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Bmi-1, c-myc, and Snail expression in primary breast cancers and their metastases--elevated Bmi-1 expression in late breast cancer relapses. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:31-9. [PMID: 21638011 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is known for its propensity to recur decades after treatment. The biology behind the phenomenon of tumor dormancy is still poorly understood. Bmi-1, c-myc, and Snail are transcription factors that have prognostic roles in several malignancies. In order to reveal whether any of these markers has impact on late relapses, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of Bmi-1, c-myc, Snail, and estrogen receptor in 73 primary breast cancers and in their metastatic relapses detected within 2 years, or 5 or 10 years after primary surgery. The expression of Bmi-1 was higher in the metastases than in their corresponding primary tumors in both early and late relapses. The highest expression of Bmi-1 was seen in the very late relapsing tumors (first tumor relapse after 10 years). Previously, Bmi-1 has been reported to function as a marker of tumor stem cells in breast cancer. Our results indicate that metastases, when compared to primary tumors, arise from tumor cells that have retained stem cell properties. We also analyzed the relationship between the expression of these markers and clinical parameters. A significant association between the expression of Bmi-1 and estrogen receptor was found. Nuclear expression of c-myc in primary tumors correlated with an increased risk for axillary lymph node metastasis.
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52
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Stanniocalcin-1 detection of peripheral blood in patients with colorectal cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-010-0274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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53
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Flavonoids in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Mechanisms of Action, and Perspectives for Cancer Drug Discovery. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES FOR CANCER 2010. [PMCID: PMC7120123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0020-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous products available from plants, the flavonoid superfamily plays a central role by its large number of molecules (over 6000) and also by the role these products occupy in the normal physiology of plants. Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites involved in several biological processes (e.g., germination, UV protection, insecticides) and are also involved in the attraction of pollinating agents via the vivid colors of the anthocyanin pigments found in flowers (e.g., blue, purple, yellow, orange, and red) [1–3]. Flavonoids are found in the normal human diet composed of green vegetables, onions, fruits (apples, grapes, strawberries, etc.), beverages (coffee, tea, beer, red wine) [4, 5], and isoflavonoids are mainly found in soya bean-derived products [6].
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Law AYS, Wong CKC. Stanniocalcin-2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness in hypoxic human ovarian cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3425-34. [PMID: 20619259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human glycoprotein, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) is a HIF-1 target gene that is found to be associated with tumor development. The relationship of the prognostic outcome to the level of its expression in cancer tissues is controversial; however experimental evidence suggests that STC2 is a positive regulator of cancer progression. In the present study, we investigated if the expression of STC2 in hypoxic cells is associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. We studied the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in STC2-silenced and over-expressed SKOV3 cells maintained in hypoxic condition. Western blot and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the stable expression of exogenous STC2 promoted EMT, as revealed by the increase of N-cadherin/vimentin but a decrease of E-cadherin levels. This observation was further confirmed by colony formation assay where the STC2 stably transfected cells showed high degree of motility with fibroblast morphology under hypoxic condition. In conducting invasion assay in hypoxia, the STC2 stably transfected cells showed high degree of invasiveness. This observation was correlated with the significant increase of MMP2 and MMP9 expression in the STC2 stably transfected cells. In HUVEC/SKOV3 co-culture invasion study, endothelial invasion was found to be enhanced by the seeding of STC2 stably transfected cells in the lower compartment. These observations were possibly mediated by an increase of ROS and activated ERK1/2 levels in the cells. Collectively, the finding provides the first evidence that STC2 is a positive regulator in tumor progression at hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y S Law
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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55
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Yokobori T, Mimori K, Ishii H, Iwatsuki M, Tanaka F, Kamohara Y, Ieta K, Kita Y, Doki Y, Kuwano H, Mori M. Clinical Significance of Stanniocalcin 2 as a Prognostic Marker in Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:2601-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Law AYS, Wong CKC. Stanniocalcin-2 is a HIF-1 target gene that promotes cell proliferation in hypoxia. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:466-76. [PMID: 19786016 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2), the paralog of STC1, has been suggested as a novel target of oxidative stress response to protect cells from apoptosis. The expression of STC2 has been reported to be highly correlated with human cancer development. In this study, we reported that STC2 is a HIF-1 target gene and is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. STC2 was shown to be up-regulated in different breast and ovarian cancer cells, following exposure to hypoxia. Using ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3), the underlying mechanism of HIF-1 mediated STC2 gene transactivation was characterized. Hypoxia-induced STC2 expression was found to be HIF-1alpha dependent and required the recruitment of p300 and HDAC7. Using STC2 promoter deletion constructs and site-directed mutagenesis, two authentic consensus HIF-1 binding sites were identified. Under hypoxic condition, the silencing of STC2 reduced while the overexpression of STC2 increased the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma and cyclin D in both SKOV3 and MCF7 cells. The change in cell cycle proteins correlated with the data of the serial cell counts. The results indicated that cell proliferation was reduced in STC2-silenced cells but was increased in STC2-overexpressing hypoxic cells. Solid tumor progression is usually associated with hypoxia. The identification and functional analysis of STC2 up-regulation by hypoxia, a feature of the tumor microenvironment, sheds light on a possible role for STC2 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y S Law
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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57
