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Moldoveanu T, Follis AV, Kriwacki RW, Green DR. Many players in BCL-2 family affairs. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:101-11. [PMID: 24503222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During apoptotic cell death, cellular stress signals converge at the mitochondria to induce mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization (MOMP) through B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins and their effectors. BCL-2 proteins function through protein-protein interactions, the mechanisms and structural aspects of which are only now being uncovered. Recently, the elucidation of the dynamic features underlying their function has highlighted their structural plasticity and the consequent complex thermodynamic landscape governing their protein-protein interactions. These studies show that canonical interactions involve a conserved, hydrophobic groove, whereas non-canonical interactions function allosterically outside the groove. We review the latest structural advances in understanding the interactions and functions of mammalian BCL-2 family members, and discuss new opportunities to modulate these proteins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Moldoveanu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ariele Viacava Follis
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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XUE MAOQIANG, LIU XIAOXING, ZHANG YANLING, GAO FENGGUANG. Nicotine exerts neuroprotective effects against β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through the Erk1/2-p38-JNK-dependent signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:925-33. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Marty NJ, Teresinski HJ, Hwang YT, Clendening EA, Gidda SK, Sliwinska E, Zhang D, Miernyk JA, Brito GC, Andrews DW, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. New insights into the targeting of a subset of tail-anchored proteins to the outer mitochondrial membrane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:426. [PMID: 25237314 PMCID: PMC4154396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are a unique class of functionally diverse membrane proteins defined by their single C-terminal membrane-spanning domain and their ability to insert post-translationally into specific organelles with an Ncytoplasm-Corganelle interior orientation. The molecular mechanisms by which TA proteins are sorted to the proper organelles are not well-understood. Herein we present results indicating that a dibasic targeting motif (i.e., -R-R/K/H-X({X≠E})) identified previously in the C terminus of the mitochondrial isoform of the TA protein cytochrome b 5, also exists in many other A. thaliana outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM)-TA proteins. This motif is conspicuously absent, however, in all but one of the TA protein subunits of the translocon at the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM), suggesting that these two groups of proteins utilize distinct biogenetic pathways. Consistent with this premise, we show that the TA sequences of the dibasic-containing proteins are both necessary and sufficient for targeting to mitochondria, and are interchangeable, while the TA regions of TOM proteins lacking a dibasic motif are necessary, but not sufficient for localization, and cannot be functionally exchanged. We also present results from a comprehensive mutational analysis of the dibasic motif and surrounding sequences that not only greatly expands the functional definition and context-dependent properties of this targeting signal, but also led to the identification of other novel putative OMM-TA proteins. Collectively, these results provide important insight to the complexity of the targeting pathways involved in the biogenesis of OMM-TA proteins and help define a consensus targeting motif that is utilized by at least a subset of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J. Marty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Howard J. Teresinski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yeen Ting Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Eric A. Clendening
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Plant Genetics, Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in BydgoszczBydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daiyuan Zhang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research CenterMaricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Ján A. Miernyk
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Glauber C. Brito
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Fundacao Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David W. Andrews
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - John M. Dyer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research CenterMaricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Robert T. Mullen, Department of Molecular and Cellular, Biology, University of Guelph, Room 4470 Science Complex, 488 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada e-mail:
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54
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Kale J, Chi X, Leber B, Andrews D. Examining the molecular mechanism of bcl-2 family proteins at membranes by fluorescence spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol 2014; 544:1-23. [PMID: 24974284 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417158-9.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family proteins control apoptosis by regulation of outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Studying the Bcl-2 family is particularly difficult because the functional interactions that regulate apoptosis occur at or within intracellular membranes. Compared to other biophysical methods, fluorescence spectroscopy is well suited to study membrane-bound proteins as experiments can be performed with intact membranes and at protein concentrations similar to those found in cells. For these reasons, fluorescence spectroscopy has been particularly useful in studying the regulation of membrane permeabilization by Bcl-2 family proteins. Here, we discuss four fluorescence-based assays used to study protein dynamics at membranes, with a focus on how these techniques can be used to study the Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kale
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Chi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Brian Leber
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David Andrews
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
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55
