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Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of aldehyde-deformylating oxygenases. Protein Cell 2014; 6:55-67. [PMID: 25482408 PMCID: PMC4286721 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty alk(a/e)ne biosynthesis pathway found in cyanobacteria gained tremendous attention in recent years as a promising alternative approach for biofuel production. Cyanobacterial aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (cADO), which catalyzes the conversion of Cn fatty aldehyde to its corresponding Cn-1 alk(a/e)ne, is a key enzyme in that pathway. Due to its low activity, alk(a/e)ne production by cADO is an inefficient process. Previous biochemical and structural investigations of cADO have provided some information on its catalytic reaction. However, the details of its catalytic processes remain unclear. Here we report five crystal structures of cADO from the Synechococcus elongates strain PCC7942 in both its iron-free and iron-bound forms, representing different states during its catalytic process. Structural comparisons and functional enzyme assays indicate that Glu144, one of the iron-coordinating residues, plays a vital role in the catalytic reaction of cADO. Moreover, the helix where Glu144 resides exhibits two distinct conformations that correlates with the different binding states of the di-iron center in cADO structures. Therefore, our results provide a structural explanation for the highly labile feature of cADO di-iron center, which we proposed to be related to its low enzymatic activity. On the basis of our structural and biochemical data, a possible catalytic process of cADO was proposed, which could aid the design of cADO with improved activity.
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52
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Schweitzer MH, Zheng W, Cleland TP, Goodwin MB, Boatman E, Theil E, Marcus MA, Fakra SC. A role for iron and oxygen chemistry in preserving soft tissues, cells and molecules from deep time. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132741. [PMID: 24285202 PMCID: PMC3866414 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of original soft tissues in Mesozoic fossil bone is not explained by current chemical degradation models. We identified iron particles (goethite-αFeO(OH)) associated with soft tissues recovered from two Mesozoic dinosaurs, using transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, micro-X-ray diffraction and Fe micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure. Iron chelators increased fossil tissue immunoreactivity to multiple antibodies dramatically, suggesting a role for iron in both preserving and masking proteins in fossil tissues. Haemoglobin (HB) increased tissue stability more than 200-fold, from approximately 3 days to more than two years at room temperature (25°C) in an ostrich blood vessel model developed to test post-mortem 'tissue fixation' by cross-linking or peroxidation. HB-induced solution hypoxia coupled with iron chelation enhances preservation as follows: HB + O2 > HB - O2 > -O2 >> +O2. The well-known O2/haeme interactions in the chemistry of life, such as respiration and bioenergetics, are complemented by O2/haeme interactions in the preservation of fossil soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H. Schweitzer
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Wenxia Zheng
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Timothy P. Cleland
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Mark B. Goodwin
- Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth Boatman
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth Theil
- CHORI (Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute), 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
| | - Matthew A. Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sirine C. Fakra
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Okamoto Y, Onoda A, Sugimoto H, Takano Y, Hirota S, Kurtz DM, Shiro Y, Hayashi T. H2O2-dependent substrate oxidation by an engineered diiron site in a bacterial hemerythrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3421-3. [PMID: 24400317 PMCID: PMC3947700 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The O2-binding carboxylate-bridged diiron site in DcrH-Hr with an engineered His residue in place of Ile119 promotes the oxidation of guaiacol and 1,4-cyclohexadiene upon addition of H2O2.
