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Xie XT, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen XQ, Cheong KL. Quantification of 3,6-anhydro-galactose in red seaweed polysaccharides and their potential skin-whitening activity. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:189. [PMID: 32269894 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the composition of the monosaccharide, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose (AnGal), in red algae and explored the potential whitening activity of the extract. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the AnGal composition of six different species of red seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis, Gracilaria chouae, Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Eucheuma galetinae, and Gelidium amansii) was successfully analyzed, revealing molar ratios ranging from 1.0:1.0 to 1.0:3.1 of AnGal and galactose (Gal), respectively. Employing the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the skin-whitening effect of AnGal red seaweed polysaccharides was determined. Polysaccharides from P. haitanensis, G. chouae, and G. blodgettii as well as their degradation products showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity (inhibition rates 24.2-26.8%). These results suggest that the GC-MS approach could conveniently be used in quality control or for the quantitative determination of AnGal and Gal in red seaweed polysaccharides as well as exploring their potential application in cosmetic and functional food products. The findings here exhibited that red seaweed polysaccharides and their degradation products were potential ingredients for cosmeceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ting Xie
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qiang Chen
- 2Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People's Republic of China
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52
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Qian Z, Huang Q, Li C, Chen J, Li G, Ma H, Xie J. Analysis of ginseng root and leaf by multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1730890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Qian
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Agricultural Environments and Resources Research Center, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juying Xie
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
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53
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Zhang X, Aweya JJ, Huang ZX, Kang ZY, Bai ZH, Li KH, He XT, Liu Y, Chen XQ, Cheong KL. In vitro fermentation of Gracilaria lemaneiformis sulfated polysaccharides and its agaro-oligosaccharides by human fecal inocula and its impact on microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115894. [PMID: 32070514 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fermentation behaviour of sulfated polysaccharides (GLP) and their agaro-oligosaccharides (GLO) derived from Gracilaria lemaneiformis were examined. During in vitro fermentation, GLP and GLO increased the concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and modulated the composition and diversity of gut microorganisms compared with control groups. GLP increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes, while GLO increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Moreover, the abundances of potential pathogenic bacteria were reduced. Molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of GLP decreased significantly from 2.15 × 105 to 1.22 × 105 Da, 374.45-113.91 mL/g, respectively. Furthermore, GLP was degraded into smaller degree of polymerization of oligosaccharides, with no significant change observed in GLO. Overall, this study revealed GLP and GLO could be beneficial for gastrointestinal tract by producing SCFAs and modulating intestinal microbes, indicating GLP and GLO are potentially sources of prebiotics in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zong-Xun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuo-Ying Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Hao Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun-Huan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Tong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
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54
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Lin S, Li HY, Yuan Q, Nie XR, Zhou J, Wei SY, Du G, Zhao L, Wang SP, Zhang Q, Chen H, Qin W, Wu DT. Structural characterization, antioxidant activity, and immunomodulatory activity of non-starch polysaccharides from Chuanminshen violaceum collected from different regions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 143:902-912. [PMID: 31715239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chuanminshen violaceum has been used as an important traditional Chinese medicine and a popular tonic food in China. Polysaccharides are considered the major bioactive components in C. violaceum. In this study, in order well understand the chemical structures and bioactivities of non-starch polysaccharides in C. violaceum (CVPs), the physicochemical structures, antioxidant activities, and immunomodulatory activities of CVPs in C. violaceum collected from different regions of China were investigated and compared. Results showed that the constituent monosaccharides and Fourier transform infrared spectra of CVPs in C. violaceum collected from different regions were similar. However, their molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides, molecular weights, and contents of uronic acids were different. Furthermore, CVPs exerted remarkable antioxidant activities (ABTS and nitric oxide radical scavenging capacities) and immunomodulatory activities (promoted production of nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-α from RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro). Meanwhile, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of CVPs extracted from C. violaceum also varied by cultivated regions. Moreover, results indicated that the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of CVPs were closely correlated to their α-1,4-d-galactosiduronic linkages. Results are helpful for better understanding of the structure-bioactivity relationships of CVPs, and beneficial for the improvement of their applications in pharmaceutical and functional food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Lin
