51
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Gu H, Huang Y, Filgueira M, Carr PW. Effect of first dimension phase selectivity in online comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6675-87. [PMID: 21840009 PMCID: PMC3256932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of first dimension column selectivity in reversed phase (RP) online comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC). The second dimension was always a carbon clad metal oxide reversed phase material. The hydrophobic subtraction model (HSM) and the related phase selective triangles were used to guide the selection of six different RP first dimension columns. Various kinds of samples were investigated and thus two different elution conditions were needed to cause full elution from the first dimension columns. We compared LC×LC chromatograms, contours plots, and fcoverage plots by measuring peak capacities, peak numbers, relative spatial coverage, correlation values, etc. The major finding of this study is that the carbon phase due to its rather different selectivity from other reversed phases is reasonably orthogonal to a variety of common types of bonded reversed phases. Thus quite surprisingly the six different first dimension stationary phases all showed generally similar separation patterns when paired to the second dimension carbon phase. This result greatly simplifies the task of choosing the correct pair of phases for RP×RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcelo Filgueira
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Univ Nacl La Plata, Div Quim Analit, Fac Ciencias Exactas, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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52
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Donato P, Cacciola F, Cichello F, Russo M, Dugo P, Mondello L. Determination of phospholipids in milk samples by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to evaporative light scattering and mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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53
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Greiderer A, Steeneken L, Aalbers T, Vivó-Truyols G, Schoenmakers P. Characterization of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5787-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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54
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Construction and initial evaluation of an apparatus for spatial comprehensive two-dimensional liquid-phase separations. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:92-7. [PMID: 21763814 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography is discussed as a potentially alternative to the conventional column-based approach. In "spatial" separations each analyte ends up in a specific location, rather than being eluted at a specific time. Ultimately, higher peak-capacity-production rates (peak capacity per unit time) may be attained by spatial two- and three-dimensional separations. While low-pressure planar chromatography is well developed, the high-pressure equivalent is still in its infancy. We discuss the requirements for a device for high-pressure spatial two-dimensional chromatography and we describe a possible design. A prototype instrument has been constructed in-house. The preparation of a polymer monolithic separation body and a valve configuration that allows manual sample injection are described. Initial tests of this study included the investigation of the homogeneity of the monolith and the flow profile through the separation body. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the current chromatographic performance of the device, a mixture of dyes was separated in one dimension within 30 s.
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55
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Chemometrics in comprehensive multidimensional separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2373-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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56
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Jandera P, Hájek T, Česla P. Effects of the gradient profile, sample volume and solvent on the separation in very fast gradients, with special attention to the second-dimension gradient in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1995-2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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57
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Russo M, Cacciola F, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L. Determination of flavanones in Citrus
juices by means of one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:681-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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58
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Kalili KM, de Villiers A. Recent developments in the HPLC separation of phenolic compounds. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:854-76. [PMID: 21328694 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a class of highly complex naturally occurring molecules that possess a range of beneficial health properties. As a result, considerable attention has been devoted to the analysis of phenolics in a variety of samples. HPLC is the workhorse method for phenolic separation. However, conventional HPLC methods provide insufficient resolving power when faced with the complexity of real-world phenolic fractions. This limitation has been traditionally circumvented by extensive sample fractionation, multiple analysis methods and/or selective detection strategies. On the other hand, there is an increasing demand for improved throughput and resolving power from the chromatographic methods used for phenolic analyses. Fortunately, during the last decade, a number of important technological advances in LC have demonstrated significant gains in terms of both speed and resolution. These include ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC), high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC), multi-dimensional separations as well as various new stationary phase chemistries and morphologies. In recent years, these technologies have also found increasing application for phenolic analysis. This review seeks to provide an updated overview of the application of recent advances in HPLC to phenolic separation, with the emphasis on how these methodologies can contribute to improve performance in HPLC analysis of phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathithileni M Kalili
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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59
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Effects of first dimension eluent composition in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2214-21. [PMID: 21411103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) has received a great deal of attention during the past few years because of its extraordinary resolving power. The biggest advantage of this technique is that very high peak capacities can be generated in a relatively short time. Numerous approaches to maximize the peak capacity in LC×LC have been employed. In this work we investigate the impact of the first dimension mobile phase on selectivity. LC×LC has several potential advantages over one-dimensional LC (1DLC) in that unconventional solvents, at least in reversed-phase LC, can be used. For example, solvents which strongly adsorb in the UV in the first dimension are not problematic in LC×LC. This so because the UV detector is placed after the second dimensional column, as pulses of the first dimension eluent arrive at the second dimensional column, they elute well before the solutes of interest and therefore do not interfere at all with detection of solute peaks. So far, the most widely used solvents in reversed-phase 1DLC are methanol and acetonitrile. However, the "UV advantage" of 2DLC allows us to employ UV active solvents, such as acetone. We compare their differential selectivities to that of acetonitrile for the separation of 23 indole acetic acids of interest in plant biology. We also apply them to the separation of a maize seed extract, a very complex sample. In both sample sets, mobile phase composition can be an important parameter to increase the orthogonality of the two dimensions and thus, to increase the effective peak capacity of LC×LC.
