51
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Wang J, Guo Z, Shen A, Yu L, Xiao Y, Xue X, Zhang X, Liang X. Hydrophilic-subtraction model for the characterization and comparison of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1398:29-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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52
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Matsuoka H, Yamakawa Y, Ghosh A, Saruwatari Y. Nanostructure and salt effect of zwitterionic carboxybetaine brush at the air/water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4827-4836. [PMID: 25867972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(ethylhexyl acrylate)-b-poly(carboxybetaine) (PEHA-b-PGLBT), was synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method with precise control of block length and polydispersity. The polymers thus obtained were spread onto the water surface to form a polymer monolayer. The fundamental property and nanostructure of the block copolymer monolayer were systematically studied by the surface pressure-molecular area (π-A) isotherm, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and X-ray reflectivity (XR) techniques. The π values of the monolayer increased by compression in relatively larger A regions. After showing a large plateau region by compression, the π value sharply increased at very small A regions, suggesting the formation of poly(GLBT) brush formation just beneath the water surface. The domain structure of μm size was observed by BAM in the plateau region. XR profiles for the monolayer at higher surface pressure regions clearly showed the PGLBT brush formation in addition to PGLBT carpet layer formation under the hydrophobic PEHA layer on the water surface, as was observed for both anionic and cationic brush layer in the water surface monolayer studied previously. The critical brush density, where the PGLBT brush is formed, was estimated to be about 0.30 chains/nm(2) for the (EHA)45-b-(GLBT)60 monolayer, which is relatively large compared to other ionic brushes. This observation is consistent with the fact that the origin of brush formation is mainly steric hindrance between brush chains. The brush thickness increased by compression and also by salt addition, unlike the normal ionic brush (anionic and cationic), whose thickness tended to decrease, i.e., shrink, by salt addition. This might be a character unique to the zwitterionic brush, and its origin is thought to be transition to an ionic nature from the almost nonionic inner salt caused by salt addition since both the cation and anion of the GLBT chain obtained counterions by the addition of salt. This stretching nature of the PGLBT brush depends on the ion species of the salt added, and it followed the Hofmeister series, i.e., more stretching in the order of Li(+) > Na(+) > K(+). However, it was rather insensitive to the anion species (Cl(-), Br(-), SCN(-)), which suggests that the carboxylic anion has a more dominant effect than the quaternized cation in GLBT although the former is a weak acid and the latter is believed to be a strong base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsuoka
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8610, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamakawa
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8610, Japan
| | - Arjun Ghosh
- †Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Saruwatari
- ‡Osaka Organic Chemical Industries Ltd., 7-20 Azuchi-Machi, 1-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan
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53
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Simultaneous analysis of multiple neurotransmitters by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1395:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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54
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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform for both small neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in blood, with automatic and robust solid phase extraction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9308. [PMID: 25791195 PMCID: PMC5380133 DOI: 10.1038/srep09308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons communicate via chemical signals called neurotransmitters (NTs). The numerous identified NTs can have very different physiochemical properties (solubility, charge, size etc.), so quantification of the various NT classes traditionally requires several analytical platforms/methodologies. We here report that a diverse range of NTs, e.g. peptides oxytocin and vasopressin, monoamines adrenaline and serotonin, and amino acid GABA, can be simultaneously identified/measured in small samples, using an analytical platform based on liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The automated platform is cost-efficient as manual sample preparation steps and one-time-use equipment are kept to a minimum. Zwitter-ionic HILIC stationary phases were used for both on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography (capillary format, cLC). This approach enabled compounds from all NT classes to elute in small volumes producing sharp and symmetric signals, and allowing precise quantifications of small samples, demonstrated with whole blood (100 microliters per sample). An additional robustness-enhancing feature is automatic filtration/filter back-flushing (AFFL), allowing hundreds of samples to be analyzed without any parts needing replacement. The platform can be installed by simple modification of a conventional LC-MS system.