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-Yi Li
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Yuan
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi-Rui Nie
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Si-Yu Wei
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Du
- Sichuan Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
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55
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Wang Y, Jin H, Dong X, Yang S, Ma S, Ni J. Quality evaluation of Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) from different regions in China based on polysaccharide structure, yield and bioactivities. Chin Med 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31719838 PMCID: PMC6839155 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) has been widely cultivated in China, particularly in northwest regions. However, the fruit size and taste of L. barbarum from different habitats are quite different. Traditionally, only the fruit of L. barbarum produced in Ningxia province is recorded as an authentic herb, although the detailed mechanism responsible for this remains obscure. Polysaccharides are considered major active ingredients in L. barbarum which is crucial for its quality evaluation. Methods In this study, we assessed the yield, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and conformation of L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) collected from different regions of China. The antioxidant and immune activities of LBPs were also determined as its quality indicator. Results Our results showed that the similarity values of monosaccharide composition were larger than 0.926, and the Mw of the two fractions (peaks 1–2) in LBPs were ranging from 1.36 × 106 to 2.01 × 106 (peak 1), and 6.85 × 104 to 10.30 × 104 (peak 2) which indicated that the structure of LBPs were similar. In addition, results showed that there was no significant difference in antioxidant and immune activities of nine LBPs from different regions. However, the yield of LBPs from Qinghai Province (low atmospheric temperature, high altitude) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those collected from Xinjiang and Ningxia province. Conclusions These data suggested that the L. barbarum produced in Ningxia and Xinjiang maybe more suitable as materials for medicines and functional foods. This study also provides a reference for improving the quality control standard of LBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102 China.,2Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- 2Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Shuang Yang
- 3School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- 2Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine (ICCTMEM), National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jian Ni
- 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102 China
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56
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de Souza AB, Chaud MV, Santana MHA. Hyaluronic acid behavior in oral administration and perspectives for nanotechnology-based formulations: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:115001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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57
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Review of isolation, structural properties, chain conformation, and bioactivities of psyllium polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:409-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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58
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Wu DT, Liu W, Han QH, Du G, Li HY, Yuan Q, Fu Y, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Li SQ, Qin W. Physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of non-starch polysaccharides from different kiwifruits. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:891-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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59
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Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of two polysaccharides from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:341-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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60
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Physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from the leaves of different loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) cultivars. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:274-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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61
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Lin S, Li HY, Wang ZY, Liu X, Yang Y, Cao ZW, Du G, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Wu DT, Qin W. Analysis of Methanolic Extracts and Crude Polysaccharides from the Leaves of Chuanminshen violaceum and Their Antioxidant Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E266. [PMID: 31375002 PMCID: PMC6720192 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The root of Chuanminshen violaceum is used as an important edible and medicinal plant in China. However, its leaves are generally considered byproducts, and therefore do not have a use. Thus, the phenolic compounds in the methanolic extracts (CVLMs) and the chemical characteristics of crude polysaccharides (CVLPs) from the leaves of C. violaceum and their in vitro antioxidant activities were explored. The results showed that chlorogenic acid and rutin were the major individual phenolic compounds in the leaves, which ranged from 1.22 ± 0.03 to 2.87 ± 0.04 mg/g DW, and from 2.25 ± 0.04 to 4.03 ± 0.05 mg/g DW, respectively. Meanwhile, the extraction yields of CVLPs from the leaves ranged from 4.73% to 5.41%. The CVLPs consisted of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose, suggesting the existence of pectic polysaccharides. Furthermore, both CVLMs and CVLPs exhibited strong antioxidant activities. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were major contributors to the antioxidant activities of CVLMs, and the antioxidant activities of CVLPs were closely correlated to their α-1,4-D-galactosiduronic linkages. The results are beneficial for understanding the chemical properties and in vitro antioxidant activities of CVLMs and CVLPs. The leaves of C. violaceum have potential to be developed as natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Lin
