51
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Calvanese V, Nguyen AT, Bolan TJ, Vavilina A, Su T, Lee LK, Wang Y, Lay FD, Magnusson M, Crooks GM, Kurdistani SK, Mikkola HKA. MLLT3 governs human haematopoietic stem-cell self-renewal and engraftment. Nature 2019; 576:281-286. [PMID: 31776511 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limited knowledge of the mechanisms that govern the self-renewal of human haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and why this fails in culture, have impeded the expansion of HSCs for transplantation1. Here we identify MLLT3 (also known as AF9) as a crucial regulator of HSCs that is highly enriched in human fetal, neonatal and adult HSCs, but downregulated in culture. Depletion of MLLT3 prevented the maintenance of transplantable human haematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HSPCs) in culture, whereas stabilizing MLLT3 expression in culture enabled more than 12-fold expansion of transplantable HSCs that provided balanced multilineage reconstitution in primary and secondary mouse recipients. Similar to endogenous MLLT3, overexpressed MLLT3 localized to active promoters in HSPCs, sustained levels of H3K79me2 and protected the HSC transcriptional program in culture. MLLT3 thus acts as HSC maintenance factor that links histone reader and modifying activities to modulate HSC gene expression, and may provide a promising approach to expand HSCs for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calvanese
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Bolan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Vavilina
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Trent Su
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lydia K Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fides D Lay
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mattias Magnusson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gay M Crooks
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siavash K Kurdistani
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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52
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Revealing dynamics of gene expression variability in cell state space. Nat Methods 2019; 17:45-49. [PMID: 31740822 PMCID: PMC6949127 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To decipher cell state transitions from single-cell transcriptomes it is
crucial to quantify weak expression of lineage determining factors, requiring
computational methods sensitive to variability of lowly expressed genes. We here
introduce VarID, a computational method that identifies locally homogenous
neighborhoods in cell state space, permitting the quantification of local gene
expression variability. VarID delineates neighborhoods with differential gene
expression variability and reveals pseudo-temporal dynamics of variability
during differentiation.
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53
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Guiding T lymphopoiesis from pluripotent stem cells by defined transcription factors. Cell Res 2019; 30:21-33. [PMID: 31729468 PMCID: PMC6951346 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Achievement of immunocompetent and therapeutic T lymphopoiesis from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a central aim in T cell regenerative medicine. To date, preferentially reconstituting T lymphopoiesis in vivo from PSCs remains a practical challenge. Here we documented that synergistic and transient expression of Runx1 and Hoxa9 restricted in the time window of endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and hematopoietic maturation stages in a PSC differentiation scheme (iR9-PSC) in vitro induced preferential generation of engraftable hematopoietic progenitors capable of homing to thymus and developing into mature T cells in primary and secondary immunodeficient recipients. Single-cell transcriptome and functional analyses illustrated the cellular trajectory of T lineage induction from PSCs, unveiling the T-lineage specification determined at as early as hemogenic endothelial cell stage and identifying the bona fide pre-thymic progenitors. The induced T cells distributed normally in central and peripheral lymphoid organs and exhibited abundant TCRαβ repertoire. The regenerative T lymphopoiesis restored immune surveillance in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, gene-edited iR9-PSCs produced tumor-specific T cells in vivo that effectively eradicated tumor cells. This study provides insight into universal generation of functional and therapeutic T cells from the unlimited and editable PSC source.
