51
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Martins ML, Donato FF, Prestes OD, Adaime MB, Zanella R. Determination of pesticide residues and related compounds in water and industrial effluent by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7697-709. [PMID: 23995504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pollution of drinking water supplies from industrial waste is a result of several industrial processes and disposal practices, and the establishment of analytical methods for monitoring organic compounds related to environmental and health problems is very important. In this work, a method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and related compounds in drinking and surface water as well as in industrial effluent. Optimization of the method was achieved by using a central composite design approach on parameters such as the sample pH and SPE eluent composition. A single SPE consisting of the loading on a polymeric sorbent of 100 mL of sample adjusted to pH 3 and elution with methanol/methylene chloride (10:90, v/v) permitted the obtaining of acceptable recoveries in most cases. The concentration factor associated with sensitivity of the chromatographic analysis permitted the achievement of the method limit of detection values between 0.01 and 0.25 μg L(-1). Recovery assays presented mean recoveries between 70 and 120% for most of the compounds with very good precision, despite the different chemical nature of the compounds analyzed. The selectivity of the method, evaluated through the relative intensity of quantification and qualification ions obtained by GC-QqQ-MS/MS, was considered adequate. The developed method was finally applied to the determination of target analytes in real samples. River water and treated industrial effluent samples presented residues of some compounds, but no detectable residues were found in the drinking water samples evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel L Martins
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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52
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Schipilliti L, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Solid-phase microextraction with fast GC combined with a high-speed triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for targeted and untargeted food analysis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2145-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luisa Schipilliti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
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53
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Wide-scope analysis of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in animal feed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6543-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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54
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Sykes M, Thompson M, Reynolds S. Pesticide residues in food-based proficiency test materials, spiking values versus consensus assigned values. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4205-4209. [PMID: 23631620 DOI: 10.1021/jf4003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We examine the differences among the three estimates of the true value of the measurand derived from routine proficiency testing of laboratories analyzing foodstuffs for pesticide residues. The three values are (i) the spike level (Sp), (ii) the mean result found by the laboratory conducting the test for sufficient homogeneity (Ho), and (iii) the consensus of the participants' results used as the assigned value (AV) in converting results into z scores. Data amounting to 205 examples were collected from successive rounds of three series of proficiency tests from the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS): namely, series 05 (fats, oils, and animal products), series 09 (cereals and their products), and series 19 (fruits, vegetables, and their products). Irrespective of the class of test material, we found that the means of AV and Ho were almost identical, while the value of Sp was systematically higher than AV by a factor of 1.22. The dispersion of the individual values of both ratios, Ho/AV and Sp/AV, was examined by analysis of variance. A small part of the variance was attributed to the series, but a greater part, about 40%, was attributed to individual rounds within series. We discovered no connection between the ratios and the chemistry of the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sykes
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom.