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hong-Yi Li
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Cao
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Gang Du
- Sichuan Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Zhu H, Liu C, Hou J, Long H, Wang B, Guo D, Lei M, Wu W. Gastrodia elata Blume Polysaccharides: A Review of Their Acquisition, Analysis, Modification, and Pharmacological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:E2436. [PMID: 31269719 PMCID: PMC6651794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a valuable Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with a wide range of clinical applications. G. elata polysaccharides, as one of the main active ingredients of G. elata, have interesting extraction, purification, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, derivatization, and pharmacological activity aspects, yet a review of G. elata polysaccharides has not yet been published. Based on this, this article summarizes the progress of G. elata polysaccharides in terms of the above aspects to provide a basis for their further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huali Long
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De'an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Lei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Advance in Cordyceps militaris (Linn) Link polysaccharides: Isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:906-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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64
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Han QH, Liu W, Li HY, He JL, Guo H, Lin S, Zhao L, Chen H, Liu YW, Wu DT, Li SQ, Qin W. Extraction Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis Planch.). Molecules 2019; 24:E461. [PMID: 30696067 PMCID: PMC6384800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate effects of extraction techniques on the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of kiwifruit polysaccharides (KPS), and further explore KPS as functional food ingredients, both microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were optimized for the extraction of KPS. Furthermore, the physicochemical structures and antioxidant activities of KPS extracted by different techniques were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions of UAE and MAE for the extraction of KPS were obtained by response surface methodology. Different extraction techniques significantly affected the contents of uronic acids, molecular weights, molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides, and the degree of esterification of KPS. Results showed that KPS exhibited remarkable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and reducing power. The high antioxidant activities observed in KPS extracted by the MAE method (KPS-M) might be partially attributed to its low molecular weight and high content of unmethylated galacturonic acid. Results suggested that the MAE method could be a good potential technique for the extraction of KPS with high antioxidant activity, and KPS could be further explored as functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Han
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hong-Yi Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Jing-Liu He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Huan Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Shang Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yao-Wen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Shu-Qing Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Guo H, Yuan Q, Fu Y, Liu W, Su YH, Liu H, Wu CY, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Lin DR, Chen H, Qin W, Wu DT. Extraction Optimization and Effects of Extraction Methods on the Chemical Structures and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Snow Chrysanthemum ( Coreopsis Tinctoria). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E215. [PMID: 30960199 PMCID: PMC6419038 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore snow chrysanthemum polysaccharides (SCPs) as functional food ingredients and natural antioxidants for industrial applications, both microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were firstly optimized for the extraction of SCPs. Furthermore, the effects of conventional hot water extraction, UAE, and MAE on the chemical structures and antioxidant activities of SCPs were investigated. The maximum extraction yields of SCPs extracted by UAE (4.13 ± 0.24%) and MAE (4.26 ± 0.21%) were achieved at the optimized extraction parameters as follows: ultrasound amplitude (68%) and microwave power (500 W), ultrasound extraction time (21 min) and microwave extraction time (6.5 min), and ratio of liquid to raw material (42.0 mL/g for UAE and 59.0 mL/g for MAE). In addition, different extraction methods significantly affected the contents of uronic acids, the molecular weights, the molar ratio of constituent monosaccharides, and the degree of esterification of SCPs. SCPs exhibited remarkable DPPH (IC50 ≤ 1.702 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 ≤ 1.121 mg/mL), and nitric oxide (IC50 ≤ 0.277 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities, as well as reducing power (≥ 80.17 ± 4.8 μg Trolox/mg), which suggested that SCPs might be one of the major contributors toward the antioxidant activities of snow chrysanthemum tea. The high antioxidant activities (DPPH, IC50 = 0.693 mg/mL; ABTS, IC50 = 0.299 mg/mL; nitric oxide, IC50 = 0.105 mg/mL; and reducing power, 127.79 ± 2.57 μg Trolox/mg) observed in SCP-M extracted by the MAE method might be partially attributed to its low molecular weight and high content of unmethylated galacturonic acids. Results suggested that the MAE method could be an efficient technique for the extraction of SCPs with high antioxidant activity, and SCPs could be further explored as natural antioxidants for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qin Yuan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuan Fu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ya-Hong Su