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60
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Mondello L, Beccaria M, Donato P, Cacciola F, Dugo G, Dugo P. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection for the analysis of triacylglycerols in Borago officinalis. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:688-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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61
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Gu H, Huang Y, Carr PW. Peak capacity optimization in comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography: a practical approach. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:64-73. [PMID: 21145554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work we develop a practical approach to optimization in comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) which incorporates the important under-sampling correction and is based on the previously developed gradient implementation of the Poppe approach to optimizing peak capacity. The Poppe method allows the determination of the column length, flow rate as well as initial and final eluent compositions that maximize the peak capacity at a given gradient time. It was assumed that gradient elution is applied in both dimensions and that various practical constraints are imposed on both the initial and final mobile phase composition in the first dimension separation. It was convenient to consider four different classes of solute sets differing in their retention properties. The major finding of this study is that the under-sampling effect is very important and causes some unexpected results including the important counter-intuitive observation that under certain conditions the optimum effective LC x LC peak capacity is obtained when the first dimension is deliberately run under sub-optimal conditions. In addition, we found that the optimum sampling rate in this study is rather slower than reported in previous studies and that it increases with longer first dimension gradient times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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62
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Brudin SS, Shellie RA, Haddad PR, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography: Ion chromatography×reversed-phase liquid chromatography for separation of low-molar-mass organic acids. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6742-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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63
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Baker JS, Vinci JC, Moore AD, Colón LA. Physical characterization and evaluation of HPLC columns packed with superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2547-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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64
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Česla P, Fischer J, Jandera P. Separation of phenolic acids and flavone natural antioxidants by two-dimensional method combining liquid chromatography and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2200-10. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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65
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Jandera P, Hájek T, Česla P. Comparison of various second‐dimension gradient types in comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1382-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Česla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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66
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Improvement of interface in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography and its application in the research of proteomics. Se Pu 2010; 28:163-7. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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67
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Recent progress in online, comprehensive two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography for non-proteomic applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:979-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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68
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Guidelines for bioanalytical 2D chromatography method development and implementation. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:105-22. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
2D chromatography is a rapidly evolving, very powerful tool for bioanalysis. Advances in the theory of 2D separations, instrument technology and data analysis strategies continue to complement each other and advance the state of the art. Separations of complex mixtures of biomolecules yielding several hundred peaks in practical analysis times (tens of minutes to several hours) are relatively common. However, this level of performance largely remains the domain of expert researchers and several practical limitations stand in the way of more widespread use of 2D separations among practitioners. While off-the-shelf instruments are increasing in number, the most effective 2D instruments are often home-built, and analysis of the extremely rich datasets resulting from these separations continues to be a serious bottleneck in the overall workflow. This review summarizes some of the most serious challenges in method development and describes best practices to help guide users in designing effective 2D separations for bioanalysis.
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69
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Holcapek M, Velínská H, Lísa M, Cesla P. Orthogonality of silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC/MS in the analysis of complex natural mixtures of triacylglycerols. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3672-80. [PMID: 19877148 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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70
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Multidimensional chromatography in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7110-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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