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55
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Murugaboopathy S, Matsuoka H. Salt-dependent surface activity and micellization behaviour of zwitterionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers having carboxybetaine. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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56
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Yin W, Chai H, Liu R, Chu C, Palasota JA, Cai X. Click N-benzyl iminodiacetic acid: Novel silica-based tridentate zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Talanta 2015; 132:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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Adsorption of water from aqueous acetonitrile on silica-based stationary phases in aqueous normal-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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58
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Zhang R, Watson DG, Wang L, Westrop GD, Coombs GH, Zhang T. Evaluation of mobile phase characteristics on three zwitterionic columns in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode for liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolite profiling of Leishmania parasites. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Çelebi B, Özen B, Kip Ç, Tuncel A. A New Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography: Polyacrylate-Based Hydrophilic, Monosized-Porous Beads with Zwitterionic Molecular Brushes. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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60
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Schlenoff JB. Zwitteration: coating surfaces with zwitterionic functionality to reduce nonspecific adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9625-36. [PMID: 24754399 PMCID: PMC4140545 DOI: 10.1021/la500057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Coating surfaces with thin or thick films of zwitterionic material is an effective way to reduce or eliminate nonspecific adsorption to the solid/liquid interface. This review tracks the various approaches to zwitteration, such as monolayer assemblies and polymeric brush coatings, on micro- to macroscopic surfaces. A critical summary of the mechanisms responsible for antifouling shows how zwitterions are ideally suited to this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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61
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Zhang Z, Chen ML, Cheng XD, Shi ZG, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. A facile approach for the polymer grafting of silica based on tandem reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer/click chemistry and its application in high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1351:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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62
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Wei J, Shen A, Wan H, Yan J, Yang B, Guo Z, Zhang F, Liang X. Highly selective separation of aminoglycoside antibiotics on a zwitterionic Click TE-Cys column. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1781-7. [PMID: 24798626 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography has emerged as a valuable alternative approach to ion-pair chromatography for the separation of aminoglycoside antibiotics in recent years. However, the resolution of structurally related aminoglycosides is a great challenge owing to the limited selectivity. In this work, a cysteine-based zwitterionic stationary phase (named Click TE-Cys) was utilized and compared with five commonly used hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns. Click TE-Cys displayed much better selectivity for structurally similar aminoglycosides. The retention behaviors of aminoglycosides were investigated in detail, revealing that low pH (2.7 or 3.0) and high buffer concentration (≥50 mM) were preferable for achieving good peak shape and selectivity. Effective resolution of ten aminoglycosides including spectinomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin C1, gentamicin C2/C2a, gentamicin C1a, kanamycin, paromonycin, tobramycin, and neomycin was realized at optimized conditions. Additionally, spectinomycin and its related impurities were successfully resolved. The results indicated the great potential of the Click TE-Cys column in the separation of aminoglycoside mixtures and related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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63
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64
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Shrivastava S, Matsuoka H. Photoresponsive block copolymer: synthesis, characterization, and surface activity control. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3957-3966. [PMID: 24660828 DOI: 10.1021/la4049677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers bearing chromophores are used to achieve photoresponses upon exposure to suitable light, which alter molecular properties, but the photostimulus surface activity control of amphiphilic block copolymers remains to be elucidated. In this work, a series of novel amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of a carboxymethyl betaine monomer (called GLBT) and 4-ethoxy-4'-methacrylamide (EMAAB) with different block ratios have been synthesized using a reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization process. Copolymers were observed to be self-assembled in the aqueous solution above a critical micelle concentration, which was determined by static light scattering measurements and formed vesicles of 120-170 nm in diameter, at different pH values. Copolymers were found to be surface-active at pH 7 but exhibited non-surface activity at acidic and alkaline pH values. After being irradiated with 360 nm UV light, copolymers showed a significant photoresponse both at the surface and in bulk solution as a result of the photoinduced isomerization of azochromophores. The surface property of copolymers was significantly affected by UV irradiation at pH 7, and block copolymers became non-surface-active. The bulk properties changed considerably upon UV exposure where polymer vesicles transformed to micelles as a result of the polarity difference between two azo isomers (cis and trans isomers). All of these transitions were found to be reversible. A new method to control the surface active/nonactive and vesicle/micelle transitions by light and pH has been established by introducing an azobenzene chromophore and GLBT into amphiphlic diblock copolymers.