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chao-Yi Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - De-Rong Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
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66
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Yuan Q, Fu Y, Xiang PY, Zhao L, Wang SP, Zhang Q, Liu YT, Qin W, Li DQ, Wu DT. Structural characterization, antioxidant activity, and antiglycation activity of polysaccharides from different chrysanthemum teas. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35443-35451. [PMID: 35528079 PMCID: PMC9074740 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, structural characteristics, antioxidant activity, and antiglycation activity of polysaccharides from different chrysanthemum teas were investigated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - Yuan Fu
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - Pan-Yin Xiang
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - Sheng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - Yun-Tao Liu
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang
- China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- College of Food Science
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Ya'an 625014
- China
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67
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Shi XD, Yin JY, Zhang LJ, Li OY, Huang XJ, Nie SP. Studies on polysaccharides from leaf skin of Aloe barbadensis Miller: Part II. Structural characteristics and molecular properties of two lower molecular weight fractions. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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68
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Li H, Gong X, Wang Z, Pan C, Zhao Y, Gao X, Liu W. Multiple fingerprint profiles and chemometrics analysis of polysaccharides from Sarcandra glabra. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:957-967. [PMID: 30445090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple techniques including high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography (PCD-HPLC) were applied to the fingerprint analysis of the polysaccharides from Sarcandra glabra (SGPs) in different regions. Chemometrics was used to evaluate the similarity and differences of SGPs from different regions based on their fingerprints. The results of the present study showed that polysaccharides from 18 batches of Sarcandra glabra had a high degree of similarity based on the HPSEC, PCD-HPLC, and FT-IR fingerprints. The samples from different regions could be classified by clustering analysis based on their nuances. The five monosaccharides (Gal, Rha, Xyl, GlcA, and Glc) and the wavelengths of FT-IR (3371 cm-1 and 1411 cm-1) could be selected as herb markers for the quality control of Sarcandra glabra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xingqun Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zichen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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69
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Deng Y, Han BX, Hu DJ, Zhao J, Li SP. Qualitation and quantification of water soluble non-starch polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla in China using saccharide mapping and multiple chromatographic methods. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:619-627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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70
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Malinowska E, Klimaszewska M, Strączek T, Schneider K, Kapusta C, Podsadni P, Łapienis G, Dawidowski M, Kleps J, Górska S, Pisklak DM, Turło J. Selenized polysaccharides – Biosynthesis and structural analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 198:407-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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71
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Meng F, Li Q, Qi Y, He C, Wang C, Zhang Q. Characterization and immunoregulatory activity of two polysaccharides from the root of Ilex asprella. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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72
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Oligosaccharides Derived from Red Seaweed: Production, Properties, and Potential Health and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102451. [PMID: 30257445 PMCID: PMC6222765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their potential use as functional ingredients in human nutrition, oligosaccharides derived from natural sources are receiving paramount consideration. Red seaweed, a proven rich source of agar and carrageenan, is one of the most abundantly present sources of such oligosaccharides. Agaro-oligosaccharides (AOS) and carrageenan-oligosaccharides (COS) are produced from agar and carrageenan, respectively, through chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. Enzymatic hydrolysis of agar and carrageenan into oligosaccharides is preferred in industrial production because of certain problems associated with chemical hydrolysis, including the release of high amounts of monosaccharides and undesirable toxic products, such as furfural. AOS and COS possess many biological activities, including prebiotic, immuno-modulatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor activities. These activities are related to their chemical structure, molecular weight, degree of polymerization, and the flexibility of the glycosidic linkages. Therefore, the structure–function relationship and the mechanisms occurring during the specific biological applications of AOS and COS are discussed herein. Moreover, the chromatographic separation, purification, and characterization of AOS and COS are also part of this review. This piece of writing strives to create a new perspective on the potential applications of AOS and COS in the functional food and pharmaceutical industry.