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Ieta K, Tanaka F, Yokobori T, Kita Y, Haraguchi N, Mimori K, Kato H, Asao T, Inoue H, Kuwano H, Mori M. Clinicopathological significance of stanniocalcin 2 gene expression in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:926-31. [PMID: 19415750 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Laser microdissection (LMD) and microarray were used to identify genes associated with colorectal cancer. Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) expression and clinicopathological significance in 139 clinical colorectal cancer samples were specifically investigated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A number of genes upregulated in colorectal cancer cells compared to normal colorectal epithelial cells were identified including STC2. STC2 gene expression in cancer tissue was higher than in corresponding normal colorectal epithelial tissue in 124 of 139 cases (89.2%, p < 0.01). Tumors with high STC2 expression showed higher frequencies of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, tumor depth, tumor size and AJCC Stage classification (p < 0.01). Patients with high STC2 expression also showed significantly worse overall survival rates than those with low STC2 expression (p < 0.01). Furthermore, STC2 gene appeared to be associated with colorectal cancer progression and may be a useful prognostic indicator for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ieta
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Beppu, Oita, Japan
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Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD. Derlin-1 and stanniocalcin-1 are differentially regulated in metastasizing canine mammary adenocarcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2009; 141:113-20. [PMID: 19515379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Derlin-1, stanniocalcin-1, epithelial glycoprotein-2 (EGP-2) and maspin are associated with the metastasis of human breast cancer cells. This study reports the potential role of these molecules in metastasis of canine mammary tumours. Laser microdissected tissue samples were prepared from normal canine mammary gland and from simple adenomas, adenocarcinomas and their lymph node metastases. The expression of genes encoding the molecules of interest in these tissues was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Most adenomas displayed reduced expression of derlin-1 mRNA. Few adenocarcinomas overexpressed derlin-1 mRNA, but all lymph node metastases overexpressed this gene product. Stanniocalcin-1 mRNA was not expressed within adenomas and was reduced in adenocarcinomas and their lymph node metastases. EGP-2 gene expression did not differ between normal, benign and malignant neoplastic tissues. Maspin gene expression varied markedly among the tumours with reduced or increased expression compared with normal mammary gland. Taken together, these results suggest that malignant behaviour of canine mammary adenocarcinoma is associated with reduced transcription of the stanniocalcin-1 gene and overexpression of the derlin-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Joensuu KM, Leidenius MHK, Andersson LC, Heikkilä PS. High expression of maspin is associated with early tumor relapse in breast cancer. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1143-51. [PMID: 19427667 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maspin is a serine protease inhibitor with tumor suppressor activity. Maspin can suppress tumor growth and metastasis in vivo and tumor cell motility and invasion in vitro. Maspin also modulates apoptosis of tumor cells, possibly by modulating the expression of the B-cell lymphoma-2 family member. p53 regulates the expression of the tumor suppressor gene maspin. Breast cancer is known for its propensity to recur even after decades. The biology behind this phenomenon of tumor dormancy is poorly understood. This study was conducted to clarify the role of maspin and B-cell lymphoma-2 in early and late recurring breast cancer. The expression of maspin, B-cell lymphoma-2, p53, and estrogen receptor was studied by immunohistochemistry in 73 primary breast cancers and in their metastatic relapses detected within 2 years, or 5 or 10 years after primary surgery. The cytoplasmic expression of maspin was significantly higher in the primary tumors of the early metastasizing breast cancers (first tumor relapse within 2 years) and also in their metastases compared to late metastasizing cancers. An opposite activity was observed in the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2. The level of B-cell lymphoma-2 staining was lower in the early relapsing cancers and significantly lower in their metastases, compared to tumors which metastasized 5 or 10 years after primary surgery. High cytoplasmic expression of maspin and low expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 in primary breast cancer predict early tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Joensuu
- Department of Pathology and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Stanniocalcin-1 acts in a negative feedback loop in the prosurvival ERK1/2 signaling pathway during oxidative stress. Oncogene 2009; 28:1982-92. [PMID: 19347030 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a glycoprotein that has been implicated in various biological processes including angiogenesis. Aberrant STC1 expression has been reported in breast, ovarian and prostate cancers, but the significance of this is not well understood. Here, we report that oxidative stress caused a 40-fold increase in STC1 levels in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). STC1-/- MEFs were resistant to growth inhibition and cell death induced by H(2)O(2) or by 20% O(2) (which is hyperoxic for most mammalian cells); this is the first phenotype reported for STC1-null cells. STC1-/- cells had higher levels of activated MEK and ERK1/2 than their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and these levels were all reduced by stable expression of exogenous STC1 in STC1-/- cells. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition by PD98059 or UO126 of MEK and therefore of ERK1/2 activation restored sensitivity of STC1-/- cells to oxidative stress. We also found that H(2)O(2)-induced STC1 expression in WT cells was abolished by inhibition of ERK1/2 activation. Thus, the ERK1/2 signaling pathway upregulates STC1 expression, which in turn downregulates the level of activated MEK and consequently ERK1/2 in a novel negative feedback loop. Therefore, STC1 expression downregulates prosurvival ERK1/2 signaling and reduces survival under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Paulitschke V, Kunstfeld R, Mohr T, Slany A, Micksche M, Drach J, Zielinski C, Pehamberger H, Gerner C. Entering a New Era of Rational Biomarker Discovery for Early Detection of Melanoma Metastases: Secretome Analysis of Associated Stroma Cells. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2501-10. [DOI: 10.1021/pr8010827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Paulitschke
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Rainer Kunstfeld
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Astrid Slany
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Michael Micksche
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Johannes Drach
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Hubert Pehamberger
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
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