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Andrews NW, Almeida PE, Corrotte M. Damage control: cellular mechanisms of plasma membrane repair. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:734-42. [PMID: 25150593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When wounded, eukaryotic cells reseal in a few seconds. Ca(2+) influx induces exocytosis of lysosomes, a process previously thought to promote repair by 'patching' wounds. New evidence suggests that resealing involves direct wound removal. Exocytosis of lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) triggers endocytosis of lesions followed by intracellular degradation. Characterization of injury-induced endosomes revealed a role for caveolae, sphingolipid-enriched plasma membrane invaginations that internalize toxin pores and are abundant in mechanically stressed cells. These findings provide a novel mechanistic explanation for the muscle pathology associated with mutations in caveolar proteins. Membrane remodeling by the ESCRT complex was also recently shown to participate in small-wound repair, emphasizing that cell resealing involves previously unrecognized mechanisms for lesion removal that are distinct from the patch model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA.
| | - Patricia E Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA; Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matthias Corrotte
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
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52
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Yau WL, Pescher P, MacDonald A, Hem S, Zander D, Retzlaff S, Blisnick T, Rotureau B, Rosenqvist H, Wiese M, Bastin P, Clos J, Späth GF. The Leishmania donovani chaperone cyclophilin 40 is essential for intracellular infection independent of its stage-specific phosphorylation status. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:80-97. [PMID: 24811325 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During its life cycle, the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani is exposed to contrasting environments inside insect vector and vertebrate host, to which the parasite must adapt for extra- and intracellular survival. Combining null mutant analysis with phosphorylation site-specific mutagenesis and functional complementation we genetically tested the requirement of the L. donovani chaperone cyclophilin 40 (LdCyP40) for infection. Targeted replacement of LdCyP40 had no effect on parasite viability, axenic amastigote differentiation, and resistance to various forms of environmental stress in culture, suggesting important functional redundancy to other parasite chaperones. However, ultrastructural analyses and video microscopy of cyp40-/- promastigotes uncovered important defects in cell shape, organization of the subpellicular tubulin network and motility at stationary growth phase. More importantly, cyp40-/- parasites were unable to establish intracellular infection in murine macrophages and were eliminated during the first 24 h post infection. Surprisingly, cyp40-/- infectivity was restored in complemented parasites expressing a CyP40 mutant of the unique S274 phosphorylation site. Together our data reveal non-redundant CyP40 functions in parasite cytoskeletal remodelling relevant for the development of infectious parasites in vitro independent of its phosphorylation status, and provide a framework for the genetic analysis of Leishmania-specific phosphorylation sites and their role in regulating parasite protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Lok Yau
- Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2581, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, 25 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France; Clos Group (Leishmanasis), Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
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An historical perspective on how advances in microscopic imaging contributed to understanding the Leishmania Spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi host-parasite relationship. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:565291. [PMID: 24877115 PMCID: PMC4022312 DOI: 10.1155/2014/565291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The literature has identified complex aspects of intracellular host-parasite relationships, which require systematic, nonreductionist approaches and spatial/temporal information. Increasing and integrating temporal and spatial dimensions in host cell imaging have contributed to elucidating several conceptual gaps in the biology of intracellular parasites. To access and investigate complex and emergent dynamic events, it is mandatory to follow them in the context of living cells and organs, constructing scientific images with integrated high quality spatiotemporal data. This review discusses examples of how advances in microscopy have challenged established conceptual models of the intracellular life cycles of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan parasites.
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54
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Reignault LC, Barrias ES, Soares Medeiros LC, de Souza W, de Carvalho TMU. Structures containing galectin-3 are recruited to the parasitophorous vacuole containing Trypanosoma cruzi in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2323-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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55
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Forestier CL. Imaging host-Leishmania interactions: significance in visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 35:256-66. [PMID: 23772814 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that is associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral infections, which primarily depends on the parasite species. In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), as opposed to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), parasites that infect host cells at the sand fly bite site have the striking ability to disseminate to visceral organs where they proliferate and persist for long periods of time. Imaging the dynamics of the host-Leishmania interaction in VL provides a powerful approach to understanding the mechanisms underlying host cell invasion, Leishmania dissemination and persistence within visceral organs and, to dissecting the immune responses to infection. Therefore, by allowing the visualization of the critical steps involved in the pathogenesis of VL, state-of-the-art microscopy technologies have the great potential to aid in the identification of better intervention strategies for this devastating disease. In this review, we emphasize the current knowledge and the potential significance of imaging technologies in understanding the infection process of visceralizing Leishmania species. Then, we discuss how application of innovative microscopy technologies to the study of VL will provide rich opportunities for investigating host-parasite interactions at a previously unexplored level and elucidating visceral disease-promoting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Forestier
- INSERM U1095, URMITE-UMR CNRS 7278, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.