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73
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Wu DT, Guo H, Lin S, Lam SC, Zhao L, Lin DR, Qin W. Review of the structural characterization, quality evaluation, and industrial application of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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74
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Characterization of plant polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale by multiple chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1547:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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75
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Rahkila J, Ekholm FS, Leino R. CuI
-Mediated Degradation of Polysaccharides Leads to Fragments with Narrow Polydispersities. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Rahkila
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Åbo Finland
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76
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Ravndal KT, Opsahl E, Bagi A, Kommedal R. Wastewater characterisation by combining size fractionation, chemical composition and biodegradability. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:151-160. [PMID: 29281809 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential for resource recovery from wastewater can be evaluated based on a detailed characterisation of wastewater. In this paper, results from fractionation and characterisation of two distinct wastewaters are reported. Using tangential flow filtration, the wastewater was fractionated into 10 size fractions ranging from 1 kDa to 1 mm, wherein the chemical composition and biodegradability were determined. Carbohydrates were dominant in particulate size fractions larger than 100 μm, indicating a potential of cellulose recovery from these fractions. While the particulate size fractions between 0.65 and 100 μm show a potential as a source for biofuel production due to an abundance of saturated C16 and C18 lipids. Both wastewaters were dominated by particulate (>0.65 μm), and oligo- and monomeric (<1 kDa) COD. Polymeric (1-1000 kDa) and colloidal (1000 kDa-0.65 μm) fractions had a low COD content, expected due to degradation in the sewer system upstream of the wastewater treatment plant. Biodegradation rates of particulate fractions increase with decreasing size. However, this was not seen in polymeric fractions where degradation rate was governed by chemical composition. Analytical validation of molecular weight and particle size distribution showed below filter cut-off retention of particles and polymers close to nominal cut-off, shifting the actual size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin T Ravndal
- University of Stavanger, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Eystein Opsahl
- University of Stavanger, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Andrea Bagi
- University of Stavanger, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; Marine Environment Group, International Research Institute of Stavanger, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway
| | - Roald Kommedal
- University of Stavanger, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.
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77
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Ma H, Jiang Q, Dai D, Li H, Bi W, Da Yong Chen D. Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Large Saccharides. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3628-3636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Diya Dai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wentao Bi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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78
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Li Q, Li Q, Hao Z, Zheng X, He W. A novel polysaccharide from Rhizoma panacis japonica exerts anti-inflammatory effects via STAT3 signal pathway. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26371-26376. [PMID: 35541964 PMCID: PMC9083078 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02923g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PJ-1 modulates the function of macrophages via the STAT3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Immunology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Anhui Medical University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Agricultural Bio-Pharmaceutical Laboratory
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xucai Zheng
- Department of Head, Neck and Breast Surgery
- Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital
- West Branch of Anhui Provincial Hospital
- The First of University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Anhui Medical University
- Hefei
- China
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79
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Ravndal KT, Kommedal R. Starch degradation and intermediate dynamics in flocculated and dispersed microcosms. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2928-2940. [PMID: 29210680 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of the organic substrate in municipal wastewater is particulate. Prior to uptake, particles have to be degraded through potentially a range of intermediates. However, research on intermediate dynamics during particle hydrolysis is limited. In this paper, batch experiments on flocculated and dispersed biomass microcosms using starch as particulate substrate are reported. Overall hydrolysis rate was not significantly different between the two systems. Particle colonization, and increased particle porosity in combination with particle breakup, led to increased substrate availability over time. Particle breakup was more important for flocculated biomass, while increased particle porosity and particle colonization played a larger role for dispersed biomass. During particle degradation intermediates were formed; however, all intermediate polymer sizes were not formed to the same extent. This can be explained by non-random enzymatic degradation, where some products are preferred over others. Intermediates' dynamics also depend on the biomass structure, and in a floc-based system, diffusion limitations allow glucose to accumulate in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin T Ravndal