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65
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INOUE Y, YAMAMOTO A. Stationary Phases for the Separation of Reducing Sugars by Normal-Phase Partition Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2014. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2014.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori INOUE
- Adsep Business Promotion Dep., Nippon Filcon Co., LTD
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
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66
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Nemoto T, Lee XP, Kumazawa T, Hasegawa C, Fujishiro M, Marumo A, Shouji Y, Inagaki K, Sato K. High-throughput determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in human plasma by HILIC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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67
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Wang J, Jia W, Lin X, Wu X, Xie Z. Phenylalanine functionalized zwitterionic monolith for hydrophobic interaction electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3293-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Jia
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Xucong Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Zenghong Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
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68
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Gargano AF, Leek T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Mixed-mode chromatography with zwitterionic phosphopeptidomimetic selectors from Ugi multicomponent reaction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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69
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Shen A, Li X, Dong X, Wei J, Guo Z, Liang X. Glutathione-based zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction/cation-exchange mixed-mode chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1314:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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70
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Preparation of a Novel Amino-Phosphate Zwitterionic Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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71
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Yuan G, Peng Y, Liu Z, Hong J, Xiao Y, Guo J, Smith NW, Crommen J, Jiang Z. A facile and efficient strategy to enhance hydrophilicity of zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine type monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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72
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Peng XT, Liu T, Ji SX, Feng YQ. Preparation of a novel carboxyl stationary phase by "thiol-ene" click chemistry for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2571-7. [PMID: 23749722 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel carboxyl-bonded silica stationary phase was prepared by "thiol-ene" click chemistry. The resultant Thiol-Click-COOH phase was evaluated under hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mobile phase conditions. A comparison of the chromatographic performance of Thiol-Click-COOH and pure silica columns was performed according to the retention behaviors of analytes and the charged state of the stationary phases. The results indicated that the newly developed Thiol-Click-COOH column has a higher surface charge and stronger hydrophilicity than the pure silica column. Furthermore, the chromatographic behaviors of five nucleosides on the Thiol-Click-COOH phase were investigated in detail. Finally, a good separation of 13 nucleosides and bases, and four water-soluble vitamins was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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73
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Ruan J, Zuo X, Lang Q, Zeng Z, Li C. Preparation of a dibenzylated 1,4-diazacyclohexane-derived strong anion-exchange stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:77-84. [PMID: 23721810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the preparation of a novel, silica-based, strong anion-exchange stationary phase from a 1,4-diazacyclohexane derivative. To prepare the difunctional strong anion-exchange stationary phase, activated silica beads were first bonded with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane and then reacted with 1-methylpiperazine followed by benzyl chloride. The silica beads, the strong anion-exchange stationary phase and its precusors were instrumentally characterized. Aromatic acids were separated with non-aqueous anion-exchange chromatography. After elution with eluant prepared in mixed solvents of water and methanol, the resulting 1,4-diazacyclohexane-derived, difunctional, strong anion-exchange stationary phase exhibited good separation and selectivity for the aromatic acids investigated. The effects of eluant pH, eluant ion concentration and solvent composites on the separations were investigated. Organic acids with different substituents were eluted in order of decreasing dissociation coefficients, with no observable peak shape differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Ruan
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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74
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Wu ZY, Liu J, Shi H, Marriott PJ. The retention behaviour of amino acids in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography on zwitterionic stationary phases†. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2217-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ying Wu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Chemistry; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Contact Material Testing; Changzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Changzhou China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Contact Material Testing; Changzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Changzhou China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Contact Material Testing; Changzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Changzhou China