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55
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Franchina FA, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L. Fast gas chromatography combined with a high-speed triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the analysis of unknown and target citrus essential oil volatiles. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:511-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.), Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.), Università Campus-Biomedico; Roma Italy
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56
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Fast and simple extraction of pesticide residues in selected fruits and vegetables using tetrafluoroethane and toluene followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 135:1901-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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57
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Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Berrada H, Font G, Mañes J. Multi-mycotoxin analysis in wheat semolina using an acetonitrile-based extraction procedure and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012. [PMID: 23182289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of ten mycotoxins including patulin, zearalenone and eight trichothecenes (nivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) in wheat semolina has been developed and optimized. Sample extraction and purification were performed with a modified QuEChERS-based (acronym of Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) procedure and determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to triple quadrupole instrument (QqQ). This is the first paper on the application of GC-QqQ-MS/MS to analysis of mycotoxins. Careful optimization of the gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry parameters was achieved in order to attain a fast separation with the best sensitivity allowing a total run time of 16 min. The validation was performed by analyzing recovery samples at three different spiked concentrations, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg(-1), with four replicates (n=4) at each concentration. Recoveries ranged from 74% to 124% and the intra-day precision and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were lower than 13% and 17%, respectively for all studied compounds, except for zearalenone. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were lower than 10 μg kg(-1) for all studied mycotoxins. Eight concentration levels were used for constructing the calibration curves which showed good linearity between LOQ and 100 times LOQ concentration levels (linear range). Matrix-matched calibration for applying the method in routine analysis is recommended for reliable quantitative results. The method validated was successfully applied to fifteen wheat semolina samples detecting occurrence of mycotoxins at concentrations below the maximum permissible level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- University of Valencia, Department of Food Science, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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58
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Application of the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction to the organophosphate residues determination in strawberries. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1959-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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59
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Herrera-Herrera AV, Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J. Sample-preparation methods for pesticide-residue analysis in cereals and derivatives. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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60
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Chary NS, Herrera S, Gómez MJ, Fernández-Alba AR. Parts per trillion level determination of endocrine-disrupting chlorinated compounds in river water and wastewater effluent by stir-bar-sorptive extraction followed by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1993-2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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61
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Walorczyk S, Drożdżyński D. Improvement and extension to new analytes of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in cereals and dry animal feed using gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry revisited. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:219-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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62
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Lee KG, Jo EK. Multiresidue pesticide analysis in Korean ginseng by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 134:2497-503. [PMID: 23442716 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new analytical method was developed based on gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and used to determine 32 multiclass pesticides in ginseng products. The analytical method was validated, yielding recovery rates in the range of 55.2-108.3%, with precision values expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) lower or equal to 12% at the spiking levels of 30, 100, and 1000 μg/kg. Correlation coefficients and LOQs (limit of quantification) were in the range 0.9801-0.9989 and 0.15-70 g/kg, respectively. With these validation data and this method, multiresidue pesticides of ginseng samples (fresh ginseng (n=118), red ginseng (n=24), dried ginseng (n=10)) were analysed. Among them, the most frequently detected pesticide was tolclofos-methyl. Tolclofos-methyl was detected in 86.4% of fresh ginseng (18.25-404.5 μg/kg), 91.7% of red ginseng (13.14-119.4 μg/kg), and 87.5% of dried ginseng (23.15-3673 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Geun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 26, 3-Ga, Pil-Dong, Chung-Gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
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63
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Dionis-Delgado S, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J. Pesticide analysis in toasted barley and chickpea flours. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:299-307. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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64
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Yang Y, Tu H, Zhang A, Du D, Lin Y. Preparation and characterization of Au–ZrO2–SiO2 nanocomposite spheres and their application in enrichment and detection of organophosphorus agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15129d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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65