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway E-mail: ; Present address: Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Roald Kommedal
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway E-mail:
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80
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Wu DT, Deng Y, Zhao J, Li SP. Molecular characterization of branched polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis
by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4272-4280. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Yong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
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81
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Advanced analysis of polysaccharides, novel functional components in food and medicine dual purposes Chinese herbs. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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82
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Ouyang Y, Zeng Y, Yi L, Tang H, Li D, Linhardt RJ, Zhang Z. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of heparin and low molecular weight heparins using size exclusion chromatography with multiple angle laser scattering/refractive index and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry detectors. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:56-61. [PMID: 28958760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, has been used as a clinical anticoagulant over 80 years. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), heparins partially depolymerized using different processes, are widely used as clinical anticoagulants. Qualitative molecular weight (MW) and quantitative mass content analysis are two important factors that contribute to LMWH quality control. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), relying on multiple angle laser scattering (MALS)/refractive index (RI) detectors, has been developed for accurate analysis of heparin MW in the absence of standards. However, the cations, which ion-pair with the anionic polysaccharide chains of heparin and LMWHs, had not been considered in previous reports. In this study, SEC with MALS/RI and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry detectors were used in a comprehensive analytical approach taking both anionic polysaccharide and ion-paired cations heparin products. This approach was also applied to quantitative analysis of heparin and LMWHs. Full profiles of MWs and mass recoveries for three commercial heparin/LMWH products, heparin sodium, enoxaparin sodium and nadroparin calcium, were obtained and all showed higher MWs than previously reported. This important improvement more precisely characterized the MW properties of heparin/LMWHs and potentially many other anionic polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yangyang Zeng
- Shanghai Green-Valley Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Duxin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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83
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Wu DT, Deng Y, Chen LX, Zhao J, Bzhelyansky A, Li SP. Evaluation on quality consistency of Ganoderma lucidum dietary supplements collected in the United States. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7792. [PMID: 28798349 PMCID: PMC5552695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom. At present, numerous G. lucidum products have emerged in the form of dietary supplements in the United States due to its various benefits. However, the quality consistency of these products based on their label ingredients has seldom been evaluated due to the lack of a suitable toolkit. In this study, 19 batches of products of G. lucidum (Red Reishi, Reishi), herbal/mushroom supplements purchased in the United States, were evaluated based on their bioactive components including triterpenes and polysaccharides by using chromatographic methods and saccharide mapping. The results showed that the measured ingredients of only 5 tested samples (26.3%) were in accordance with their labels, which suggested the quality consistency of G. lucidum dietary supplements in the U.S. market was poor, which should be carefully investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | | | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China. .,The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA.
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84
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Abstract
Quality control is always the critical issue for Chinese medicines (CMs) with their worldwide increasing use. Different from western medicine, CMs are usually considered that multiple constituents are responsible for the therapeutic effects. Therefore, quality control of CMs is a challenge. In 2011, the strategies for quantification, related to the markers, reference compounds and approaches, in quality control of CMs were reviewed (Li, et al., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2011, 55, 802-809). Since then, some new strategies have been proposed in these fields. Therefore, the review on the strategies for quality control of CMs should be updated to improve the safety and efficacy of CMs. Herein, novel strategies related to quality marker discovery, reference compound development and advanced approaches (focused on glyco-analysis) for quality control, during 2011-2016, were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili 2, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
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85
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Li M, Yan YX, Yu QT, Deng Y, Wu DT, Wang Y, Ge YZ, Li SP, Zhao J. Comparison of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fresh Garlic and Black Garlic Polysaccharides on RAW 264.7 Macrophages. J Food Sci 2017; 82:765-771. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
| | - Yi-Xi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
| | - Qing-Tao Yu
- Research & Development Centre; Infinitus (China) Company Ltd.; Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Yong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
| | - Ya-Zhong Ge
- Research & Development Centre; Infinitus (China) Company Ltd.; Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade; Taipa Macao SAR China
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86
