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Sadaoka S, Yagami K, Maki S. Nicotine in cigarettes promotes chromogranin A production by human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1029-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ertugrul AS, Sahin H, Dikilitas A, Alpaslan NZ, Bozoğlan A, Tekin Y. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of human beta-defensin-2 and cathelicidin in smoker and non-smoker patients: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:282-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Ertugrul
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - H. Sahin
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - A. Dikilitas
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - N. Z. Alpaslan
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - A. Bozoğlan
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - Y. Tekin
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
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Gene expression of human beta defensins-1 and -2 is significantly reduced in non-inflamed keratinized oral tissue of smokers. J Dent 2012; 40:949-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Curtis BJ, Plichta JK, Blatt H, Droho S, Griffin TM, Radek KA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation impairs epidermal permeability barrier function and recovery and modulates cornified envelope proteins. Life Sci 2012; 91:1070-6. [PMID: 22940618 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize how nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) influence epidermal barrier function and recovery following prolonged stress or direct nAChR activation or antagonism. MAIN METHODS Mice were subjected to psychological stress or treated topically with nAChR agonist or antagonist for 3 days. We assessed barrier permeability and recovery by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) before and after barrier disruption. In parallel, we analyzed the production and localization of several epidermal cornified envelope proteins in mouse skin and in human EpiDerm™ organotypic constructs stimulated with a nAChR agonist (nicotine) and/or a nAChR selective antagonist (α-bungarotoxin). KEY FINDINGS We determined that psychological stress in mice impairs barrier permeability function and recovery, an effect that is reversed by application of the α7 selective nAChR antagonist, α-bungarotoxin (Bung). In the absence of stress, both topical nicotine or Bung treatment alone impaired barrier permeability. We further observed that stress, topical nicotine, or topical Bung treatment in mice influenced the abundance and/or localization of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin. Similar alterations in these three major cornified envelope proteins were observed in human EpiDerm™ cultures. SIGNIFICANCE Perceived psychological stress and nicotine usage can both initiate or exacerbate several dermatoses by altering the cutaneous permeability barrier. Modulation of nAChRs by topical agonists or antagonists may be used to improve epidermal barrier function in skin diseases associated with defects in epidermal barrier permeability.
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Zahs A, Cook RT, Waldschimdt TJ, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ, Bird MD. Alcohol and inflammation and infection: clinical and experimental systems--summary of the 2010 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group Meeting. Alcohol 2012; 46:147-53. [PMID: 21917410 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 15th annual meeting of the Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group was held on November 19, 2010, at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, IL. This year, the focus of the meeting was on alcohol's effect on the immune system in both clinical and experimental systems. The event consisted of three sessions, which featured plenary talks from invited speakers along with oral presentations from selected abstracts, in addition to a poster session. Participants presented a variety of information on ethanol-induced effects on infection susceptibility and resolution, oxidative stress, and organ inflammation. Specifically, speakers presented new insights on the mechanism of alcohol-mediated deleterious effects in the lung, liver, skin, and neuroendocrine system, as well as on immune cells in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Additional oral presentations suggested possible mechanisms of how alcohol-induced reactive oxygen species promote immune dysregulation both locally and systemically.
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Abstract
During embryonic development, the skin, the largest organ of the human body, and nervous system are both derived from the neuroectoderm. Consequently, several key factors and mechanisms that influence and control central or peripheral nervous system activities are also present and hence involved in various regulatory mechanisms of the skin. Apparently, this is the case for the ion and non-ion selective channels as well. Therefore, in this review, we shall focus on delineating the regulatory roles of the channels in skin physiology and pathophysiology. First, we introduce key cutaneous functions and major characteristics of the channels in question. Then, we systematically detail the involvement of a multitude of channels in such skin processes (e.g. skin barrier formation, maintenance, and repair, immune mechanisms, exocrine secretion) which are mostly defined by cutaneous non-neuronal cell populations. Finally, we close by summarizing data suggesting that selected channels are also involved in skin diseases such as e.g. atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, non-melanoma cancers and malignant melanoma, genetic and autoimmune diseases, etc., as well as in skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Oláh
- DE-MTA Lendület Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Chi F, Wang L, Zheng X, Wu CH, Jong A, Sheard MA, Shi W, Huang SH. Meningitic Escherichia coli K1 penetration and neutrophil transmigration across the blood-brain barrier are modulated by alpha7 nicotinic receptor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25016. [PMID: 21966399 PMCID: PMC3178609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), an essential regulator of inflammation, is abundantly expressed in hippocampal neurons, which are vulnerable to bacterial meningitis. However, it is unknown whether α7 nAChR contributes to the regulation of these events. In this report, an aggravating role of α7 nAChR in host defense against meningitic E. coli infection was demonstrated by using α7-deficient (α7(-/-)) mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and animal model systems. As shown in our in vitro and in vivo studies, E. coli K1 invasion and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) transmigration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were significantly reduced in α7(-/-) BMEC and α7(-/-) mice. Stimulation by nicotine was abolished in the α7(-/-) cells and animals. The same blocking effect was achieved by methyllycaconitine (α7 antagonist). The tight junction molecules occludin and ZO-1 were significantly reduced in the brain cortex of wildtype mice infected with E. coli and treated with nicotine, compared to α7(-/-) cells and animals. Decreased neuronal injury in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was observed in α7(-/-) mice with meningitis. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES) and adhesion molecules (CD44 and ICAM-1) were significantly reduced in the cerebrospinal fluids of the α7(-/-) mice with E. coli meningitis. Furthermore, α7 nAChR is the major calcium channel for nicotine- and E. coli K1-increased intracellular calcium concentrations of mouse BMEC. Taken together, our data suggest that α7 nAChR plays a detrimental role in the host defense against meningitic infection by modulation of pathogen invasion, PMN recruitment, calcium signaling and neuronal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueye Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chun-Hua Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ambrose Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Sheard