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SHI JW, ZHAO YG, FU ZJ, LI JG, WANG YF, YANG TC. Development of a Screening Method for the Determination of PCBs in Water Using QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:167-73. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei SHI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yong-Gang ZHAO
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Ji-Ge LI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yu-Fei WANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Tian-Chi YANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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66
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González-Curbelo M, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel T, Rodríguez-Delgado M. Determination of pesticides and their metabolites in processed cereal samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:104-16. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.615032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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67
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Belmonte Valles N, Retamal M, Martínez-Uroz MA, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR, de Kok A. Determination of chlorothalonil in difficult-to-analyse vegetable matrices using various multiresidue methods. Analyst 2012; 137:2513-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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68
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Kasiotis KM, Kyriakopoulou K, Emmanouil C, Tsantila N, Liesivuori J, Souki H, Manakis S, Machera K. Monitoring of systemic exposure to plant protection products and DNA damage in orchard workers. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:182-8. [PMID: 22115631 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The systemic exposure of plum tree growers and operators to plant protection products (PPPs) and effects on DNA were assessed. Specifically, a GC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of serum samples for the presence of seven active substances of PPPs. The analytical results verified the presence of myclobutanil, propargite, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in 7 out of 19 serum samples. The incidence of DNA damage was monitored using the single cell electrophoresis assay (comet assay). A paired Student's t-test revealed a statistically significant increase of SSBs in the blood samples collected at the end of the cropping period as compared to the samples collected from the same subjects before the start of PPPs application period. Moreover, the group of seven subjects with detectable serum pesticides levels revealed statistically significant increase of SSBs as compared to the group of subjects with no detectable PPP levels. The results of the present study demonstrate that the agriculture workers may exhibit detectable level of systemic exposure to the applied PPPs which are correlated to increased DNA damage during the cultivation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Kasiotis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
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69
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Du G, Song Y, Wang Y. Rapid simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines using programmed temperature vaporizer injection-fast gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3372-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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70
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Norli HR, Christiansen A, Deribe E. Application of QuEChERS method for extraction of selected persistent organic pollutants in fish tissue and analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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71
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Cunha S, Fernandes J. Multipesticide residue analysis in maize combining acetonitrile-based extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7748-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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72
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Sánchez-Avila J, Fernandez-Sanjuan M, Vicente J, Lacorte S. Development of a multi-residue method for the determination of organic micropollutants in water, sediment and mussels using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6799-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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73
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Botitsi HV, Garbis SD, Economou A, Tsipi DF. Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:907-939. [PMID: 24737632 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi-class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors-triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion-trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)-have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed "ambient-ionization" MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high-resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre-treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Botitsi
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, 16 An. Tsocha Street, Athens 115 21, Greece
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74
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Zhao YG, Shen HY, Shi JW, Chen XH, Jin MC. Preparation and characterization of amino functionalized nano-composite material and its application for multi-residue analysis of pesticides in cabbage by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5568-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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75
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Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using Gas Chromatography-Negative Chemical Ionization-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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76
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Galli A, De Souza D, Machado SA. Pendimethalin determination in natural water, baby food and river sediment samples using electroanalytical methods. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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77
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Kolberg DI, Prestes OD, Adaime MB, Zanella R. Development of a fast multiresidue method for the determination of pesticides in dry samples (wheat grains, flour and bran) using QuEChERS based method and GC–MS. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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78
