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Whalley LD, Frost JM, Jung YK, Walsh A. Perspective: Theory and simulation of hybrid halide perovskites. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:220901. [PMID: 29166078 PMCID: PMC5464957 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskites present a number of challenges for first-principles atomistic materials modeling. Such "plastic crystals" feature dynamic processes across multiple length and time scales. These include the following: (i) transport of slow ions and fast electrons; (ii) highly anharmonic lattice dynamics with short phonon lifetimes; (iii) local symmetry breaking of the average crystallographic space group; (iv) strong relativistic (spin-orbit coupling) effects on the electronic band structure; and (v) thermodynamic metastability and rapid chemical breakdown. These issues, which affect the operation of solar cells, are outlined in this perspective. We also discuss general guidelines for performing quantitative and predictive simulations of these materials, which are relevant to metal-organic frameworks and other hybrid semiconducting, dielectric and ferroelectric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Whalley
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Young-Kwang Jung
- Global EInstitute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Hendon C, Butler KT, Ganose AM, Román-Leshkov Y, Scanlon DO, Ozin GA, Walsh A. Electroactive Nanoporous Metal Oxides and Chalcogenides by Chemical Design. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:3663-3670. [PMID: 28572706 PMCID: PMC5445719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The archetypal silica- and aluminosilicate-based zeolite-type materials are renowned for wide-ranging applications in heterogeneous catalysis, gas-separation and ion-exchange. Their compositional space can be expanded to include nanoporous metal chalcogenides, exemplified by germanium and tin sulfides and selenides. By comparison with the properties of bulk metal dichalcogenides and their 2D derivatives, these open-framework analogues may be viewed as three-dimensional semiconductors filled with nanometer voids. Applications exist in a range of molecule size and shape discriminating devices. However, what is the electronic structure of nanoporous metal chalcogenides? Herein, materials modeling is used to describe the properties of a homologous series of nanoporous metal chalcogenides denoted np-MX2, where M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, and X = O, S, Se, Te, with Sodalite, LTA and aluminum chromium phosphate-1 structure types. Depending on the choice of metal and anion their properties can be tuned from insulators to semiconductors to metals with additional modification achieved through doping, solid solutions, and inclusion (with fullerene, quantum dots, and hole transport materials). These systems form the basis of a new branch of semiconductor nanochemistry in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
H. Hendon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United
Kingdom
| | - Keith T. Butler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United
Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Ganose
- Kathleen
Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David O. Scanlon
- Kathleen
Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey A. Ozin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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53
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Butler KT, Hendon CH, Walsh A. Designing porous electronic thin-film devices: band offsets and heteroepitaxy. Faraday Discuss 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00019g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of electrically active porous framework materials are being reported, with conductivities that make them attractive for technological applications. As design strategies for efficient carrier transport emerge, the next challenge is to incorporate the materials into a functioning device. In thin-film devices interface effects are of critical importance to overall function. In this article we present a method to identify compatible materials combinations to achieve mechanically robust, electronically optimal pairings. The computational screening is based on a two-step procedure: (i) matching of lattice constants to ensure interfaces with minimal epitaxial strain and therefore maximal mechanical and chemical stability; (ii) matching of absolute electron energies to construct energy-band-alignment diagrams, which can be used to screen for particular electronic applications. We apply the methodology to search for zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) type materials that are compatible with native metal electrodes. The procedure allows us to predict simple routes for electrochemical deposition of ZIFs for application as conductive porous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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54
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Blumenthal L, Kahk JM, Sundararaman R, Tangney P, Lischner J. Energy level alignment at semiconductor–water interfaces from atomistic and continuum solvation models. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient electronic energy level alignment at solid–liquid interfaces with continuum solvation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Blumenthal
- Imperial College London
- Department of Physics
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials
| | - Juhan Matthias Kahk
- Imperial College London
- Department of Materials
- Royal School of Mines
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | | | - Paul Tangney
- Imperial College London
- Department of Physics
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Imperial College London
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Imperial College London
- Department of Physics
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Imperial College London
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55
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Evans JD, Jelfs KE, Day GM, Doonan CJ. Application of computational methods to the design and characterisation of porous molecular materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:3286-3301. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Composed from discrete units, porous molecular materials (PMMs) possess properties not observed for conventional, extended solids. Molecular simulations provide crucial understanding for the design and characterisation of these unique materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Evans
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- London
- UK
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
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