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Fundamental functionality: recent developments in understanding the structure–activity relationships of lantibiotic peptides. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:27-34. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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52
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Field D, Hill C, Cotter PD, Ross RP. The dawning of a ‘Golden era’ in lantibiotic bioengineering. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1077-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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53
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Suda S, Westerbeek A, O'Connor PM, Ross RP, Hill C, Cotter PD. Effect of Bioengineering Lacticin 3147 Lanthionine Bridges on Specific Activity and Resistance to Heat and Proteases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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54
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Shenkarev ZO, Finkina EI, Nurmukhamedova EK, Balandin SV, Mineev KS, Nadezhdin KD, Yakimenko ZA, Tagaev AA, Temirov YV, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. Isolation, structure elucidation, and synergistic antibacterial activity of a novel two-component lantibiotic lichenicidin from Bacillus licheniformis VK21. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6462-72. [PMID: 20578714 DOI: 10.1021/bi100871b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel synergetic lantibiotic pair, Lchalpha (3249.51 Da) and Lchbeta (3019.36 Da), termed lichenicidin VK21, was isolated from the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis VK21. Chemical and spatial structures of Lchalpha and Lchbeta were determined. Each peptide contains 31 amino acid residues linked by 4 intramolecular thioether bridges and the N-terminal 2-oxobutyryl group. Spatial structures of Lchalpha and Lchbeta were studied by NMR spectroscopy in methanol solution. The Lchalpha peptide displays structural homology with mersacidin-like lantibiotics and involves relatively well-structured N- and C-terminal domains connected by a flexible loop stabilized by a thioether bridge Ala11-S-Ala21. In contrast, the Lchbeta peptide represents a prolonged hydrophobic alpha-helix flanked with more flexible N- and C-terminal domains. A lantibiotic cluster of the Bacillus licheniformis VK21 genome which comprises the structural genes, lchA1 and lchA2, encoding the lantibiotics precursors, as well as the gene of a modifying enzyme lchM1, was amplified and sequenced. The mature peptides, Lchalpha and Lchbeta, interact synergistically to possess antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria within a nanomolar concentration range, though the individual peptides were shown to be active at micromolar concentrations. Our results afford molecular insight into the mechanism of lichenicidin VK21 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar O Shenkarev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str. 16/10, Moscow, Russia
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Microbisporicin gene cluster reveals unusual features of lantibiotic biosynthesis in actinomycetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13461-6. [PMID: 20628010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008285107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified peptide antibiotics. The biosynthetic gene cluster for microbisporicin, a potent lantibiotic produced by the actinomycete Microbispora corallina containing chlorinated tryptophan and dihydroxyproline residues, was identified by genome scanning and isolated from an M. corallina cosmid library. Heterologous expression in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 confirmed that all of the genes required for microbisporicin biosynthesis were present in the cluster. Deletion, in M. corallina, of the gene (mibA) predicted to encode the prepropeptide abolished microbisporicin production. Further deletion analysis revealed insights into the biosynthesis of this unusual and potentially clinically useful lantibiotic, shedding light on mechanisms of regulation and self-resistance. In particular, we report an example of the involvement of a tryptophan halogenase in the modification of a ribosomally synthesized peptide and the pathway-specific regulation of an antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster by an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor-anti-sigma factor complex.
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56
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Desriac F, Defer D, Bourgougnon N, Brillet B, Le Chevalier P, Fleury Y. Bacteriocin as weapons in the marine animal-associated bacteria warfare: inventory and potential applications as an aquaculture probiotic. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1153-77. [PMID: 20479972 PMCID: PMC2866480 DOI: 10.3390/md8041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the association of marine animals with bacteria has become more commonly recognized, researchers have increasingly questioned whether these animals actually produce many of the bioactive compounds originally isolated from them. Bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized antibiotic peptides, constitute one of the most potent weapons to fight against pathogen infections. Indeed, bacteriocinogenic bacteria may prevent pathogen dissemination by occupying the same ecological niche. Bacteriocinogenic strains associated with marine animals are a relevant source for isolation of probiotics. This review draws up an inventory of the marine bacteriocinogenic strains isolated from animal-associated microbial communities, known to date. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) and fully-characterized bacteriocins are described. Finally, their applications as probiotics in aquaculture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florie Desriac
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Laboratoire, Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Microbienne EA3882, 6 Rue de l’Université, 29334 Quimper Cedex, France; E-Mails:
(F.D.);
(B.B.);
(P.L.C.)
| | - Diane Defer
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Sud, Centre de Recherche Saint Maudé, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines EA3884, 56321 Lorient Cedex, France; E-Mails:
(D.D.);
(N.B.)