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science; School of Chemistry; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
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75
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Wahab MF, Ibrahim MEA, Lucy CA. Carboxylate modified porous graphitic carbon: a new class of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography phases. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5684-91. [PMID: 23701017 DOI: 10.1021/ac400350x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) are predominantly based on silica and polymer supports. We present porous graphitic carbon particles with covalently attached carboxylic acid groups (carboxylate-PGC) as a new HILIC stationary phase. PGC particles were modified by adsorbing the diazonium salt of 4-aminobenzoic acid onto the PGC, followed by reduction of the adsorbed salt with sodium borohydride. The newly developed carboxylate-PGC phase exhibits different selectivity than that of 35 HPLC columns, including bare silica, zwitterionic, amine, reversed, and unmodified PGC phases. Carboxylate-PGC is stable from pH 2.0 to 12.6, yielding reproducible retention even at pH 12.6. Characterization of the new phase is presented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, zeta potentials, and elemental analysis. The chromatographic performance of carboxylate-PGC as a HILIC phase is illustrated by separations of carboxylic acids, nucleotides, phenols, and amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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76
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Li J, Li Y, Chen T, Xu L, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang H. Preparation, chromatographic evaluation and comparison between linear peptide- and cyclopeptide-bonded stationary phases. Talanta 2013; 109:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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77
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Petruczynik A, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography in phytochemical analysis. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.25.2013.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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78
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Preparation and Characterization of the Neomycin-Bonded Silica Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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79
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Poly(triallyl isocyanurate–co-ethylene dimethacrylate–co-alkyl methacrylate) stationary phases in the chromatographic separation of hydrophilic solutes. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1272:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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80
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Utilization of a diol-stationary phase column in ion chromatographic separation of inorganic anions. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Qu Q, Yu XJ, Wu X, Shi F, Wang LL. Fast separation of hen egg white protein with a phosphorylcholine type zwitterionic ion chromatography stationary phase. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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82
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Liu Z, Peng Y, Wang T, Yuan G, Zhang Q, Guo J, Jiang Z. Preparation and application of novel zwitterionic monolithic column for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Guangxin Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Qiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
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83
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Bui NTH, Jiang W, Sparrman T, Irgum K. Synthesis of poly(N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide) functionalized porous silica for application in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Knut Irgum
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
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84
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Abstract
Multidimensional liquid chromatography (LC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) has become a standard technique in proteomics to reduce sample complexity and to tackle the dynamic range in protein abundance. Fractionation is necessary to obtain a comprehensive analysis of complex biological samples such as tissue and mammalian cell lines. However, extensive fractionation comes at the expense of sample loss, presenting a bottleneck in the analysis of limited amounts of material. In this protocol, we describe a two-dimensional chromatographic strategy based on a combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC; with a zwitterionic packing material, ZIC-cHILIC) and reversed-phase chromatography, which allows proteomic analyses with minimal sample loss. Experimental aspects related to obtaining maximum recovery are discussed, including how to optimally prepare samples for this system. Examples involving protein lysates originating from cultured cell lines and cells sorted by flow cytometry are used to show the power, sensitivity and versatility of the technique. Once the ZIC-cHILIC fractionation system has been optimized and standardized, this protocol requires ∼5-6 d, including sample preparation and fraction analysis.
