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Michelmore R, Coaker G, Bart R, Beattie G, Bent A, Bruce T, Cameron D, Dangl J, Dinesh-Kumar S, Edwards R, Eves-van den Akker S, Gassmann W, Greenberg JT, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Harrison RJ, Harvey J, He P, Huffaker A, Hulbert S, Innes R, Jones JDG, Kaloshian I, Kamoun S, Katagiri F, Leach J, Ma W, McDowell J, Medford J, Meyers B, Nelson R, Oliver R, Qi Y, Saunders D, Shaw M, Smart C, Subudhi P, Torrance L, Tyler B, Valent B, Walsh J. Foundational and Translational Research Opportunities to Improve Plant Health. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:515-516. [PMID: 28398839 PMCID: PMC5810936 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0010-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reader Comments | Submit a Comment The white paper reports the deliberations of a workshop focused on biotic challenges to plant health held in Washington, D.C. in September 2016. Ensuring health of food plants is critical to maintaining the quality and productivity of crops and for sustenance of the rapidly growing human population. There is a close linkage between food security and societal stability; however, global food security is threatened by the vulnerability of our agricultural systems to numerous pests, pathogens, weeds, and environmental stresses. These threats are aggravated by climate change, the globalization of agriculture, and an over-reliance on nonsustainable inputs. New analytical and computational technologies are providing unprecedented resolution at a variety of molecular, cellular, organismal, and population scales for crop plants as well as pathogens, pests, beneficial microbes, and weeds. It is now possible to both characterize useful or deleterious variation as well as precisely manipulate it. Data-driven, informed decisions based on knowledge of the variation of biotic challenges and of natural and synthetic variation in crop plants will enable deployment of durable interventions throughout the world. These should be integral, dynamic components of agricultural strategies for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Michelmore
- 1 The Genome Center and Departments of Plant Sciences, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Gitta Coaker
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Andrew Bent
- 5 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Jeffery Dangl
- 8 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A
| | | | - Rob Edwards
- 10 University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping He
- 17 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | | | - Scot Hulbert
- 19 Washington State University, Pullman, WA, U.S.A
| | - Roger Innes
- 20 Indiana University, Bloomigton, IN, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Leach
- 24 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- 22 University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiping Qi
- 29 East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | - Lesley Torrance
- 33 University of St. Andrews and James Hutton Institute, Fife, U.K
| | - Bret Tyler
- 34 Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A.; and
| | | | - John Walsh
- 35 University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, U.K
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A bacterial acetyltransferase triggers immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana independent of hypersensitive response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3557. [PMID: 28620210 PMCID: PMC5472582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-III secreted effectors (T3Es) play critical roles during bacterial pathogenesis in plants. Plant recognition of certain T3Es can trigger defence, often accompanied by macroscopic cell death, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Economically important species of kiwifruit are susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker. Although Psa is non-pathogenic in Arabidopsis thaliana, we observed that a T3E, HopZ5 that is unique to a global outbreak clade of Psa, triggers HR and defence in Arabidopsis accession Ct-1. Ws-2 and Col-0 accessions are unable to produce an HR in response to Pseudomonas-delivered HopZ5. While Ws-2 is susceptible to virulent bacterial strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 carrying HopZ5, Col-0 is resistant despite the lack of an HR. We show that HopZ5, like other members of the YopJ superfamily of acetyltransferases that it belongs to, autoacetylates lysine residues. Through comparisons to other family members, we identified an acetyltransferase catalytic activity and demonstrate its requirement for triggering defence in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana species. Collectively, data herein indicate that HopZ5 is a plasma membrane-localized acetyltransferase with autoacetylation activity required for avirulence.