| | - Nathalie Bourgougnon
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Sud, Centre de Recherche Saint Maudé, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines EA3884, 56321 Lorient Cedex, France; E-Mails:
(D.D.);
(N.B.)
| | - Benjamin Brillet
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Laboratoire, Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Microbienne EA3882, 6 Rue de l’Université, 29334 Quimper Cedex, France; E-Mails:
(F.D.);
(B.B.);
(P.L.C.)
| | - Patrick Le Chevalier
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Laboratoire, Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Microbienne EA3882, 6 Rue de l’Université, 29334 Quimper Cedex, France; E-Mails:
(F.D.);
(B.B.);
(P.L.C.)
| | - Yannick Fleury
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Laboratoire, Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Microbienne EA3882, 6 Rue de l’Université, 29334 Quimper Cedex, France; E-Mails:
(F.D.);
(B.B.);
(P.L.C.)
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57
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Lee MV, Ihnken LAF, You YO, McClerren AL, van der Donk WA, Kelleher NL. Distributive and directional behavior of lantibiotic synthetases revealed by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12258-64. [PMID: 19663480 PMCID: PMC2738757 DOI: 10.1021/ja9033507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lantibiotic synthetases LctM and HalM2 are bifunctional enzymes that catalyze both the dehydration of serine and threonine residues and the Michael-type additions of cysteine residues to the resulting dehydroamino acids in their substrate peptides. Using Fourier transform mass spectrometry to analyze these activities in vitro, the dehydration is shown to take place by a distributive mechanism, with build-up of intermediates observed in electrospray mass spectra. The cyclization activity of HalM2 was monitored through alkylation of free cysteines in intermediates, providing access to the regioselectivity of lanthionine ring formation using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. HalM2 is shown to catalyze the cyclization process in a largely N- to C-terminal directional fashion, forming a total of four lanthionine rings in its HalA2 substrate. These studies advance a model for lantibiotic production where substrate binding via an N-terminal leader results in dehydration and cyclization on similar time scales and with a high, though not strict, propensity for N-to-C directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Violet Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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58
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Oman TJ, van der Donk WA. Insights into the mode of action of the two-peptide lantibiotic haloduracin. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:865-74. [PMID: 19678697 PMCID: PMC2812937 DOI: 10.1021/cb900194x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Haloduracin, a recently discovered two-peptide lantibiotic composed of the post-translationally modified peptides Halα and Halβ, is shown to have high potency against a range of Gram-positive bacteria and to inhibit spore outgrowth of Bacillus anthracis. The two peptides display optimal activity in a 1:1 stoichiometry and have efficacy similar to that of the commercially used lantibiotic nisin. However, haloduracin is more stable at pH 7 than nisin. Despite significant structural differences between the two peptides of haloduracin and those of the two-peptide lantibiotic lacticin 3147, these two systems show similarities in their mode of action. Like Ltnα, Halα binds to a target on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria, and like Ltnβ, the addition of Halβ results in pore formation and potassium efflux. Using Halα mutants, its B- and C-thioether rings are shown to be important but not required for bioactivity. A similar observation was made with mutants of Glu22, a residue that is highly conserved among several lipid II-binding lantibiotics such as mersacidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent J. Oman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Abstract
As the focus of synthesis increasingly shifts from its historical emphasis on molecular structure to function, improved strategies are clearly required for the generation of molecules with defined physical, chemical, and biological properties. In contrast, living organisms are remarkably adept at producing molecules and molecular assemblies with an impressive array of functions - from enzymes and antibodies to the photosynthetic center. Thus, the marriage of Nature's synthetic strategies, molecules, and biosynthetic machinery with more traditional synthetic approaches might enable the generation of molecules with properties difficult to achieve by chemical strategies alone. Here we illustrate the potential of this approach and overview some opportunities and challenges in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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60
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Dischinger J, Josten M, Szekat C, Sahl HG, Bierbaum G. Production of the novel two-peptide lantibiotic lichenicidin by Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6788. [PMID: 19707558 PMCID: PMC2727956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lantibiotics are small microbial peptide antibiotics that are characterized by the presence of the thioether amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Lantibiotics possess structural genes which encode inactive prepeptides. During maturation, the prepeptide undergoes posttranslational modifications including the introduction of rare amino acids as lanthionine and methyllanthione as well as the proteolytic removal of the leader. The structural gene (lanA) as well as the other genes which are involved in lantibiotic modification (lanM, lanB, lanC, lanP), regulation (lanR, lanK), export (lanT(P)) and immunity (lanEFG) are organized in biosynthetic gene clusters. Methodology/Principal Findings Sequence comparisons in the NCBI database showed that Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13 harbours a putative lantibiotic gene cluster which comprises two structural genes (licA1, licA2) and two modification enzymes (licM1, licM2) in addition to 10 ORFs that show sequence similarities to proteins involved in lantibiotic production. A heat labile antimicrobial activity was detected in the culture supernatant and a heat stabile activity was present in the isopropanol cell wash extract of this strain. In agar well diffusion assays both fractions exhibited slightly different activity spectra against Gram-positive bacteria. In order to demonstrate the connection between the lantibiotic gene cluster and one of the antibacterial activities, two Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13 mutant strains harbouring insertions in the structural genes of the modification enzymes licM1 and licM2 were constructed. These strains were characterized by a loss of activity in the isopropanol extract and substractive MALDI-TOF predicted masses of 3020.6 Da and 3250.6 Da for the active peptides. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, B. licheniformis DSM 13 produces an antimicrobial substance that represents the two-peptide lantibiotic lichenicidin and that shows activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dischinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaele Josten