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56
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Filardy AA, Costa-da-Silva AC, Koeller CM, Guimarães-Pinto K, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Lopes MF, Heise N, Freire-de-Lima CG, Nunes MP, DosReis GA. Infection with Leishmania major induces a cellular stress response in macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85715. [PMID: 24416445 PMCID: PMC3887094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated early cellular responses induced by infection with Leishmania major in macrophages from resistant C57/BL6 mice. Infection increased production of reactive oxygen species by resident, but not inflammatory peritoneal macrophages. In addition, infection increased activation of stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) in resident, but not in inflammatory peritoneal macrophages. Infection also increased expression of membrane and soluble FasL, but infected macrophages remained viable after 48 h. Infection increased secretion of cytokines/chemokines TNF-α, IL-6, TIMP-1, IL-1RA, G-CSF, TREM, KC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, and MIP-2 in resident macrophages. Addition of antioxidants deferoxamine and N-acetylcysteine reduced ROS generation and JNK activation. Addition of antioxidants or JNK inhibitor SP600125 reduced secretion of KC. Furthermore, treatment with antioxidants or JNK inhibitor also reduced intracellular parasite replication. These results indicated that infection triggers a rapid cellular stress response in resident macrophages which induces proinflammatory signals, but is also involved in parasite survival and replication in host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra A. Filardy
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina M. Koeller
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamila Guimarães-Pinto
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia L. Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcela F. Lopes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Norton Heise
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio G. Freire-de-Lima
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marise P. Nunes
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - George A. DosReis
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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57
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Jain K, Jain NK. Novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Lefebvre M, Tetaud E, Thonnus M, Salin B, Boissier F, Blancard C, Sauvanet C, Metzler C, Espiau B, Sahin A, Merlin G. LdFlabarin, a new BAR domain membrane protein of Leishmania flagellum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76380. [PMID: 24086735 PMCID: PMC3785460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the Leishmania life cycle, the flagellum undergoes successive assembly and disassembly of hundreds of proteins. Understanding these processes necessitates the study of individual components. Here, we investigated LdFlabarin, an uncharacterized L. donovani flagellar protein. The gene is conserved within the Leishmania genus and orthologous genes only exist in the Trypanosoma genus. LdFlabarin associates with the flagellar plasma membrane, extending from the base to the tip of the flagellum as a helicoidal structure. Site-directed mutagenesis, deletions and chimera constructs showed that LdFlabarin flagellar addressing necessitates three determinants: an N-terminal potential acylation site and a central BAR domain for membrane targeting and the C-terminal domain for flagellar specificity. In vitro, the protein spontaneously associates with liposomes, triggering tubule formation, which suggests a structural/morphogenetic function. LdFlabarin is the first characterized Leishmania BAR domain protein, and the first flagellum-specific BAR domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Lefebvre
- CNRS UMR 5290, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Colombière, Montpellier, France
- IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- CNRS UMR 5095, Institut de Biochimie Génétique et Cellulaire, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Magali Thonnus
- CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- CNRS UMR 5095, Institut de Biochimie Génétique et Cellulaire, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Boissier
- CNRS UMR 5095, Institut de Biochimie Génétique et Cellulaire, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Blancard
- CNRS UMR 5095, Institut de Biochimie Génétique et Cellulaire, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Sauvanet
- CNRS UMR 5095, Institut de Biochimie Génétique et Cellulaire, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Benoît Espiau
- CNRS-EPHE USR 3278, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française
| | - Annelise Sahin
- CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Merlin
- CNRS UMR 5290, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Colombière, Montpellier, France
- IRD 224, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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59
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Price HP, Paape D, Hodgkinson MR, Farrant K, Doehl J, Stark M, Smith DF. The Leishmania major BBSome subunit BBS1 is essential for parasite virulence in the mammalian host. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:597-611. [PMID: 23998526 PMCID: PMC3916885 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a human genetic disorder with a spectrum of symptoms caused by primary cilium dysfunction. The disease is caused by mutations in one of at least 17 identified genes, of which seven encode subunits of the BBSome, a protein complex required for specific trafficking events to and from the primary cilium. The molecular mechanisms associated with BBSome function remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we generated null and complemented mutants of the BBSome subunit BBS1 in the protozoan parasite, Leishmania. In the absence of BBS1, extracellular parasites have no apparent defects in growth, flagellum assembly, motility or differentiation in vitro but there is accumulation of vacuole-like structures close to the flagellar pocket. Infectivity of these parasites for macrophages in vitro is reduced compared with wild-type controls but the null parasites retain the ability to differentiate to the intracellular amastigote stage. However, infectivity of BBS1 null parasites is severely compromised in a BALB/c mouse footpad model. We hypothesize that the absence of BBS1 in Leishmania leads to defects in specific trafficking events that affect parasite persistence in the host. This is the first report of an association between the BBSome complex and pathogen infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Price
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, UK
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60