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Chang X, Liu Z, Zhang Q. Absolute Molecular Weight Determination of Sodium Salt of Methacrylic Acid/Acrylic Acid-2-Isooctyl Ester/2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropanesulfonic Acid Terpolymer by GPC/MALLS. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chang
- School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Zequan Liu
- School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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87
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Wu DT, Lv GP, Zheng J, Li Q, Ma SC, Li SP, Zhao J. Cordyceps collected from Bhutan, an appropriate alternative of Cordyceps sinensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37668. [PMID: 27874103 PMCID: PMC5118747 DOI: 10.1038/srep37668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Cordyceps collected in Bhutan has been widely used as natural Cordyceps sinensis, an official species of Cordyceps used as Chinese medicines, around the world in recent years. However, whether Cordyceps from Bhutan could be really used as natural C. sinensis remains unknown. Therefore, DNA sequence, bioactive components including nucleosides and polysaccharides in twelve batches of Cordyceps from Bhutan were firstly investigated, and compared with natural C. sinensis. Results showed that the fungus of Cordyceps from Bhutan was C. sinensis and the host insect belonged to Hepialidae sp. In addition, nucleosides and their bases such as guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, uridine, inosine, thymidine, adenine, and adenosine, as well as compositional monosaccharides, partial acid or enzymatic hydrolysates, molecular weights and contents of polysaccharides in Cordyceps from Bhutan were all similar to those of natural C. sinensis. All data suggest that Cordyceps from Bhutan is a rational alternative of natural C. sinensis, which is beneficial for the improvement of their performance in health and medicinal food areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Guang-Ping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili 2, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qian Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili 2, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili 2, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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88
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Qualitation and quantification of specific polysaccharides from Panax species using GC–MS, saccharide mapping and HPSEC-RID-MALLS. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Analysis of metalaxyl racemate using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with four kinds of detectors. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:246-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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90
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Simultaneous determination of molecular weights and contents of water-soluble polysaccharides and their fractions from Lycium barbarum collected in China. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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91
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Deng Y, Chen LX, Han BX, Wu DT, Cheong KL, Chen NF, Zhao J, Li SP. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of specific polysaccharides in Dendrobium huoshanense by using saccharide mapping and chromatographic methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:163-171. [PMID: 27424197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of specific polysaccharides from ten batches of Dendrobium huoshanense were performed using high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector (HPSEC-MALLS-RID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and saccharide mapping based on polysaccharides analysis by using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Results showed that molecular weights, the radius of gyrations, and contents of specific polysaccharides in D. huoshanense were ranging from 1.16×10(5) to 2.17×10(5)Da, 38.8 to 52.1nm, and 9.9% to 19.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the main monosaccharide compositions were Man and Glc. Indeed, the main glycosidic linkages were β-1,4-Manp and β-1,4-Glcp, and substituted with acetyl groups at O-2 and O-3 of 1,4-linked Manp. Moreover, results showed that PACE and HPTLC fingerprints of partial acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates of specific polysaccharides were similar, which are helpful to better understand the specific polysaccharides in D. huoshanense and beneficial to improve their quality control. These approaches could also be routinely used for quality control of polysaccharides in other medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Ling-Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Bang-Xing Han
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Dendrobium Industrialization, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Nai-Fu Chen
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Dendrobium Industrialization, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Dendrobium Industrialization, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China.
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92
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Zhao J, Ge LY, Xiong W, Leong F, Huang LQ, Li SP. Advanced development in phytochemicals analysis of medicine and food dual purposes plants used in China (2011-2014). J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:39-54. [PMID: 26385085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, we wrote a review for summarizing the phytochemical analysis (2006-2010) of medicine and food dual purposes plants used in China (Zhao et al., J. Chromatogr. A 1218 (2011) 7453-7475). Since then, more than 750 articles related to their phytochemical analysis have been published. Therefore, an updated review for the advanced development (2011-2014) in this topic is necessary for well understanding the quality control and health beneficial phytochemicals in these materials, as well as their research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Li-Ya Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Wei Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Fong Leong
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
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