Mare Nostrum, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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89
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Nunomura W, Jinbo Y, Isozumi N, Ohki S, Izumi Y, Matsushima N, Takakuwa Y. Novel Mechanism of Regulation of Protein 4.1G Binding Properties Through Ca2+/Calmodulin-Mediated Structural Changes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 66:545-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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90
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Mao AH, Lyle N, Pappu RV. Describing sequence-ensemble relationships for intrinsically disordered proteins. Biochem J 2013; 449:307-18. [PMID: 23240611 PMCID: PMC4074364 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins participate in important protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions and control cellular phenotypes through their prominence as dynamic organizers of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and signalling networks. These proteins challenge the tenets of the structure-function paradigm and their functional mechanisms remain a mystery given that they fail to fold autonomously into specific structures. Solving this mystery requires a first principles understanding of the quantitative relationships between information encoded in the sequences of disordered proteins and the ensemble of conformations they sample. Advances in quantifying sequence-ensemble relationships have been facilitated through a four-way synergy between bioinformatics, biophysical experiments, computer simulations and polymer physics theories. In the present review we evaluate these advances and the resultant insights that allow us to develop a concise quantitative framework for describing the sequence-ensemble relationships of intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H. Mao
- Medical Scientist Training Program, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- Computational & Molecular Biophysics Program, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Lyle
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
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91
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Receveur-Brechot V, Durand D. How random are intrinsically disordered proteins? A small angle scattering perspective. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2012; 13:55-75. [PMID: 22044150 PMCID: PMC3394175 DOI: 10.2174/138920312799277901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the crucial role of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) in the cell cycle is now recognized, deciphering their molecular mode of action at the structural level still remains highly challenging and requires a combination of many biophysical approaches. Among them, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been extremely successful in the last decade and has become an indispensable technique for addressing many of the fundamental questions regarding the activities of IDPs. After introducing some experimental issues specific to IDPs and in relation to the latest technical developments, this article presents the interest of the theory of polymer physics to evaluate the flexibility of fully disordered proteins. The different strategies to obtain 3-dimensional models of IDPs, free in solution and associated in a complex, are then reviewed. Indeed, recent computational advances have made it possible to readily extract maximum information from the scattering curve with a special emphasis on highly flexible systems, such as multidomain proteins and IDPs. Furthermore, integrated computational approaches now enable the generation of ensembles of conformers to translate the unique flexible characteristics of IDPs by taking into consideration the constraints of more and more various complementary experiment. In particular, a combination of SAXS with high-resolution techniques, such as x-ray crystallography and NMR, allows us to provide reliable models and to gain unique structural insights about the protein over multiple structural scales. The latest neutron scattering experiments also promise new advances in the study of the conformational changes of macromolecules involving more complex systems.
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92
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Rezaei-Ghaleh N, Blackledge M, Zweckstetter M. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins: From Sequence and Conformational Properties toward Drug Discovery. Chembiochem 2012; 13:930-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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93
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Huang JR, Gabel F, Jensen MR, Grzesiek S, Blackledge M. Sequence-specific mapping of the interaction between urea and unfolded ubiquitin from ensemble analysis of NMR and small angle scattering data. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4429-36. [PMID: 22309138 DOI: 10.1021/ja2118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular details of how urea interacts with, and eventually denatures proteins, remain largely unknown. In this study we have used extensive experimental NMR data, in combination with statistical coil ensemble modeling and small-angle scattering, to analyze the conformational behavior of the protein ubiquitin in the presence of urea. In order to develop an atomic resolution understanding of the denatured state, conformational ensembles of full-atom descriptions of unfolded proteins, including side chain conformations derived from rotamer libraries, are combined with random sampling of explicit urea molecules in interaction with the protein. Using this description of the conformational equilibrium, we demonstrate that the direct-binding model of urea to the protein backbone is compatible with available experimental data. We find that, in the presence of 8 M urea, between 30 and 40% of the backbone peptide groups bind a urea molecule, independently reproducing results from a model-free analysis of small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data. Crucially, this analysis also provides sequence specific details of the interaction between urea and the protein backbone. The pattern of urea-binding along the amino-acid sequence reveals a higher level of binding in the central part of the protein, a trend which resembles independent results derived from chemical shift mapping of the urea-protein interaction. Together these results substantiate the direct-binding model and provide a framework for studying the physical basis of interactions between proteins and solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-rong Huang
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38027, France
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94
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Analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins by small-angle X-ray scattering. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 896:107-22. [PMID: 22821520 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3704-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle scattering of X-rays (SAXS) is a method for the low-resolution structural characterization of biological macromolecules in solution. The technique is highly complementary to the high-resolution methods of X-ray crystallography and NMR. SAXS not only provides shapes, oligomeric state, and quaternary structures of folded proteins and protein complexes but also allows for the quantitative analysis of flexible systems. Here, major procedures are presented to characterize intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) using SAXS. The sample requirements for SAXS experiments on protein solutions are given and the sequence of steps in data collection and processing is described. The use of the recently developed advanced computational tools to quantitatively characterize solutions of IDPs is presented in detail. Typical experimental and potential problems encountered during the use of SAXS are discussed.