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Díaz E, Köhidai L, Ríos A, Vanegas O, Silva A, Szabó R, Mező G, Hudecz F, Ponte-Sucre A. Leishmania braziliensis: cytotoxic, cytostatic and chemotactic effects of poly-lysine-methotrexate-conjugates. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:134-41. [PMID: 23816643 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemotactic responses play a significant role during Leishmania differentiation, as well as in the course of parasite-host-cell interaction, a process that precedes a successful infection. The present study uses the modified "two-chamber capillary assay" to quantitatively evaluate the chemotactic properties and the toxic activities of methotrexate containing branched chain polymeric polypeptide conjugates in Leishmania. Our results demonstrate that this methodology quantitatively determines the taxis of Leishmania towards/against gradients of compounds. They also demonstrate that chemotaxis produced by the polypeptide-methotrexate conjugates depends on specific chemical characteristics. For example, the N-terminal amino acid (Ser or Glu) location at the branch significantly influences the elicited chemotaxis. Furthermore, the use of different attachment sites in the methotrexate conjugates (α- or γ-carboxylic groups) affect their chemotactic activity. Specific cytotoxic activities and cytostatic effects of the conjugates on parasites and on murine and human cells of the macrophage/monocyte system respectively, suggest that these ligands may be used as a group of anti-Leishmania substances acting selectively on Leishmania and different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Díaz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Escuela Luis Razetti, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
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61
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Tsigankov P, Gherardini PF, Helmer-Citterich M, Späth GF, Zilberstein D. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Differentiating Leishmania Parasites Reveals a Unique Stage-Specific Phosphorylation Motif. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3405-12. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4002492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Center for Molecular Bioinformatics,
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Helmer-Citterich
- Center for Molecular Bioinformatics,
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA2581, Unité de Parasitology moléculaire
et Signalisation, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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62
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Apoptotic marker expression in the absence of cell death in staurosporine-treated Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:1252-61. [PMID: 23263009 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01983-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani undergoes several developmental transitions in its insect and vertebrate hosts that are induced by environmental changes. The roles of protein kinases in these adaptive differentiation steps and their potential as targets for antiparasitic intervention are only poorly characterized. Here, we used the generic protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine to gain insight into how interference with phosphotransferase activities affects the viability, growth, and motility of L. donovani promastigotes in vitro. Unlike the nonkinase drugs miltefosine and amphotericin B, staurosporine strongly reduced parasite biosynthetic activity and had a cytostatic rather than a cytotoxic effect. Despite the induction of a number of classical apoptotic markers, including caspase-like activity and surface binding of annexin V, we determined that, on the basis of cellular integrity, staurosporine did not cause cell death but caused cell cycle arrest and abrogated parasite motility. In contrast, targeted inhibition of the parasite casein kinase 1 (CK1) protein family by use of the CK1-specific inhibitor D4476 resulted in cell death. Thus, pleiotropic inhibition of L. donovani protein kinases and possibly other ATP-binding proteins by staurosporine dissociates apoptotic marker expression from cell death, which underscores the relevance of specific rather than broad kinase inhibitors for antiparasitic drug development.
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63
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Moradin N, Descoteaux A. Leishmania promastigotes: building a safe niche within macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:121. [PMID: 23050244 PMCID: PMC3445913 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon their internalization by macrophages, Leishmania promastigotes inhibit phagolysosome biogenesis. The main factor responsible for this inhibition is the promastigote surface glycolipid lipophosphoglycan (LPG). This glycolipid has a profound impact on the phagosome, causing periphagosomal accumulation of F-actin and disruption of phagosomal lipid microdomains. Functionally, this LPG-mediated inhibition of phagosome maturation is characterized by an impaired assembly of the NADPH oxidase and the exclusion of the vesicular proton-ATPase from phagosomes. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge concerning the nature of the intra-macrophage compartment in which Leishmania donovani promastigotes establish infection. We also describe how LPG enables this parasite to remodel the parasitophorous vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Moradin
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite Interactions Laval, QC, Canada
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64
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Canton J, Kima PE. Interactions of pathogen-containing compartments with the secretory pathway. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1676-86. [PMID: 22862745 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A subgroup of intracellular pathogens reside and replicate within membrane-bound compartments often termed pathogen-containing compartments (PCC). PCCs navigate around a wide range of host cell vesicles and organelles. In light of the perils of engaging with vesicles of the endocytic pathway, most PCCs modulate their interactions with endocytic vesicles while a few avoid those interactions. The secretory pathway constitutes another important grouping of vesicles and organelles in host cells. Although the negative consequences of engaging with the secretory pathway are not known, there is evidence that PCCs interact differentially with vesicles and organelles in this pathway as well. In this review, we consider three prokaryote pathogens and two protozoan parasites for which there is information on the interactions of their PCCs with the secretory pathway. Current understandings of the molecular interactions as well as the metabolic benefits that accompany those interactions are discussed. Not unexpectedly, our understanding of the extent of these interactions is variable. An underlying theme that is brought to the fore is that PCCs establish preferential interactions with distinct compartments of the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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65