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Martins J, Esteves C, Limpo-Faria A, Barros P, Ribeiro N, Simões T, Correia M, Delerue-Matos C. Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Still Wine and Fortified Wine Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.511735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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79
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Daba D, Hymete A, Bekhit AA, Mohamed AMI, Bekhit AEDA. Multi residue analysis of pesticides in wheat and khat collected from different regions of Ethiopia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:336-341. [PMID: 21298250 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence and level of pesticide residues in wheat and khat samples collected from various localities of Ethiopia. The khat samples from Galemso and Aseno had p,p'-DDT concentrations ranged from 141.2 to 973.0 μg/Kg and 194.3-999.0 μg/Kg, respectively. Diazinon was detected in all the khat samples from BadaBuna (173.9-686.9 μg/Kg) but not in any of the samples from Galemso and Aseno. Diazinon was detected in all the wheat samples obtained from both Arsi and Bale (125.8 and 125.6 μg/Kg, respectively) and aldrin levels in these samples were below the quantification limit. Khat may be a contributing factor in the pathological diseases found among khat users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Daba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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80
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Lehotay SJ. QuEChERS sample preparation approach for mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide residues in foods. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 747:65-91. [PMID: 21643905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-136-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes an easy, rapid, and low-cost sample preparation approach for the determination of pesticide residues in foods using gas and/or liquid chromatographic (GC and/or LC) analytical separation and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The approach is known as QuEChERS, which stands for "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe." Originally, QuEChERS was a particular "method" for pesticide residue analysis, but it is very flexible and has evolved into an "approach," which has been used in many methods, and not just for pesticide residues. Two of the QuEChERS versions using buffering have been validated in interlaboratory trials for dozens of pesticides in several food matrices, and both have successfully met performance criteria to achieve "official" status from international standard organizations (AOAC Official Method 2007.01 and CEN Standard Method EN 15662). The main aspects of the QuEChERS approach consists of extraction of a well-homogenized sample by shaking with solvent (typically acetonitrile) in a centrifuge tube, salt-out partitioning of water with salts including magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)), and cleanup using "dispersive solid-phase extraction" (dSPE), in which common matrix components are retained by sorbent(s) and the analytes remain in the extract. For widest analytical scope, concurrent analysis is done for hundreds of pesticides using GC-MS(/MS) and LC-MS/MS. The aim of this chapter is to review the QuEChERS sample preparation methodology and provide a summary of up-to-date information with modification options depending on the application needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
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81
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Wong JW, Zhang K, Hayward DG, Kai-Meng C. Multiresidue pesticide analysis by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 747:131-172. [PMID: 21643907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-136-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue pesticide method using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) procedure and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described for the determination of 166 organochlorine, organophosphorus, and pyrethroid pesticides, metabolites, and isomers in spinach. The pesticides from spinach were extracted using acetonitrile saturated with magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride, followed by solid-phase dispersive cleanup using primary-secondary amine and graphitized carbon black sorbents and toluene. Analysis is performed using different GC-MS techniques emphasizing the benefits of non-targeted acquisition and targeted screening procedures. Non-targeted data acquisition of pesticides in the spinach was demonstrated using GC coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometery (GC-MS) in full scan mode or multidimensional GC-time-of-flight mass spectrometery (GC × GC-TOF/MS), along with deconvolution software and libraries. Targeted screening was achieved using GC-single quadrupole mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) mode or -tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The development of these techniques demonstrates the powerful use of GC-MS for the screening, identification, and quantitation of pesticide residues in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
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82
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Rapid determination of organophosphorous pesticides in leeks by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Tsiplakou E, Anagnostopoulos CJ, Liapis K, Haroutounian SA, Zervas G. Pesticides residues in milks and feedstuff of farm animals drawn from Greece. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:504-512. [PMID: 20537679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate if milk from dairy sheep and goats, fed mainly with supplementary feed during the winter months, was contaminated with pesticides residues. Tauwo hundred milk samples from sheep and goats were collected from 10 farms of each animals. The sheep and goats farms were selected from those which represent common conventional production and feeding systems in Greece. Milk and feed samples (alfalfa hay, wheat straw, shrubs, pasture and concentrates) were taken from each farm to analyze for pesticides residues. The results showed that the summation operatorendosulfan was the main pesticide residue which was detected in all the concentrates samples at a mean concentration of 5.36 mgkg(-1), which is much higher from the maximum residue level (MRL). In addition, the summation operatorendosulfan was also detected in all the alfalfa hay samples but at a mean concentration of 0.10 mgkg(-1) which is lower than the MRL. The mean concentrations of endosulfan alpha and beta were 2.82 and 2.39 mgkg(-1) in the concentrates samples and 0.08 and 0.02 mgkg(-1) respectively in alfalfa hay samples. In the wheat straw, shrubs and pasture samples no pesticides residues were detected. No pesticide residues were also detected in milk samples of sheep and goats. Thus, this milk from the farms sampled presents no human health risks as far as the contaminants analyzed concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsiplakou