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95
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Salmon L, Jensen MR, Bernadó P, Blackledge M. Measurement and analysis of NMR residual dipolar couplings for the study of intrinsically disordered proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 895:115-125. [PMID: 22760316 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-927-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are predicted to represent a significant fraction of all functional proteins. Their inherent plasticity allows them to sample more efficiently their surroundings and thereby increase the probability of interaction with one or several different biological partners. Due to their high flexibility, IDPs cannot be represented by a single, three-dimensional structure; rather, an ensemble description can be invoked, where the protein is assumed to interconvert between different conformations. This chapter focuses on the use of NMR spectroscopy to characterize the dynamic behavior of IDPs, in particular residual dipolar couplings, that provide highly sensitive tools for the study of intrinsic structural propensity and conformational transitions accompanying protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Salmon
- Protein Dynamics and Flexibility, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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96
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Understanding biomolecular motion, recognition, and allostery by use of conformational ensembles. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:1339-55. [PMID: 22089251 PMCID: PMC3222826 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the role conformational ensembles can play in the analysis of biomolecular dynamics, molecular recognition, and allostery. We introduce currently available methods for generating ensembles of biomolecules and illustrate their application with relevant examples from the literature. We show how, for binding, conformational ensembles provide a way of distinguishing the competing models of induced fit and conformational selection. For allostery we review the classic models and show how conformational ensembles can play a role in unravelling the intricate pathways of communication that enable allostery to occur. Finally, we discuss the limitations of conformational ensembles and highlight some potential applications for the future.
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97
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Bernadó P, Svergun DI. Structural analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins by small-angle X-ray scattering. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 8:151-67. [PMID: 21947276 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle scattering of X-rays (SAXS) is an established method to study the overall structure and structural transitions of biological macromolecules in solution. For folded proteins, the technique provides three-dimensional low resolution structures ab initio or it can be used to drive rigid-body modeling. SAXS is also a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of flexible systems, including intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), and is highly complementary to the high resolution methods of X-ray crystallography and NMR. Here we present the basic principles of SAXS and review the main approaches to the characterization of IDPs and flexible multidomain proteins using SAXS. Together with the standard approaches based on the analysis of overall parameters, a recently developed Ensemble Optimization Method (EOM) is now available. The latter method allows for the co-existence of multiple protein conformations in solution compatible with the scattering data. Analysis of the selected ensembles provides quantitative information about flexibility and also offers insights into structural features. Examples of the use of SAXS and combined approaches with NMR, X-ray crystallography, and computational methods to characterize completely or partially disordered proteins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Bernadó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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98
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Schneider R, Huang JR, Yao M, Communie G, Ozenne V, Mollica L, Salmon L, Jensen MR, Blackledge M. Towards a robust description of intrinsic protein disorder using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 8:58-68. [PMID: 21874206 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05291h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the conformational behaviour of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), it is essential to develop a molecular representation of the partially folded state. Due to the very large number of degrees of conformational freedom available to such a disordered system, this problem is highly underdetermined. Characterisation therefore requires extensive experimental data, and novel analytical tools are required to exploit the specific conformational sensitivity of different experimental parameters. In this review we concentrate on the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the study of conformational behaviour of IDPs at atomic resolution. Each experimental NMR parameter is sensitive to different aspects of the structural and dynamic behaviour of the disordered state and requires specific consideration of the relevant averaging properties of the physical interaction. In this review we present recent advances in the description of disordered proteins and the selection of representative ensembles on the basis of experimental data using statistical coil sampling from flexible-meccano and ensemble selection using ASTEROIDS. Using these tools we aim to develop a unified molecular representation of the disordered state, combining complementary data sets to extract a meaningful description of the conformational behaviour of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schneider
- Protein Dynamics and Flexibility, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
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99
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Augustyniak R, Ferrage F, Paquin R, Lequin O, Bodenhausen G. Methods to determine slow diffusion coefficients of biomolecules: applications to Engrailed 2, a partially disordered protein. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2011; 50:209-218. [PMID: 21603954 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present new NMR methods to measure slow translational diffusion coefficients of biomolecules. Like the heteronuclear stimulated echo experiment (XSTE), these new methods rely on the storage of information about spatial localization during the diffusion delay as longitudinal polarization of nuclei with long T(1) such as nitrogen-15. The new BEST-XSTE sequence combines features of Band-selective Excitation Short-Transient (BEST) and XSTE methods. By avoiding the saturation of all protons except those of amide groups, one can increase the sensitivity by 45% in small proteins. The new experiment which combines band-Selective Optimized Flip-Angle Short-Transient with XSTE (SOFAST-XSTE) offers an alternative when very short recovery delays are desired. A modification of the HSQC-edited version of the XSTE experiment offers enhanced sensitivity and access to higher resolution in the indirect dimension. These new methods have been applied to detect changes in diffusion coefficients due to dimerization or proteolysis of Engrailed 2, a partially disordered protein.
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100
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Leyrat C, Jensen MR, Ribeiro EA, Gérard FCA, Ruigrok RWH, Blackledge M, Jamin M. The N(0)-binding region of the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein is globally disordered but contains transient α-helices. Protein Sci 2011; 20:542-56. [PMID: 21207454 PMCID: PMC3064833 DOI: 10.1002/pro.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoprotein (P) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) interacts with nascent nucleoprotein (N), forming the N(0)-P complex that is indispensable for the correct encapsidation of newly synthesized viral RNA genome. In this complex, the N-terminal region (P(NTR)) of P prevents N from binding to cellular RNA and keeps it available for encapsidating viral RNA genomes. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we show that an isolated peptide corresponding to the 60 first N-terminal residues of VSV P (P(60)) and encompassing P(NTR) has overall molecular dimensions and a dynamic behavior characteristic of a disordered protein but transiently populates conformers containing α-helices. The modeling of P(60) as a conformational ensemble by the ensemble optimization method using SAXS data correctly reproduces the α-helical content detected by NMR spectroscopy and suggests the coexistence of subensembles of different compactness. The populations and overall dimensions of these subensembles are affected by the addition of stabilizing (1M trimethylamine-N-oxide) or destabilizing (6M guanidinium chloride) cosolvents. Our results are interpreted in the context of a scenario whereby VSV P(NTR) constitutes a molecular recognition element undergoing a disorder-to-order transition upon binding to its partner when forming the N(0)-P complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Leyrat
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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