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Szekat
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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61
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Deegan LH, Suda S, Lawton EM, Draper LA, Hugenholtz F, Peschel A, Hill C, Cotter PD, Ross RP. Manipulation of charged residues within the two-peptide lantibiotic lacticin 3147. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 3:222-34. [PMID: 21255322 PMCID: PMC3836577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are antimicrobial peptides which contain a high percentage of post-translationally modified residues. While most attention has been paid to the role of these critical structural features, evidence continues to emerge that charged amino acids also play a key role in these peptides. Here 16 'charge' mutants of the two-peptide lantibiotic lacticin 3147 [composed of Ltnα (2+, 2-) and Ltnβ (2+)] were constructed which, when supplemented with previously generated peptides, results in a total bank of 23 derivatives altered in one or more charged residues. When examined individually, in combination with a wild-type partner or, in some instances, in combination with one another, these mutants reveal the importance of charge at specific locations within Ltnα and Ltnβ, confirm the critical role of the negatively charged glutamate residue in Ltnα and facilitate an investigation of the contribution of positively charged residues to the cationic Ltnβ. From these investigations it is also apparent that the relative importance of the overall charge of lacticin 3147 varies depending on the target bacteria and is most evident when strains with more negatively charged cell envelopes are targeted. These studies also result in, for the first time, the creation of a derivative of a lacticin 3147 peptide (LtnβR27A) which displays enhanced specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Deegan
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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62
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Appleyard AN, Choi S, Read DM, Lightfoot A, Boakes S, Hoffmann A, Chopra I, Bierbaum G, Rudd BA, Dawson MJ, Cortes J. Dissecting structural and functional diversity of the lantibiotic mersacidin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:490-8. [PMID: 19477413 PMCID: PMC2706954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mersacidin is a tetracyclic lantibiotic with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens. To probe the specificity of the biosynthetic pathway of mersacidin and obtain analogs with improved antibacterial activity, an efficient system for generating variants of this lantibiotic was developed. A saturation mutagenesis library of the residues of mersacidin not involved in cycle formation was constructed and used to validate this system. Mersacidin analogs were obtained in good yield in approximately 35% of the cases, producing a collection of 82 new compounds. This system was also used for the production of deletion and insertion mutants of mersacidin. The outcome of these studies suggests that this system can be extended to produce mersacidin variants with multiple changes that will allow a full investigation of the potential use of modified mersacidins as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony N. Appleyard
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Shaila Choi
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Daniel M. Read
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Ann Lightfoot
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven Boakes
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie, Universität Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ian Chopra
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie, Universität Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brian A.M. Rudd
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Michael J. Dawson
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Jesus Cortes
- Novacta Biosystems Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
- Corresponding author
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63
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Li JWH, Vederas JC. Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier? Science 2009; 325:161-5. [PMID: 19589993 DOI: 10.1126/science.1168243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1283] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the majority of new drugs have been generated from natural products (secondary metabolites) and from compounds derived from natural products. During the past 15 years, pharmaceutical industry research into natural products has declined, in part because of an emphasis on high-throughput screening of synthetic libraries. Currently there is substantial decline in new drug approvals and impending loss of patent protection for important medicines. However, untapped biological resources, "smart screening" methods, robotic separation with structural analysis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology offer exciting technologies for new natural product drug discovery. Advances in rapid genetic sequencing, coupled with manipulation of biosynthetic pathways, may provide a vast resource for the future discovery of pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W-H Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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64
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Boakes S, Cortés J, Appleyard AN, Rudd BAM, Dawson MJ. Organization of the genes encoding the biosynthesis of actagardine and engineering of a variant generation system. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:1126-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Influence of Ca(2+) ions on the activity of lantibiotics containing a mersacidin-like lipid II binding motif. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4427-34. [PMID: 19429551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00262-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mersacidin binds to lipid II and thus blocks the transglycosylation step of the cell wall biosynthesis. Binding of lipid II involves a special motif, the so-called mersacidin-lipid II binding motif, which is conserved in a major subgroup of lantibiotics. We analyzed the role of Ca(2+) ions in the mode of action of mersacidin and some related peptides containing a mersacidin-like lipid II binding motif. We found that the stimulating effect of Ca(2+) ions on the antimicrobial activity known for mersacidin also applies to plantaricin C and lacticin 3147. Ca(2+) ions appear to facilitate the interaction of the lantibiotics with the bacterial membrane and with lipid II rather than being an essential part of a peptide-lipid II complex. In the case of lacticin 481, both the interaction with lipid II and the antimicrobial activity were Ca(2+) independent.