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
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84
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Nardelli V, dell’Oro D, Palermo C, Centonze D. Multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in fish feed based on a cleanup approach followed by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4996-5003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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85
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Cervera MI, Medina C, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltrán J, Serrahima E, Pineda L, Muñoz G, Centrich F, Hernández F. Multi-residue determination of 130 multiclass pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2873-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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86
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Lehotay SJ, Son KA, Kwon H, Koesukwiwat U, Fu W, Mastovska K, Hoh E, Leepipatpiboon N. Comparison of QuEChERS sample preparation methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2548-60. [PMID: 20144460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the comparison of different versions of an easy, rapid and low-cost sample preparation approach for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by concurrent use of gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. The sample preparation approach is known as QuEChERS, which stands for "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe". The three compared versions were based on the original unbuffered method, which was first published in 2003, and two interlaboratory validated versions: AOAC Official Method 2007.01, which uses acetate buffering, and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Standard Method EN 15662, which calls for citrate buffering. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses using each method were tested from 50 to 1000ng/g in apple-blueberry sauce, peas and limes spiked with 32 representative pesticides. As expected, the results were excellent (overall average of 98% recoveries with 10% RSD) using all 3 versions, except the unbuffered method gave somewhat lower recoveries for the few pH-dependent pesticides. The different methods worked equally well for all matrices tested with equivalent amounts of matrix co-extractives measured, matrix effects on quantification and chemical noise from matrix in the chromatographic backgrounds. The acetate-buffered version gave higher and more consistent recoveries for pymetrozine than the other versions in all 3 matrices and for thiabendazole in limes. None of the versions consistently worked well for chlorothalonil, folpet or tolylfluanid in peas, but the acetate-buffered method gave better results for screening of those pesticides. Also, due to the recent shortage in acetonitrile (MeCN), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was evaluated as a substitute solvent in the acetate-buffered QuEChERS version, but it generally led to less clean extracts and lower recoveries of pymetrozine, thiabendazole, acephate, methamidophos, omethoate and dimethoate. In summary, the acetate-buffered version of QuEChERS using MeCN exhibited advantages compared to the other tested methods in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Ln., Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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87
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Fernandez-Alvarez M, Lamas JP, Garcia-Chao M, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M, Lores M, Dagnac T. Monitoring of pesticide residues in dairy cattle farms from NW Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1864-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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88
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Wei H, Li H, Lin JM. Analysis of herbicides on a single C30 bead via a microfluidic device combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:9134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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89
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Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in honeybees using acetonitrile-based extraction and gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6522-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Drożdżyński D, Kowalska J. Rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:2241-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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91
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Multiresidue determination of 11 new fungicides in grapes and wines by liquid-liquid extraction/clean-up and programmable temperature vaporization injection with analyte protectants/gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6033-42. [PMID: 19576591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) method was developed for the determination of 11 new generation fungicides (benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, boscalid, cyazofamid, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluquinconazole, iprovalicarb, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin and zoxamide) in grapes and wines. Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1, v/v) and cleaned-up with graphitized carbon black/primary secondary amine (GCB/PSA) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges using acetonitrile:toluene (3:1, v/v) as eluent. The addition of analyte protectants (3-ethoxy-1,2-propanediol, d-sorbitol and l-gulonic acid gamma-lactone) in the final extracts allowed to avoid the matrix-induced response enhancement effect on quantitation process with absolute recoveries ca. 100%. Precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) was lower than 16% for all fungicides. Limits of detection and quantitation were lower than 0.01 mg/kg or mg/L, except for cyazofamid, much smaller in all cases than maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European Union for grapes and by Switzerland and Italy for wines. The proposed method was applied to determine fungicide residues in three different white grapes for vinification produced in Ribeiro area in Galicia (NW Spain), as well as in their corresponding final wines.