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Ueno N, Wilson ME. Receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Leishmania: implications for intracellular survival. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:335-44. [PMID: 22726697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular promastigote stage of Leishmania spp. is transmitted to mammals by a sand fly vector. Leishmania promastigotes ligate host macrophage receptors, triggering phagocytosis and subsequent internalization, a crucial step for survival. Parasites transform intracellularly to the amastigote stage. Many studies document different receptors detecting promastigotes and amastigotes, but the relative importance of each interaction is ill-defined. Recent studies suggest that the macrophage receptors utilized during phagocytosis impact the intracellular fate of the parasite. This review summarizes the receptors implicated in Leishmania phagocytosis over the past 30 years. It then proceeds to weigh the evidence for or against their potential roles in intracellular parasite trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikiyo Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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66
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Abstract
SUMMARYLeishmaniaare obligatory intracellular parasitic protozoa that cycle between sand fly mid-gut and phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages. They have developed genetically programmed changes in gene and protein expression that enable rapid optimization of cell function according to vector and host environments. During the last two decades, host-free systems that mimic intra-lysosomal environments have been devised in which promastigotes differentiate into amastigotes axenically. These cultures have facilitated detailed investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlyingLeishmaniadevelopment inside its host. Axenic promastigotes and amastigotes have been subjected to transcriptome and proteomic analyses. Development had appeared somewhat variable but was revealed by proteomics to be strictly coordinated and regulated. Here we summarize the current understanding ofLeishmaniapromastigote to amastigote differentiation, highlighting the data generated by proteomics.
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67
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Zauli RC, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JK, Miguel DC, Moura AS, Pereira LI, da Silva IA, Lemes LG, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MA, Pitaluga AN, Ishikawa EA, Rodrigues JC, Traub-Cseko YM, Bijovsky AT, Ribeiro-Dias F, Uliana SR. A dysflagellar mutant of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:11. [PMID: 22236464 PMCID: PMC3271977 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasites of the Leishmania genus alternate between the flagellated extracellular promastigote stage and intracellular amastigotes. Here we report the characterization of a Leishmania isolate, obtained from a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient, which presents peculiar morphological features. Methods The parasite was cultured in vitro and characterized morphologically using optical and electron microscopy. Identification was performed based on monoclonal antibodies and internal ribosomal spacer typing. In vitro macrophage cultures, murine experimental models and sand fly infections were used to evaluate infectivity in vitro and in vivo. Results The isolate was identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. In the atypical promastigotes grown in culture, a short flagellum surrounded or interrupted by a protuberance of disorganized material was observed. A normal axoneme was present close to the basal body but without elongation much further outside the flagellar pocket. A disorganized swelling at the precocious end of the axoneme coincided with the lack of a paraflagellar rod structure. The isolate was able to infect macrophages in vitro, induce lesions in BALB/c mice and infect Lutzomyia longipalpis. Conclusions Notwithstanding the lack of an extracellular flagellum, this isolate infects macrophages in vitro and produces lesions when inoculated into mice. Moreover, it is able to colonize phlebotomine sand flies. Considering the importance attributed to the flagellum in the successful infection and survival of Leishmania in the insect midgut and in the invasion of macrophages, these findings may bring new light into the infectious mechanisms of L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogéria C Zauli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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68
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Loussert C, Forestier CL, Humbel BM. Correlative light and electron microscopy in parasite research. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 111:59-73. [PMID: 22857923 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416026-2.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of a parasite and a host cell is a complex process, which involves several steps: (1) attachment to the plasma membrane, (2) entry inside the host cell, and (3) hijacking of the metabolism of the host. In biochemical experiments, only an event averaged over the whole cell population can be analyzed. The power of microscopy, however, is to investigate individual events in individual cells. Therefore, parasitologists frequently perform experiments with fluorescence microscopy using different dyes to label structures of the parasite or the host cell. Though the resolution of light microscopy has greatly improved, it is not sufficient to reveal interactions at the ultrastructural level. Furthermore, only specifically labeled structures can be seen and related to each other. Here, we want to demonstrate the additional value of electron microscopy in this area of research. Investigation of the different steps of parasite-host cell interaction by electron microscopy, however, is often hampered by the fact that there are only a few cells infected, and therefore it is difficult to find enough cells to study. A solution is to profit from low magnification, hence large overview, and specific location of the players by fluorescence labels in a light microscope with the high power resolution and structural information provided by an electron microscope, in short by correlative light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Loussert
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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