The O2-binding carboxylate-bridged diiron site in DcrH-Hr was engineered in an effort to perform the H2O2-dependent oxidation of external substrates. A His residue was introduced near the diiron site in place of a conserved residue, Ile119. The I119H variant promotes the oxidation of guaiacol and 1,4-cyclohexadiene upon addition of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Okamoto Y, Onoda A, Sugimoto H, Takano Y, Hirota S, Kurtz DM, Shiro Y, Hayashi T. Crystal structure, exogenous ligand binding, and redox properties of an engineered diiron active site in a bacterial hemerythrin. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13014-20. [PMID: 24187962 DOI: 10.1021/ic401632x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A nonheme diiron active site in a 13 kDa hemerythrin-like domain of the bacterial chemotaxis protein DcrH-Hr contains an oxo bridge, two bridging carboxylate groups from Glu and Asp residues, and five terminally ligated His residues. We created a unique diiron coordination sphere containing five His and three Glu/Asp residues by replacing an Ile residue with Glu in DcrH-Hr. Direct coordination of the carboxylate group of E119 to Fe2 of the diiron site in the I119E variant was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The substituted Glu is adjacent to an exogenous ligand-accessible tunnel. UV-vis absorption spectra indicate that the additional coordination of E119 inhibits the binding of the exogenous ligands azide and phenol to the diiron site. The extent of azide binding to the diiron site increases at pH ≤ 6, which is ascribed to protonation of the carboxylate ligand of E119. The diferrous state (deoxy form) of the engineered diiron site with the extra Glu residue is found to react more slowly than wild type with O2 to yield the diferric state (met form). The additional coordination of E119 to the diiron site also slows the rate of reduction from the met form. All these processes were found to be pH-dependent, which can be attributed to protonation state and coordination status of the E119 carboxylate. These results demonstrate that modifications of the endogenous coordination sphere can produce significant changes in the ligand binding and redox properties in a prototypical nonheme diiron-carboxylate protein active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Marsh ENG, Waugh MW. Aldehyde Decarbonylases: Enigmatic Enzymes of Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2013; 3. [PMID: 24319622 DOI: 10.1021/cs400637t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Matthew W. Waugh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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56
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Pandelia ME, Li N, Nørgaard H, Warui DM, Rajakovich LJ, Chang WC, Booker SJ, Krebs C, Bollinger JM. Substrate-triggered addition of dioxygen to the diferrous cofactor of aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase to form a diferric-peroxide intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15801-12. [PMID: 23987523 PMCID: PMC3869994 DOI: 10.1021/ja405047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial aldehyde-deformylating oxygenases (ADOs) belong to the ferritin-like diiron-carboxylate superfamily of dioxygen-activating proteins. They catalyze conversion of saturated or monounsaturated C(n) fatty aldehydes to formate and the corresponding C(n-1) alkanes or alkenes, respectively. This unusual, apparently redox-neutral transformation actually requires four electrons per turnover to reduce the O2 cosubstrate to the oxidation state of water and incorporates one O-atom from O2 into the formate coproduct. We show here that the complex of the diiron(II/II) form of ADO from Nostoc punctiforme (Np) with an aldehyde substrate reacts with O2 to form a colored intermediate with spectroscopic properties suggestive of a Fe2(III/III) complex with a bound peroxide. Its Mössbauer spectra reveal that the intermediate possesses an antiferromagnetically (AF) coupled Fe2(III/III) center with resolved subsites. The intermediate is long-lived in the absence of a reducing system, decaying slowly (t(1/2) ~ 400 s at 5 °C) to produce a very modest yield of formate (<0.15 enzyme equivalents), but reacts rapidly with the fully reduced form of 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate ((MeO)PMS) to yield product, albeit at only ~50% of the maximum theoretical yield (owing to competition from one or more unproductive pathway). The results represent the most definitive evidence to date that ADO can use a diiron cofactor (rather than a homo- or heterodinuclear cluster involving another transition metal) and provide support for a mechanism involving attack on the carbonyl of the bound substrate by the reduced O2 moiety to form a Fe2(III/III)-peroxyhemiacetal complex, which undergoes reductive O-O-bond cleavage, leading to C1-C2 radical fragmentation and formation of the alk(a/e)ne and formate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Pandelia
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Hanne Nørgaard
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Douglas M. Warui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lauren J. Rajakovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Wei-chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Squire J. Booker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Carsten Krebs
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - J. Martin Bollinger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Kallio P, Pásztor A, Akhtar MK, Jones PR. Renewable jet fuel. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 26:50-5. [PMID: 24679258 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies for sustainable replacement of finite fossil fuels are intensely pursued in fundamental research, applied science and industry. In the case of jet fuels used in gas-turbine engine aircrafts, the production and use of synthetic bio-derived kerosenes are advancing rapidly. Microbial biotechnology could potentially also be used to complement the renewable production of jet fuel, as demonstrated by the production of bioethanol and biodiesel for piston engine vehicles. Engineered microbial biosynthesis of medium chain length alkanes, which constitute the major fraction of petroleum-based jet fuels, was recently demonstrated. Although efficiencies currently are far from that needed for commercial application, this discovery has spurred research towards future production platforms using both fermentative and direct photobiological routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Kallio