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Lo T, Koulena N, Seto D, Guttman DS, Desveaux D. The HopF family of Pseudomonas syringae type III secreted effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:457-468. [PMID: 27061875 PMCID: PMC6638241 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is a bacterial phytopathogen that utilizes the type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into plant host cells. Pseudomonas syringae can infect a wide range of plant hosts, including agronomically important crops such as tomatoes and beans. The ability of P. syringae to infect such numerous hosts is caused, in part, by the diversity of effectors employed by this phytopathogen. Over 60 different effector families exist in P. syringae; one such family is HopF, which contains over 100 distinct alleles. Despite this diversity, research has focused on only two members of this family: HopF1 from P. syringae pathovar phaseolicola 1449B and HopF2 from P. syringae pathovar tomato DC3000. In this study, we review the research on HopF family members, including their host targets and molecular mechanisms of immunity suppression, and their enzymatic function. We also provide a phylogenetic analysis of this expanding effector family which provides a basis for a proposed nomenclature to guide future research. The extensive genetic diversity that exists within the HopF family presents a great opportunity to study how functional diversification on an effector family contributes to host specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lo
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONCanadaM5S 3B2
| | - Noushin Koulena
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONCanadaM5S 3B2
| | - Derek Seto
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONCanadaM5S 3B2
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONCanadaM5S 3B2
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & FunctionUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONCanadaM5S 3B2
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & FunctionUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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Choi S, Jayaraman J, Segonzac C, Park HJ, Park H, Han SW, Sohn KH. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Type III Effectors Localized at Multiple Cellular Compartments Activate or Suppress Innate Immune Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2157. [PMID: 29326748 PMCID: PMC5742410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial phytopathogen type III secreted (T3S) effectors have been strongly implicated in altering the interaction of pathogens with host plants. Therefore, it is useful to characterize the whole effector repertoire of a pathogen to understand the interplay of effectors in plants. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is a causal agent of kiwifruit canker disease. In this study, we generated an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression library of YFP-tagged T3S effectors from two strains of Psa, Psa-NZ V13 and Psa-NZ LV5, in order to gain insight into their mode of action in Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana. Determining the subcellular localization of effectors gives an indication of the possible host targets of effectors. A confocal microscopy assay detecting YFP-tagged Psa effectors revealed that the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell periphery are major targets of Psa effectors. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of multiple Psa effectors induced HR-like cell death (HCD) in Nicotiana spp., suggesting that multiple Psa effectors may be recognized by Nicotiana spp.. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of several known plant immune regulators, EDS1, NDR1, or SGT1 specified the requirement of SGT1 in HCD induced by several Psa effectors in N. benthamiana. In addition, the suppression activity of Psa effectors on HCD-inducing proteins and PTI was assessed. Psa effectors showed differential suppression activities on each HCD inducer or PTI. Taken together, our Psa effector repertoire analysis highlights the great diversity of T3S effector functions in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Choi
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Plant Science Department, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jee Park
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Hanbi Park
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kee Hoon Sohn,
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YopJ Family Effectors Promote Bacterial Infection through a Unique Acetyltransferase Activity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:1011-1027. [PMID: 27784797 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00032-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial pathogens rely on the type III secretion system to inject virulence proteins into host cells. These type III secreted "effector" proteins directly manipulate cellular processes to cause disease. Although the effector repertoires in different bacterial species are highly variable, the Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) effector family is unique in that its members are produced by diverse animal and plant pathogens as well as a nonpathogenic microsymbiont. All YopJ family effectors share a conserved catalytic triad that is identical to that of the C55 family of cysteine proteases. However, an accumulating body of evidence demonstrates that many YopJ effectors modify their target proteins in hosts by acetylating specific serine, threonine, and/or lysine residues. This unique acetyltransferase activity allows the YopJ family effectors to affect the function and/or stability of their targets, thereby dampening innate immunity. Here, we summarize the current understanding of this prevalent and evolutionarily conserved type III effector family by describing their enzymatic activities and virulence functions in animals and plants. In particular, the molecular mechanisms by which representative YopJ family effectors subvert host immunity through posttranslational modification of their target proteins are discussed.
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56
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Hashiguchi A, Komatsu S. Posttranslational Modifications and Plant-Environment Interaction. Methods Enzymol 2016; 586:97-113. [PMID: 28137579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination are crucial for controlling protein stability, localization, and conformation. Genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed, translated, and increases its complexity by multiple PTMs. Conformational change introduced by PTMs affects interacting partners of each proteins and their downstream signaling; therefore, PTMs are the major level of modulations of total outcome of living cells. Plants are living in harsh environment that requires unremitting physiological modulation to survive, and the plant response to various environment stresses is regulated by PTMs of proteins. This review deals with the novel knowledge of PTM-focused proteomic studies on various life conditions. PTMs are focused that mediate plant-environment interaction such as stress perception, protein homeostasis, control of energy shift, and defense by immune system. Integration of diverse signals on a protein via multiple PTMs is discussed as well, considering current situation where signal integration became an emerging area approached by systems biology into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hashiguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.