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sheng-He Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Cholinergic regulation of keratinocyte innate immunity and permeability barrier integrity: new perspectives in epidermal immunity and disease. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:28-42. [PMID: 21918536 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several cutaneous inflammatory diseases and their clinical phenotypes are recapitulated in animal models of skin disease. However, the identification of shared pathways for disease progression is limited by the ability to delineate the complex biochemical processes fundamental for development of the disease. Identifying common signaling pathways that contribute to cutaneous inflammation and immune function will facilitate better scientific and therapeutic strategies to span a variety of inflammatory skin diseases. Aberrant antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression and activity is one mechanism behind the development and severity of several inflammatory skin diseases and directly influences the susceptibility of skin to microbial infections. Our studies have recently exposed a newly identified pathway for negative regulation of AMPs in the skin by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway via acetylcholine (ACh). The role of ACh in AMP regulation of immune and permeability barrier function in keratinocytes is reviewed, and the importance for a better comprehension of cutaneous disease progression by cholinergic signaling is discussed.
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Abstract
Two critical defensive functions of the outer epidermis, the permeability barrier and antimicrobial defense, share certain structural and biochemical features. Moreover, 3antimicrobial peptides (AMP); i.e., mouse beta-defensin 3 (mBD3), mouse cathelicidin protein (mCAMP), and the neuroendocrine peptide, catestatin, all localize to the outer epidermis, and both mBD3 and mCAMP are secreted from epidermal lamellar bodies with other organelle contents that subserve the permeability barrier. These 3 AMP are up-regulated in response to acute permeability barrier disruption, while conversely, mCAMP−/− mice (unable to combatgram-positive pathogens) also display abnormal barrier homeostasis. To determine further whether these two functions are co-regulated, we investigated changes in immunostaining for these 3 AMP in skin samples in which permeability barrier function in mice had been either compromised or enhanced. Compromised or enhanced barrier function correlated with reduced or enhanced immunohistochemical expression of mCAMP, respectively, but conversely with Cst expression likely due to the role of this AMP as an endogenous inhibitor of cathelicidin expression. mBD3 expression correlated with experimental barrier perturbations, but poorly with developmental changes in barrier function. These studies show that changes in cathelicidin and Cst expression parallel changes in permeability barrier status, with a less clear relationship with mBD3 expression.
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Maróti G, Kereszt A, Kondorosi E, Mergaert P. Natural roles of antimicrobial peptides in microbes, plants and animals. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:363-74. [PMID: 21320593 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ribosomally synthesized natural antibiotics that are crucial effectors of innate immune systems in all living organisms. AMPs are diverse peptides, differing in their amino acid composition and structure, that generally display rapid killing and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Therefore, AMPs have high potential for therapeutic use in healthcare and agriculture. This review focuses on in vivo studies relating how organisms - bacteria, plants, insects and mammals - employ AMPs in their interactions with microbial competitors, pathogens and symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Maróti
- Institute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research, Derkovits fasor 2, Szeged 6726, Hungary.
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Tymkiw KD, Thunell DH, Johnson GK, Joly S, Burnell KK, Cavanaugh JE, Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM. Influence of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in severe chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 38:219-28. [PMID: 21198766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare the expression of 22 chemokines and cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally healthy control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty subjects with generalized severe chronic periodontitis (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) and 12 periodontally healthy control subjects participated in this study. Four diseased and two healthy sites were selected from each of the periodontitis subjects. GCF samples were collected and cytokines analysed utilizing a multiplexed immunoassay (Luminex(®) ). Statistical analyses employed non-parametric tests including the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests. RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, GCF in subjects with chronic periodontitis contained significantly higher amounts of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12(p40) (pro-inflammatory cytokines); IL-8, macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (chemokines); IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4 (Th1/Th2 cytokines); IL-15 [regulator of T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells]. Smokers displayed decreased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12(p40)], chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1, RANTES), and regulators of T-cells and NK cells (IL-7, IL-15). CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis subjects had significantly elevated cytokine and chemokine profiles. Smokers exhibited a decrease in several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and certain regulators of T-cells and NK-cells. This reflects the immunosuppressant effects of smoking which may contribute to an enhanced susceptibility to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelen D Tymkiw
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
Cathelicidin peptides play key roles in host responses to infection. Radek and colleagues (2010) demonstrate that the nicotinic acetylcholine system, activated during stress, suppresses production of mouse cathelicidin, increasing host susceptibility to the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. This suggests a distinct way by which the endocrine system regulates innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Mayer
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Molloy S. The stress connection. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:382. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Molloy S. The stress connection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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