- Bioenergy Group, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6krs, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - András Pásztor
- Bioenergy Group, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6krs, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - M Kalim Akhtar
- Bioenergy Group, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6krs, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik R Jones
- Bioenergy Group, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6krs, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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58
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Dassama LMK, Krebs C, Bollinger JM, Rosenzweig AC, Boal AK. Structural basis for assembly of the Mn(IV)/Fe(III) cofactor in the class Ic ribonucleotide reductase from Chlamydia trachomatis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6424-36. [PMID: 23924396 DOI: 10.1021/bi400819x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The class Ic ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) from Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) employs a Mn(IV)/Fe(III) cofactor in each monomer of its β2 subunit to initiate nucleotide reduction. The cofactor forms by reaction of Mn(II)/Fe(II)-β2 with O2. Previously, in vitro cofactor assembly from apo β2 and divalent metal ions produced a mixture of two forms, with Mn at site 1 (Mn(IV)/Fe(III)) or site 2 (Fe(III)/Mn(IV)), of which the more active Mn(IV)/Fe(III) product predominates. Here we have addressed the basis for metal site selectivity by determining X-ray crystal structures of apo, Mn(II), and Mn(II)/Fe(II) complexes of Ct β2. A structure obtained anaerobically with equimolar Mn(II), Fe(II), and apoprotein reveals exclusive incorporation of Mn(II) at site 1 and Fe(II) at site 2, in contrast to the more modest site selectivity achieved previously. Site specificity is controlled thermodynamically by the apoprotein structure, as only minor adjustments of ligands occur upon metal binding. Additional structures imply that, by itself, Mn(II) binds in either site. Together, the structures are consistent with a model for in vitro cofactor assembly in which Fe(II) specificity for site 2 drives assembly of the appropriately configured heterobimetallic center, provided that Fe(II) is substoichiometric. This model suggests that use of a Mn(IV)/Fe(III) cofactor in vivo could be an adaptation to Fe(II) limitation. A 1.8 Å resolution model of the Mn(II)/Fe(II)-β2 complex reveals additional structural determinants for activation of the cofactor, including a proposed site for side-on (η(2)) addition of O2 to Fe(II) and a short (3.2 Å) Mn(II)-Fe(II) interionic distance, promoting formation of the Mn(IV)/Fe(IV) activation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M K Dassama
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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59
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Khara B, Menon N, Levy C, Mansell D, Das D, Marsh ENG, Leys D, Scrutton NS. Production of propane and other short-chain alkanes by structure-based engineering of ligand specificity in aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1204-8. [PMID: 23757044 PMCID: PMC4159587 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic propane production: structure-based engineering of aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase improves specificity for short- and medium-chain-length aldehydes and enhances the propane generation in whole-cell biotransformations. This presents new opportunities for developing biocatalytic modules for the production of volatile "drop-in" biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Khara
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK) E-mail:
| | - Navya Menon
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK) E-mail:
| | - Colin Levy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK) E-mail:
| | - David Mansell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK) E-mail:
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK) E-mail:
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK) E-mail:
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60
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Zhang J, Lu X, Li JJ. Conversion of fatty aldehydes into alk (a/e)nes by in vitro reconstituted cyanobacterial aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase with the cognate electron transfer system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:86. [PMID: 23759169 PMCID: PMC3691600 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biosynthesis of fatty alk(a/e)ne in cyanobacteria has been considered as a potential basis for the sunlight-driven and carbon-neutral bioprocess producing advanced solar biofuels. Aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO) is a key enzyme involved in that pathway. The heterologous or chemical reducing systems were generally used in in vitro ADO activity assay. The cognate electron transfer system from cyanobacteria to support ADO activity is still unknown. RESULTS We identified the potential endogenous reducing system including ferredoxin (Fd) and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) to support ADO activity in Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. ADO (Synpcc7942_1593), FNR (SynPcc7942_0978), and Fd (SynPcc7942_1499) from PCC7942 were cloned, overexpressed, purified, and characterized. ADO activity was successfully supported with the endogenous electron transfer system, which worked more effectively than the heterologous and chemical ones. The results of the hybrid Fd/FNR reducing systems demonstrated that ADO was selective against Fd. And it was observed that the cognate reducing system produced less H2O2 than the heterologous one by 33% during ADO-catalyzed reactions. Importantly, kcat value of ADO 1593 using the homologous Fd/FNR electron transfer system is 3.7-fold higher than the chemical one. CONCLUSIONS The cognate electron transfer system from cyanobacteria to support ADO activity was identified and characterized. For the first time, ADO was functionally in vitro reconstituted with the endogenous reducing system from cyanobacteria, which supported greater activity than the surrogate and chemical ones, and produced less H2O2 than the heterologous one. The identified Fd/FNR electron transfer system will be potentially useful for improving ADO activity and further enhancing the biosynthetic efficiency of hydrocarbon biofuels in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