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54
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Long-Term Exposure of Psoralen and Isopsoralen Induced Hepatotoxicity and Serum Metabolites Profiles Changes in Female Rats. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110263. [PMID: 31684074 PMCID: PMC6918323 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical safety evaluation of traditional medicines is imperative because of the universality of drug-induced adverse reactions. Psoralen and isopsoralen are the major active molecules and quality-control components of a traditional herbal medicine which is popularly used in Asia, Fructus Psoraleae. The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term effects of psoralen and isopsoralen with low levels on the biochemical parameters and metabolic profiles of rats. Three doses (14, 28, and 56 mg/kg) of psoralen and one dose (28 mg/kg) of isopsoralen were administered to rats over 12 weeks. Blood and selected tissue samples were collected and analyzed for hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology. Metabolic changes in serum samples were detected via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. We found that psoralen significantly changed the visceral coefficients, blood biochemical parameters, and histopathology, and isopsoralen extra influenced the hematological index. Moreover, psoralen induced remarkable elevations of forvaline, isoleucine, isobutyrate, alanine, acetone, pyruvate, glutamine, citrate, unsaturated lipids, choline, creatine, phenylalanine, and 4-hydroxybenzoate, and significant reductions of ethanol and dimethyl sulfone. Isopsoralen only induced a few remarkable changes of metabolites. These results suggest that chronic exposure to low-level of psoralen causes a disturbance in alanine metabolism, glutamate metabolism, urea cycle, glucose-alanine cycle, ammonia recycling, glycine, and serine metabolism pathways. Psoralen and isopsoralen showed different toxicity characteristics to the rats.
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55
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Musso O, Beraza N. Hepatocellular carcinomas: evolution to sorafenib resistance through hepatic leukaemia factor. Gut 2019; 68:1728-1730. [PMID: 31270163 PMCID: PMC6839724 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Musso
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRA, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France.
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK
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56
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Tracing the first hematopoietic stem cell generation in human embryo by single-cell RNA sequencing. Cell Res 2019; 29:881-894. [PMID: 31501518 PMCID: PMC6888893 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracing the emergence of the first hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in human embryos, particularly the scarce and transient precursors thereof, is so far challenging, largely due to the technical limitations and the material rarity. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we constructed the first genome-scale gene expression landscape covering the entire course of endothelial-to-HSC transition during human embryogenesis. The transcriptomically defined HSC-primed hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) were captured at Carnegie stage (CS) 12–14 in an unbiased way, showing an unambiguous feature of arterial endothelial cells (ECs) with the up-regulation of RUNX1, MYB and ANGPT1. Importantly, subcategorizing CD34+CD45− ECs into a CD44+ population strikingly enriched HECs by over 10-fold. We further mapped the developmental path from arterial ECs via HSC-primed HECs to hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, and revealed a distinct expression pattern of genes that were transiently over-represented upon the hemogenic fate choice of arterial ECs, including EMCN, PROCR and RUNX1T1. We also uncovered another temporally and molecularly distinct intra-embryonic HEC population, which was detected mainly at earlier CS 10 and lacked the arterial feature. Finally, we revealed the cellular components of the putative aortic niche and potential cellular interactions acting on the HSC-primed HECs. The cellular and molecular programs that underlie the generation of the first HSCs from HECs in human embryos, together with the ability to distinguish the HSC-primed HECs from others, will shed light on the strategies for the production of clinically useful HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
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57
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58
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Transcription factor Oct1 protects against hematopoietic stress and promotes acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2019; 76:38-48.e2. [PMID: 31295506 PMCID: PMC7670548 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the development and progression of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is necessary to improve patient outcome. Here we define roles for the transcription factor Oct1/Pou2f1 in AML and normal hematopoiesis. Inappropriate reactivation of the CDX2 gene is widely observed in leukemia patients and in leukemia mouse models. We show that Oct1 associates with the CDX2 promoter in both normal and AML primary patient samples, but recruits the histone demethylase Jmjd1a/Kdm3a to remove the repressive H3K9me2 mark only in malignant specimens. The CpG DNA immediately adjacent to the Oct1 binding site within the CDX2 promoter exhibits variable DNA methylation in healthy control blood and bone marrow samples, but complete demethylation in AML samples. In MLL-AF9-driven mouse models, partial loss of Oct1 protects from myeloid leukemia. Complete Oct1 loss completely suppresses leukemia but results in lethality from bone marrow failure. Loss of Oct1 in normal hematopoietic transplants results in superficially normal long-term reconstitution; however, animals become acutely sensitive to 5-fluorouracil, indicating that Oct1 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis but protects blood progenitor cells against external chemotoxic stress. These findings elucidate a novel and important role for Oct1 in AML.