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92
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Fernandez-Alvarez M, Llompart M, Lamas JP, Lores M, Garcia-Jares C, Garcia-Chao M, Dagnac T. Simultaneous extraction and cleanup method based on pressurized solvent extraction for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in complex feed samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3963-3973. [PMID: 19378942 DOI: 10.1021/jf9004252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of a multiresidue method based on pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) to determine a large number of pesticides (mostly pyrethroids and organochlorines) in cattle feed is described. As far as we know, this is the first work dedicated to the PSE of many of the target pesticides from animal feed. A mixed level fraction design was performed to investigate the influence of several operational variables on the PSE procedure; integrated cleanup strategies were also assessed allowing the direct chromatographic analysis of the extracts. Method accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of a certified reference material (BCR-115) and different fortified cattle feed samples. Most analytes were recovered in the range of 70-110%, with relative standard deviations generally lower than 15%. Limits of detection (LODs) were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union for animal feed and main crops used in the preparation of feedingstuffs. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated by the analysis of real cattle feed samples collected from 23 dairy farms located in Galicia (NW Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernandez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Instituto de Investigacion y Analisis Alimentario, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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93
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Fernandez-Alvarez M, Llompart M, Lamas JP, Lores M, Garcia-Jares C, Cela R, Dagnac T. Development of a matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the simultaneous determination of pyrethroid and organochlorinated pesticides in cattle feed. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2832-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Walorczyk S. Application of gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry to the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in green leafy vegetables. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3791-801. [PMID: 18973193 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new, sensitive and specific method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 129 pesticides in lettuce and other green leafy vegetables. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and co-extractives such as fatty acids and pigments were removed using dispersive solid-phase extraction (dispersive-SPE) with primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). All pesticides were analyzed in a single injection gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) acquisition method. Two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions of precursor ions fragmenting into product ions were recorded for the targeted pesticides, thus fulfilling the EU identification points system criteria for the identification of contaminants (2002/657/EC). Calibration curves were determined using matrix-matched standards, and exhibited excellent linearity at two orders of magnitude from 0.005 to 0.5 mg/kg for almost all the pesticides studied (R(2) > or = 0.99). The analytical performance was demonstrated by the analysis of lettuce samples spiked at five concentration levels ranging from 0.005 to 0.5 mg/kg for each pesticide. The recovery and repeatability results satisfied SANCO/2007/3131 criteria (i.e. average recoveries were in the range 70-120% with RSDs < or =20%) for 114 of the 129 pesticides at the 0.005 mg/kg spiking level, and for almost all pesticides at the higher spiking levels. The methodology was applied successfully to identify and quantify pesticide residues in leafy vegetable samples such as lettuce, cabbage and leek.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Walorczyk
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland.
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95
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Walorczyk S. Development of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in cereals and dry animal feed using gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1208:202-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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96
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Fernández Moreno JL, Garrido Frenich A, Plaza Bolaños P, Martínez Vidal JL. Multiresidue method for the analysis of more than 140 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1235-1254. [PMID: 18383275 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new multiresidue method has been developed and validated for the determination of more than 140 pesticide residues in cucumber and orange by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) in a single run of 25.50 min. The triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer simultaneously operated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes, acquiring two or three transitions per compound. Samples were extracted by the application of a single-phase extraction of 10 g of sample with acetonitrile containing 1% of acetic acid, followed by a liquid-liquid partition formed by the addition of 4 g of MgSO(4) and 1 g of NaOAc. A dispersive solid-phase extraction (D-SPE) with primary secondary amine (PSA) was applied to clean up the extracts. A final concentration step was included in order to increase sensitivity in the instrumental analysis. The method was properly validated in each matrix in a wide dynamic range (10-400 microg kg(-1)): this work relies on a new quantification strategy by the use of two calibration curves to increase the dynamic range, which permitted reduction of sample dilutions and increase in sample throughput. Recovery was studied at three concentration levels (11.5, 50.0, and 150.0 microg kg(-1)), yielding values in the range 70-110% with precision values, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), lower than 20 and 25% for the intraday and interday precision, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were established at 10 microg kg(-1), the lowest maximum residue level (MRL) value set by the European Union in vegetables. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of pesticide residues in real samples from the southeastern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Fernández Moreno
- Research Group Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, 04071 Almeria, Spain
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97
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Ji F, Zhao L, Yan W, Feng Q, Lin JM. Determination of triazine herbicides in fruits and vegetables using dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:961-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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98
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Martínez Ocaña R, Mena Granero A, Egea Gonzalez FJ, Garrido Frenich A, Martínez Vidal JL, Plaza Bolaños P. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in ambient air by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1413-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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