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61
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Rabinovitch-Deere CA, Oliver JWK, Rodriguez GM, Atsumi S. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches to produce biofuels. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4611-32. [PMID: 23488968 DOI: 10.1021/cr300361t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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62
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Rana S, Haque R, Santosh G, Maiti D. Decarbonylative Halogenation by a Vanadium Complex. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2927-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rameezul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ganji Santosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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63
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Lundin D, Poole AM, Sjöberg BM, Högbom M. Use of structural phylogenetic networks for classification of the ferritin-like superfamily. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20565-75. [PMID: 22535960 PMCID: PMC3370241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postgenomic era, bioinformatic analysis of sequence similarity is an immensely powerful tool to gain insight into evolution and protein function. Over long evolutionary distances, however, sequence-based methods fail as the similarities become too low for phylogenetic analysis. Macromolecular structure generally appears better conserved than sequence, but clear models for how structure evolves over time are lacking. The exponential growth of three-dimensional structural information may allow novel structure-based methods to drastically extend the evolutionary time scales amenable to phylogenetics and functional classification of proteins. To this end, we analyzed 80 structures from the functionally diverse ferritin-like superfamily. Using evolutionary networks, we demonstrate that structural comparisons can delineate and discover groups of proteins beyond the "twilight zone" where sequence similarity does not allow evolutionary analysis, suggesting that considerable and useful evolutionary signal is preserved in three-dimensional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lundin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- the Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Box 1031, 171 21 Solna, Sweden, and
| | - Anthony M. Poole
- the School of Biological Sciences and
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Britt-Marie Sjöberg
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Högbom
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University Stockholm, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Li F, Chakrabarti M, Dong Y, Kauffmann K, Bominaar EL, Münck E, Que L. Structural, EPR, and Mössbauer characterization of (μ-alkoxo)(μ-carboxylato)diiron(II,III) model complexes for the active sites of mixed-valent diiron enzymes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2917-29. [PMID: 22360600 PMCID: PMC3298377 DOI: 10.1021/ic2021726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To obtain structural and spectroscopic models for the diiron(II,III) centers in the active sites of diiron enzymes, the (μ-alkoxo)(μ-carboxylato)diiron(II,III) complexes [Fe(II)Fe(III)(N-Et-HPTB)(O(2)CPh)(NCCH(3))(2)](ClO(4))(3) (1) and [Fe(II)Fe(III)(N-Et-HPTB)(O(2)CPh)(Cl)(HOCH(3))](ClO(4))(2) (2) (N-Et-HPTB = N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-(1-ethyl-benzimidazolylmethyl))-2-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-visible absorption, EPR, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Fe1-Fe2 separations are 3.60 and 3.63 Å, and Fe1-O1-Fe2 bond angles are 128.0° and 129.4° for 1 and 2, respectively. Mössbauer and EPR studies of 1 show that the Fe(III) (S(A) = 5/2) and Fe(II) (S(B) = 2) sites are antiferromagnetically coupled to yield a ground state with S = 1/2 (g= 1.75, 1.88, 1.96); Mössbauer analysis of solid 1 yields J = 22.5 ± 2 cm(-1) for the exchange coupling constant (H = JS(A)·S(B) convention). In addition to the S = 1/2 ground-state spectrum of 1, the EPR signal for the S = 3/2 excited state of the spin ladder can also be observed, the first time such a signal has been detected for an antiferromagnetically coupled diiron(II,III) complex. The anisotropy of the (57)Fe magnetic hyperfine interactions at the Fe(III) site is larger than normally observed in mononuclear complexes and arises from admixing S > 1/2 excited states into the S = 1/2 ground state by zero-field splittings at the two Fe sites. Analysis of the "D/J" mixing has allowed us to extract the zero-field splitting parameters, local g values, and magnetic hyperfine structural parameters for the individual Fe sites. The methodology developed and followed in this analysis is presented in detail. The spin Hamiltonian parameters of 1 are related to the molecular structure with the help of DFT calculations. Contrary to what was assumed in previous studies, our analysis demonstrates that the deviations of the g values from the free electron value (g = 2) for the antiferromagnetically coupled diiron(II,III) core in complex 1 are predominantly determined by the anisotropy of the effective g values of the ferrous ion and only to a lesser extent by the admixture of excited states into ground-state ZFS terms (D/J mixing). The results for 1 are discussed in the context of the data available for diiron(II,III) clusters in proteins and synthetic diiron(II,III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Karl Kauffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Emile L. Bominaar