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59
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Yokomizo T, Watanabe N, Umemoto T, Matsuo J, Harai R, Kihara Y, Nakamura E, Tada N, Sato T, Takaku T, Shimono A, Takizawa H, Nakagata N, Mori S, Kurokawa M, Tenen DG, Osato M, Suda T, Komatsu N. Hlf marks the developmental pathway for hematopoietic stem cells but not for erythro-myeloid progenitors. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1599-1614. [PMID: 31076455 PMCID: PMC6605751 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and HSC-independent progenitors are generated from hemogenic endothelium. Yokomizo et al. show that Hlf expression distinguishes nascent HSCs from HSC-independent progenitors. HSC specification, regulated by the Evi-1/Hlf axis, is activated only within Hlf+ nascent hematopoietic clusters. Before the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), lineage-restricted progenitors, such as erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs), are detected in the embryo or in pluripotent stem cell cultures in vitro. Although both HSCs and EMPs are derived from hemogenic endothelium, it remains unclear how and when these two developmental programs are segregated during ontogeny. Here, we show that hepatic leukemia factor (Hlf) expression specifically marks a developmental continuum between HSC precursors and HSCs. Using the Hlf-tdTomato reporter mouse, we found that Hlf is expressed in intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters and fetal liver HSCs. In contrast, EMPs and yolk sac hematopoietic clusters before embryonic day 9.5 do not express Hlf. HSC specification, regulated by the Evi-1/Hlf axis, is activated only within Hlf+ nascent hematopoietic clusters. These results strongly suggest that HSCs and EMPs are generated from distinct cohorts of hemogenic endothelium. Selective induction of the Hlf+ lineage pathway may lead to the in vitro generation of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomasa Yokomizo
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan .,Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryota Harai
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kihara
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoiku Takaku
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shimono
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Motomi Osato
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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60
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Hepatic leukemia factor is a novel leukemic stem cell regulator in DNMT3A, NPM1, and FLT3-ITD triple-mutated AML. Blood 2019; 134:263-276. [PMID: 31076446 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018862383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3, DNMT3A, and NPM1 are the most frequently mutated genes in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but little is known about how these mutations synergize upon cooccurrence. Here we show that triple-mutated AML is characterized by high leukemia stem cell (LSC) frequency, an aberrant leukemia-specific GPR56 highCD34low immunophenotype, and synergistic upregulation of Hepatic Leukemia Factor (HLF). Cell sorting based on the LSC marker GPR56 allowed isolation of triple-mutated from DNMT3A/NPM1 double-mutated subclones. Moreover, in DNMT3A R882-mutated patients, CpG hypomethylation at the HLF transcription start site correlated with high HLF mRNA expression, which was itself associated with poor survival. Loss of HLF via CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced the CD34+GPR56+ LSC compartment of primary human triple-mutated AML cells in serial xenotransplantation assays. HLF knockout cells were more actively cycling when freshly harvested from mice, but rapidly exhausted when reintroduced in culture. RNA sequencing of primary human triple-mutated AML cells after shRNA-mediated HLF knockdown revealed the NOTCH target Hairy and Enhancer of Split 1 (HES1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1C/p57 as novel targets of HLF, potentially mediating these effects. Overall, our data establish HLF as a novel LSC regulator in this genetically defined high-risk AML subgroup.