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85
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Preparation and chromatographic evaluation of a cysteine-bonded zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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86
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Guo H, Liu R, Yang J, Yang B, Liang X, Chu C. A novel click lysine zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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87
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Peng XT, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Grafting of silica with a hydrophilic triol acrylamide polymer via surface-initiated “grafting from” method for hydrophilic-interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3123-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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88
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Qiu H, Wanigasekara E, Zhang Y, Tran T, Armstrong DW. Development and evaluation of new zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phases based on 3-P,P-diphenylphosphonium-propylsulfonate. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8075-82. [PMID: 21963182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
New zwitterionic stationary phases were synthesized by covalently bonding 3-P,P-diphenylphosphonium-propylsulfonate to silica gel. The resulting materials possess both a negatively charged sulfonate group and a positively charged quaternary phosphonium group, which means that there is no net charge over a wide pH range. The retention mechanism and chromatographic behavior of polar solutes under HILIC conditions were studied on these zwitterionic phases. Compared to the commercial ZIC-HILIC column and a bare silica gel stationary phase, the newly synthesized zwitterionic stationary phases provided greater retention, higher peak efficiency and better peak symmetry in the HILIC mode. The analytes examined included: β-blockers, nucleic acid bases and nucleosides, salicylic acid and its analogues, and water soluble vitamins. Factors, such as the type of organic modifiers, solvent composition, pH and the buffer concentration of the mobile phase, have been considered as potential variables for controlling the chromatographic retention of polar analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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89
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Imidazoline type stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5987-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Guo Y, Gaiki S. Retention and selectivity of stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5920-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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91
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Retention behaviour of imidazolium ionic liquid cations on 1.7 μm ethylene bridged hybrid silica column using acetonitrile-rich and water-rich mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6884-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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92
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Preparation and Evaluation of Poly-l-Lysine Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic Interaction/Reversed-Phase Mixed-Mode Chromatography. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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93
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Hao J, Wang F, Dai X, Gong B, Wei Y. Preparation of poly(vinyltetrazole) chain-grafted poly(glycidymethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) beads by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for the use in weak cation exchange and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Talanta 2011; 85:482-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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94
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Padivitage NLT, Armstrong DW. Sulfonated cyclofructan 6 based stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1636-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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95
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Jiang Z, Smith NW, Liu Z. Preparation and application of hydrophilic monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2350-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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96
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HILIC Retention Behavior and Method Development for Highly Polar Basic Compounds Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10609-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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97
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Di Palma S, Boersema PJ, Heck AJR, Mohammed S. Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (ZIC-HILIC and ZIC-cHILIC) Provide High Resolution Separation and Increase Sensitivity in Proteome Analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3440-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Di Palma
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Boersema
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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98
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99
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Stationary and mobile phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:1-25. [PMID: 21501708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is valuable alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography separations of polar, weakly acidic or basic samples. In principle, this separation mode can be characterized as normal-phase chromatography on polar columns in aqueous-organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually acetonitrile). Highly organic HILIC mobile phases usually enhance ionization in the electrospray ion source of a mass spectrometer, in comparison to mobile phases with higher concentrations of water generally used in reversed-phase (RP) LC separations of polar or ionic compounds, which is another reason for increasing popularity of this technique. Various columns can be used in the HILIC mode for separations of peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and various natural compounds: bare silica gel, silica-based amino-, amido-, cyano-, carbamate-, diol-, polyol-, zwitterionic sulfobetaine, or poly(2-sulphoethyl aspartamide) and other polar stationary phases chemically bonded on silica gel support, but also ion exchangers or zwitterionic materials showing combined HILIC-ion interaction retention mechanism. Some stationary phases are designed to enhance the mixed-mode retention character. Many polar columns show some contributions of reversed phase (hydrophobic) separation mechanism, depending on the composition of the mobile phase, which can be tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because the separation selectivity in the HILIC mode is complementary to that in reversed-phase and other modes, combinations of the HILIC, RP and other systems are attractive for two-dimensional applications. This review deals with recent advances in the development of HILIC phase separation systems with special attention to the properties of stationary phases. The effects of the mobile phase, of sample structure and of temperature on separation are addressed, too.
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100
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Shen A, Guo Z, Yu L, Cao L, Liang X. A novel zwitterionic HILIC stationary phase based on “thiol-ene” click chemistry between cysteine and vinyl silica. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:4550-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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