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Eckard Münck
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lawrence Que
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Yukl ET, Wilmot CM. Cofactor biosynthesis through protein post-translational modification. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:54-9. [PMID: 22387133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of amino acids can be used to generate novel cofactors capable of chemistries inaccessible to conventional amino acid side chains. The biosynthesis of these sites often requires one or more enzyme or protein accessory factors, the functions of which are quite diverse and often difficult to isolate in cases where multiple enzymes are involved. Herein is described the current knowledge of the biosynthesis of urease and nitrile hydratase metal centers, pyrroloquinoline quinone, hypusine, and tryptophan tryptophylquinone cofactors along with the most recent work elucidating the functions of individual accessory factors in these systems. These examples showcase the breadth and diversity of this continually expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Yukl
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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66
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Bailey LJ, Acheson JF, McCoy JG, Elsen NL, Phillips GN, Fox BG. Crystallographic analysis of active site contributions to regiospecificity in the diiron enzyme toluene 4-monooxygenase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1101-13. [PMID: 22264099 DOI: 10.1021/bi2018333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures of toluene 4-monooxygenase hydroxylase in complex with reaction products and effector protein reveal active site interactions leading to regiospecificity. Complexes with phenolic products yield an asymmetric μ-phenoxo-bridged diiron center and a shift of diiron ligand E231 into a hydrogen bonding position with conserved T201. In contrast, complexes with inhibitors p-NH(2)-benzoate and p-Br-benzoate showed a μ-1,1 coordination of carboxylate oxygen between the iron atoms and only a partial shift in the position of E231. Among active site residues, F176 trapped the aromatic ring of products against a surface of the active site cavity formed by G103, E104 and A107, while F196 positioned the aromatic ring against this surface via a π-stacking interaction. The proximity of G103 and F176 to the para substituent of the substrate aromatic ring and the structure of G103L T4moHD suggest how changes in regiospecificity arise from mutations at G103. Although effector protein binding produced significant shifts in the positions of residues along the outer portion of the active site (T201, N202, and Q228) and in some iron ligands (E231 and E197), surprisingly minor shifts (<1 Å) were produced in F176, F196, and other interior residues of the active site. Likewise, products bound to the diiron center in either the presence or absence of effector protein did not significantly shift the position of the interior residues, suggesting that positioning of the cognate substrates will not be strongly influenced by effector protein binding. Thus, changes in product distributions in the absence of the effector protein are proposed to arise from differences in rates of chemical steps of the reaction relative to motion of substrates within the active site channel of the uncomplexed, less efficient enzyme, while structural changes in diiron ligand geometry associated with cycling between diferrous and diferric states are discussed for their potential contribution to product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
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Roos K, Siegbahn PEM. A comparison of two-electron chemistry performed by the manganese and iron heterodimer and homodimers. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 17:363-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Patra T, Manna S, Maiti D. Metallvermittelte Deformylierungen in Synthese und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Patra T, Manna S, Maiti D. Metal-mediated deformylation reactions: synthetic and biological avenues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12140-2. [PMID: 22025479 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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FU AS, LIU R, ZHU J, LIU TG. Genetic engineering of microbial metabolic pathway for production of advanced biodiesel. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1121-33. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li N, Nørgaard H, Warui DM, Booker SJ, Krebs C, Bollinger JM. Conversion of fatty aldehydes to alka(e)nes and formate by a cyanobacterial aldehyde decarbonylase: cryptic redox by an unusual dimetal oxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6158-61. [PMID: 21462983 DOI: 10.1021/ja2013517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial aldehyde decarbonylase (AD) catalyzes conversion of fatty aldehydes (R-CHO) to alka(e)nes (R-H) and formate. Curiously, although this reaction appears to be redox-neutral and formally hydrolytic, AD has a ferritin-like protein architecture and a carboxylate-bridged dimetal cofactor that are both structurally similar to those found in di-iron oxidases and oxygenases. In addition, the in vitro activity of the AD from Nostoc punctiforme (Np) was shown to require a reducing system similar to the systems employed by these O(2)-utilizing di-iron enzymes. Here, we resolve this conundrum by showing that aldehyde cleavage by the Np AD also requires dioxygen and results in incorporation of (18)O from (18)O(2) into the formate product. AD thus oxygenates, without oxidizing, its substrate. We posit that (i) O(2) adds to the reduced cofactor to generate a metal-bound peroxide nucleophile that attacks the substrate carbonyl and initiates a radical scission of the C1-C2 bond, and (ii) the reducing system delivers two electrons during aldehyde cleavage, ensuring a redox-neutral outcome, and two additional electrons to return an oxidized form of the cofactor back to the reduced, O(2)-reactive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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