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61
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Takeda R, Yokoyama K, Ogawa M, Kawamata T, Fukuyama T, Kondoh K, Takei T, Nakamura S, Ito M, Yusa N, Shimizu E, Ohno N, Uchimaru K, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, Miyano S, Tojo A. The first case of elderly TCF3-HLF-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2821-2824. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1602267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reina Takeda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Kawamata
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofusa Fukuyama
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanya Kondoh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takei
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sousuke Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yusa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eigo Shimizu
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohno
- Department of Hematology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Data Science, Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Health Medical Data Science, Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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62
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Velcheti V, Schrump D, Saunthararajah Y. Ultimate Precision: Targeting Cancer but Not Normal Self-replication. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:950-963. [PMID: 30231326 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_199753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-replication is the engine that drives all biologic evolution, including neoplastic evolution. A key oncotherapy challenge is to target this, the heart of malignancy, while sparing the normal self-replication mandatory for health and life. Self-replication can be demystified: it is activation of replication, the most ancient of cell programs, uncoupled from activation of lineage-differentiation, metazoan programs more recent in origin. The uncoupling can be physiologic, as in normal tissue stem cells, or pathologic, as in cancer. Neoplastic evolution selects to disengage replication from forward-differentiation where intrinsic replication rates are the highest, in committed progenitors that have division times measured in hours versus weeks for tissue stem cells, via partial loss of function in master transcription factors that activate terminal-differentiation programs (e.g., GATA4) or in the coactivators they use for this purpose (e.g., ARID1A). These loss-of-function mutations bias master transcription factor circuits, which normally regulate corepressor versus coactivator recruitment, toward corepressors (e.g., DNMT1) that repress rather than activate terminal-differentiation genes. Pharmacologic inhibition of the corepressors rebalances to coactivator function, activating lineage-differentiation genes that dominantly antagonize MYC (the master transcription factor coordinator of replication) to terminate malignant self-replication. Physiologic self-replication continues, because the master transcription factors in tissue stem cells activate stem cell, not terminal-differentiation, programs. Druggable corepressor proteins are thus the barriers between self-replicating cancer cells and the terminal-differentiation fates intended by their master transcription factor content. This final common pathway to oncogenic self-replication, being separate and distinct from the normal, offers the favorable therapeutic indices needed for clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsidhar Velcheti
- From the Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - David Schrump
- From the Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- From the Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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63
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Gu X, Ebrahem Q, Mahfouz RZ, Hasipek M, Enane F, Radivoyevitch T, Rapin N, Przychodzen B, Hu Z, Balusu R, Cotta CV, Wald D, Argueta C, Landesman Y, Martelli MP, Falini B, Carraway H, Porse BT, Maciejewski J, Jha BK, Saunthararajah Y. Leukemogenic nucleophosmin mutation disrupts the transcription factor hub that regulates granulomonocytic fates. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4260-4279. [PMID: 30015632 DOI: 10.1172/jci97117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is among the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is not known, however, how the resulting oncoprotein mutant NPM1 is leukemogenic. To reveal the cellular machinery in which NPM1 participates in myeloid cells, we analyzed the endogenous NPM1 protein interactome by mass spectrometry and discovered abundant amounts of the master transcription factor driver of monocyte lineage differentiation PU.1 (also known as SPI1). Mutant NPM1, which aberrantly accumulates in cytoplasm, dislocated PU.1 into cytoplasm with it. CEBPA and RUNX1, the master transcription factors that collaborate with PU.1 to activate granulomonocytic lineage fates, remained nuclear; but without PU.1, their coregulator interactions were toggled from coactivators to corepressors, repressing instead of activating more than 500 granulocyte and monocyte terminal differentiation genes. An inhibitor of nuclear export, selinexor, by locking mutant NPM1/PU.1 in the nucleus, activated terminal monocytic fates. Direct depletion of the corepressor DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) from the CEBPA/RUNX1 protein interactome using the clinical drug decitabine activated terminal granulocytic fates. Together, these noncytotoxic treatments extended survival by more than 160 days versus vehicle in a patient-derived xenotransplant model of NPM1/FLT3-mutated AML. In sum, mutant NPM1 represses monocyte and granulocyte terminal differentiation by disrupting PU.1/CEBPA/RUNX1 collaboration, a transforming action that can be reversed by pharmacodynamically directed dosing of clinical small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Gu
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Quteba Ebrahem
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Reda Z Mahfouz
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Metis Hasipek
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Francis Enane
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tomas Radivoyevitch
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicolas Rapin
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bartlomiej Przychodzen
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhenbo Hu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ramesh Balusu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Claudiu V Cotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tomsich Pathology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Wald
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Institute of Hematology, Center for Research in Hematology-Oncology (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology, Center for Research in Hematology-Oncology (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hetty Carraway
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bo T Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaroslaw Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Babal K Jha
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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