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Wang YY, Liu Y, Ni XY, Bai ZH, Chen QY, Zhang Y, Gao FG. Nicotine promotes cell proliferation and induces resistance to cisplatin by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor‑mediated activation in Raw264.7 and El4 cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:1480-8. [PMID: 24399025 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nicotine is a risk factor for carcinogenesis and atherosclerosis, epidemiological data indicate that nicotine has therapeutic benefits in treating Alzheimer's disease. Our previous studies also showed that nicotine-treated dendritic cells have potential antitumor effects. Hence, the precise effects of nicotine on the biological characterizations of cells are controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess the roles of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), Erk1/2-p38-JNK and PI3K-Akt pathway in nicotine-mediated proliferation and anti-apoptosis effects. The results firstly showed that nicotine treatment clearly augmented cell viability and upregulated PCNA expression in both Raw264.7 and El4 cells. Meanwhile, nicotine afforded protection against cisplatin-induced toxicity through inhibiting caspase-3 activation and upregulating anti-apoptotic protein expression. Further exploration demonstrated that nicotine efficiently abolished cisplatin-promoted mitochondria translocation of Bax and the release of cytochrome c. The pretreatment of α-bungarotoxin and tubocurarine chloride significantly attenuated nicotine-augmented cell viability, abolished caspase-3 activation and α7 nAChR upregulation. Both Erk-JNK-p38 and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways could be activated by nicotine treatment in Raw264.7 and El4 cells. Notably, when Erk-JNK and PI3K-Akt activities were inhibited, nicotine-augmented cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects were abolished accordingly. The results presented here indicate that nicotine could achieve α7 nAChR-mediated proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects by activating Erk-JNK and PI3K-Akt pathways respectively, providing potential therapeutic molecules to deal with smoking-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Wang
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yan Ni
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huan Bai
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Yun Chen
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
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Cottier KE, Fogle EM, Fox DA, Ahmed S. Noxa in rheumatic diseases: present understanding and future impact. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:1539-46. [PMID: 24352336 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired programmed cell death is an important contributing mechanism in the development of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Overexpression of Bcl-2 family proteins in such diseases has led to the concept of targeted suppression of these proteins as a primary therapeutic strategy. However, limited success with this approach has prompted pharmacologists to look at the other side of the coin, with the aim of reactivating jeopardized pro-apoptotic proteins that may neutralize Bcl-2 or other anti-apoptotic molecules. In this effort, BH3-only proteins have gained recent attention as endogenous molecules for the sensitization of resistant cells to undergo apoptosis. Among the BH3-only family, Noxa stands out as exceptional for its specificity to bind Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 and blunt their biological properties. Noxa is now being tested as a promising therapeutic target in cancer biology. Nonetheless, its role and clinical application still lack validation in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic conditions. This is partly attributed to the significant gap in our understanding of its regulatory role and how either overexpression of Noxa or delivery of BH3 mimetics could be therapeutically exploited. In this review we highlight some recent studies in RA, OA, SLE and SS suggesting that Noxa may be used as a potential therapeutic target to circumvent invasive and tissue destructive processes in these rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa E Cottier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elise M Fogle
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Maffei S, Pennarossa G, Brevini TAL, Arav A, Gandolfi F. Beneficial effect of directional freezing on in vitro viability of cryopreserved sheep whole ovaries and ovarian cortical slices. Hum Reprod 2013; 29:114-24. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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58
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Defining the role of the Bcl-2 family proteins in Huntington's disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e772. [PMID: 23949221 PMCID: PMC3763461 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins regulate survival, mitochondria morphology dynamics and metabolism in many cell types including neurons. Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat tract in the IT15 gene that encodes for the protein huntingtin (htt). In vitro and in vivo models of HD and HD patients' tissues show abnormal mitochondrial function and increased cell death rates associated with alterations in Bcl-2 family protein expression and localization. This review aims to draw together the information related to Bcl-2 family protein alterations in HD to decipher their potential role in mutated htt-related cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Direct comparative analysis of conventional and directional freezing for the cryopreservation of whole ovaries. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1122-31. [PMID: 23830108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare conventional slow equilibrium cooling and directional freezing for cryopreservation of whole ovaries. DESIGN Experimental animal study. SETTING Academic research environment. ANIMAL(S) Adult ewes. INTERVENTION(S) Eighty-one ovaries were randomly assigned to fresh control, conventional freezing (CF), and directional freezing (DF) group. Ovaries of CF and DF groups were perfused via the ovarian artery with Leibovitz L-15 medium, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide for 5 minutes. Each ovary was inserted into a glass test tube containing 10 mL of the same solution and cooled to -100°C or -70°C, respectively. Ovaries were stored in liquid nitrogen for a minimum of 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Structural integrity of cortical and medulla regions, vascular integrity, follicle in vitro development, cell proliferation, and DNA damage and repair. RESULT(S) All examined parameters indicate that the structure of DF ovaries remains largely intact and comparable to fresh controls, whereas significant damages were observed in CF ovaries. CONCLUSION(S) Directional freezing allows good preservation of whole ovaries, with most of the parameters taken into consideration almost identical to those recorded in fresh control samples. This encourages a reconsideration of the possible use of whole-ovary cryopreservation as a viable alternative to cortical fragments.
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Juin P, Geneste O, Gautier F, Depil S, Campone M. Decoding and unlocking the BCL-2 dependency of cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:455-65. [PMID: 23783119 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are subject to many apoptotic stimuli that would kill them were it not for compensatory prosurvival alterations. BCL-2-like (BCL-2L) proteins contribute to such aberrant behaviour by engaging a network of interactions that is potent at promoting survival but that is also fragile: inhibition of a restricted number of interactions may suffice to trigger cancer cell death. Currently available and novel compounds that inhibit these interactions could be efficient therapeutic agents if this phenotype of BCL-2L dependence was better understood at a molecular, cellular and systems level and if it could be diagnosed by relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Juin
- Team 8 Cell survival and tumor escape in breast cancer, UMR 892 INSERM / 6299 CNRS / Université de Nantes, Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, 8 quai Moncousu, BP 70721, 44007 Nantes Cedex, 1 France.
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