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Maffioli SI, Potenza D, Vasile F, De Matteo M, Sosio M, Marsiglia B, Rizzo V, Scolastico C, Donadio S. Structure revision of the lantibiotic 97518. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:605-607. [PMID: 19301921 DOI: 10.1021/np800794y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The lantibiotic 97518, produced by a Planomonospora sp., was reported as a 2194 Da polypeptide comprising 24 amino acid residues with five thioether bridges. It was assigned to the mersacidin subgroup of type B lantibiotics by Castiglione et al. (Biochemistry 2007, 46, 5884-5897) and named planosporicin. New analytical, chemical, and genetic data and reinterpretation of the published NMR chemical shifts enable structure revision of 97518. The resulting revision of the 97518 structure involves both a shift of two amino acids and a reorganization of two thioether bridges. With this revision, the lantibiotic 97518 becomes a clear member of the nisin subgroup of compounds.
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Levengood MR, Kerwood CC, Chatterjee C, van der Donk WA. Investigation of the substrate specificity of lacticin 481 synthetase by using nonproteinogenic amino acids. Chembiochem 2009; 10:911-9. [PMID: 19222036 PMCID: PMC2737179 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are peptide antimicrobial compounds that are characterized by the thioether-bridged amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. For lacticin 481, these structures are installed in a two-step post-translational modification process by a bifunctional enzyme, lacticin 481 synthetase (LctM). LctM catalyzes the dehydration of Ser and Thr residues to generate dehydroalanine or dehydrobutyrine, respectively, and the subsequent intramolecular regio- and stereospecific Michael-type addition of cysteines onto the dehydroamino acids. In this study, semisynthetic substrates containing nonproteinogenic amino acids were prepared by expressed protein ligation and [3+2]-cycloaddition of azide and alkyne-functionalized peptides. LctM demonstrated broad substrate specificity toward substrates containing beta-amino acids, D-amino acids, and N-alkyl amino acids (peptoids) in certain regions of its peptide substrate. These findings showcase its promise for use in lantibiotic and peptide-engineering applications, whereby nonproteinogenic amino acids might impart improved stability or modulated biological activities. Furthermore, LctM permitted the incorporation of an alkyne-containing amino acid that can be utilized for the site-selective modification of mature lantibiotics and used in target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- M.R. Levengood, C.C. Kerwood, C. Chatterjee, Prof. W.A. van der Donk Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 Fax: (217) 244-8533 E-mail:
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Novel mechanism for nisin resistance via proteolytic degradation of nisin by the nisin resistance protein NSR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1964-73. [PMID: 19273681 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01382-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a 34-residue antibacterial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis that is active against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria. In non-nisin-producing L. lactis, nisin resistance could be conferred by a specific nisin resistance gene (nsr), which encodes a 35-kDa nisin resistance protein (NSR). However, the mechanism underlying NSR-mediated nisin resistance is poorly understood. Here we demonstrated that the protein without the predicted N-terminal signal peptide sequence, i.e., NSRSD, could proteolytically inactivate nisin in vitro by removing six amino acids from the carboxyl "tail" of nisin. The truncated nisin (nisin(1-28)) displayed a markedly reduced affinity for the cell membrane and showed significantly diminished pore-forming potency in the membrane. A 100-fold reduction of bactericidal activity was detected for nisin(1-28) in comparison to that for the intact nisin. In vivo analysis indicated that NSR localized on the cell membrane and endowed host strains with nisin resistance by degrading nisin as NSRSD did in vitro, whereas NSRSD failed to confer resistance upon the host strain. In conclusion, we showed that NSR is a nisin-degrading protease. This NSR-mediated proteolytic cleavage represents a novel mechanism for nisin resistance in non-nisin-producing L. lactis.
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Li B, Cooper LE, van der Donk WA. Chapter 21 In Vitro Studies of Lantibiotic Biosynthesis. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:533-58. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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