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57
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Zhang ZM, Ma KW, Yuan S, Luo Y, Jiang S, Hawara E, Pan S, Ma W, Song J. Structure of a pathogen effector reveals the enzymatic mechanism of a novel acetyltransferase family. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:847-52. [PMID: 27525589 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effectors secreted by the type III secretion system are essential for bacterial pathogenesis. Members of the Yersinia outer-protein J (YopJ) family of effectors found in diverse plant and animal pathogens depend on a protease-like catalytic triad to acetylate host proteins and produce virulence. However, the structural basis for this noncanonical acetyltransferase activity remains unknown. Here, we report the crystal structures of the YopJ effector HopZ1a, produced by the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in complex with the eukaryote-specific cofactor inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and/or coenzyme A (CoA). Structural, computational and functional characterizations reveal a catalytic core with a fold resembling that of ubiquitin-like cysteine proteases and an acetyl-CoA-binding pocket formed after IP6-induced structural rearrangements. Modeling-guided mutagenesis further identified key IP6-interacting residues of Salmonella effector AvrA that are required for acetylating its substrate. Our study reveals the structural basis of a novel class of acetyltransferases and the conserved allosteric regulation of YopJ effectors by IP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ka-Wai Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shushu Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Eva Hawara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Songqin Pan
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.,Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.,Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jikui Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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58
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Schreiber KJ, Baudin M, Hassan JA, Lewis JD. Die another day: Molecular mechanisms of effector-triggered immunity elicited by type III secreted effector proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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59
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Mukhtar M, McCormack M, Argueso C, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K. Pathogen Tactics to Manipulate Plant Cell Death. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R608-R619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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60
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Song G, Walley JW. Dynamic Protein Acetylation in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:421. [PMID: 27066055 PMCID: PMC4811901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection triggers complex molecular perturbations within host cells that results in either resistance or susceptibility. Protein acetylation is an emerging biochemical modification that appears to play central roles during host-pathogen interactions. To date, research in this area has focused on two main themes linking protein acetylation to plant immune signaling. Firstly, it has been established that proper gene expression during defense responses requires modulation of histone acetylation within target gene promoter regions. Second, some pathogens can deliver effector molecules that encode acetyltransferases directly within the host cell to modify acetylation of specific host proteins. Collectively these findings suggest that the acetylation level for a range of host proteins may be modulated to alter the outcome of pathogen infection. This review will focus on summarizing our current understanding of the roles of protein acetylation in plant defense and highlight the utility of proteomics approaches to uncover the complete repertoire of acetylation changes triggered by pathogen infection.
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61
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Tong AS, Stern JL, Sfeir A, Kartawinata M, de Lange T, Zhu XD, Bryan TM. ATM and ATR Signaling Regulate the Recruitment of Human Telomerase to Telomeres. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1633-46. [PMID: 26586433 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast homologs of the ATM and ATR DNA damage response kinases play key roles in telomerase-mediated telomere maintenance, but the role of ATM/ATR in the mammalian telomerase pathway has been less clear. Here, we demonstrate the requirement for ATM and ATR in the localization of telomerase to telomeres and telomere elongation in immortal human cells. Stalled replication forks increased telomerase recruitment in an ATR-dependent manner. Furthermore, increased telomerase recruitment was observed upon phosphorylation of the shelterin component TRF1 at an ATM/ATR target site (S367). This phosphorylation leads to loss of TRF1 from telomeres and may therefore increase replication fork stalling. ATM and ATR depletion reduced assembly of the telomerase complex, and ATM was required for telomere elongation in cells expressing POT1ΔOB, an allele of POT1 that disrupts telomere-length homeostasis. These data establish that human telomerase recruitment and telomere elongation are modulated by DNA-damage-transducing kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Tong
- Cell Biology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - J Lewis Stern
- Cell Biology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Agnel Sfeir
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Kartawinata
- Cell Biology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Titia de Lange
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xu-Dong Zhu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tracy M Bryan
- Cell Biology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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