51
|
Carnero A, Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Lorente J, Rubio IT, LLeonart ME. The cancer stem-cell signaling network and resistance to therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 49:25-36. [PMID: 27434881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has shown that tumors are driven by a subpopulation of self-renewing CSCs that retain the capacity to engender the various differentiated cell populations that form tumors. The characterization of CSCs has indicated that CSCs are remarkably resistant to conventional radio- and chemo-therapy. Clinically, the remaining populations of CSC are responsible for metastasis and recurrence in patients with cancer, which can lead to the disease becoming chronic and incurable. Therefore, the elimination of CSCs is an important goal of cancer treatments. Furthermore, CSCs are subject to strong regulation by the surrounding microenvironment, which also impacts tumor responses. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which pathways that are defective in CSCs influence ultimately therapeutic and clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), Molecular Biology of Cancer Group, Oncohematology and Genetic Department, Campus HUVR, Edificio IBIS, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n. 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Y Garcia-Mayea
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Translational Research in Cancer Stem Cell Group, Pathology Department, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Mir
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Translational Research in Cancer Stem Cell Group, Pathology Department, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Lorente
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Translational Research in Cancer Stem Cell Group, Pathology Department, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I T Rubio
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Oncologia (VHIO), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Breast Surgical Oncology Unit, Breast Cancer Center, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M E LLeonart
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Translational Research in Cancer Stem Cell Group, Pathology Department, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
CD133, Selectively Targeting the Root of Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060165. [PMID: 27240402 PMCID: PMC4926132 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are capable of promoting tumor initiation and self-renewal, two important hallmarks of carcinoma formation. This population comprises a small percentage of the tumor mass and is highly resistant to chemotherapy, causing the most difficult problem in the field of cancer research, drug refractory relapse. Many CSC markers have been reported. One of the most promising and perhaps least ubiquitous is CD133, a membrane-bound pentaspan glycoprotein that is frequently expressed on CSC. There is evidence that directly targeting CD133 with biological drugs might be the most effective way to eliminate CSC. We have investigated two entirely unrelated, but highly effective approaches for selectively targeting CD133. The first involves using a special anti-CD133 single chain variable fragment (scFv) to deliver a catalytic toxin. The second utilizes this same scFv to deliver components of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the development and current status of these CD133 associated biological agents. Together, they show exceptional promise by specific and efficient CSC elimination.
Collapse
|
53
|
Canter RJ, Grossenbacher SK, Ames E, Murphy WJ. Immune targeting of cancer stem cells in gastrointestinal oncology. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:S1-S10. [PMID: 27034806 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that a sub-population of quiescent cells exist within tumors which are resistant to conventional cytotoxic/anti-proliferative therapies. It is these CSCs which then seed tumor relapse, even in cases of apparent complete response to systemic therapy. Therefore, therapies, such as immunotherapy, which add a specific anti-CSC strategy to standard cytoreductive treatments may provide a promising new direction for future cancer therapies. CSCs are an attractive target for immune therapies since, unlike chemotherapy or radiotherapy, immune effector cells do not specifically require target cells to be proliferating in order to effectively kill them. Although recent advances have been made in the development of novel systemic and targeted therapies for advanced gastro-intestinal (GI) malignancies, there remains an unmet need for durable new therapies for these refractory malignancies. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies targeting CSCs are in pre-clinical and clinical development across the spectrum of the immune system, including strategies utilizing adaptive immune cell-based effectors, innate immune effectors, as well as vaccine approaches. Lastly, since important CSC functions are affected by the tumor microenvironment, targeting of both cellular (myeloid derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages) and sub-cellular (cytokines, chemokines, and PD1/PDL1) components of the tumor microenvironment is under investigation in the immune targeting of CSCs. These efforts are adding to the significant optimism about the potential utility of immunotherapy to overcome cancer resistance mechanisms and cure greater numbers of patients with advanced malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Canter
- 1 Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 2 Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, 3 Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Steven K Grossenbacher
- 1 Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 2 Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, 3 Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Erik Ames
- 1 Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 2 Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, 3 Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- 1 Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 2 Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, 3 Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Vu BT, Phan NK, Van Pham P. Cytokine-induced killer cell transplantation: an innovative adoptive therapy. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-016-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
55
|
Codony-Servat J, Rosell R. Cancer stem cells and immunoresistance: clinical implications and solutions. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 4:689-703. [PMID: 26798578 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can be contained, but not eliminated, by traditional cancer therapies. A cell minor subpopulation is able to evade attack from therapies and may have cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics, including self-renewal, multiple differentiation and tumor initiation (tumor initiating cells, or TICs). Thus, CSCs/TICs, aided by the microenvironment, produce more differentiated, metastatic cancer cells which the immune system detects and interacts with. There are three phases to this process: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In the elimination phase the immune system recognizes and destroys most of the tumor cells. Then the latency phase begins, consisting of equilibrium between immunological elimination and tumor cell growth. Finally, a minor attack-resistant subpopulation escapes and forms a clinically detectable tumor mass. Herein we review current knowledge of immunological characterization of CSCs/TICs. Due to the correlation between CTCs/TICs and drug resistance and metastasis, we also comment on the crucial role of key molecules involved in controlling CSCs/TICs properties; such molecules are essential to detect and destroy CSCs/TICs. Monoclonal antibodies, antibody constructs and vaccines have been designed to act against CSCs/TICs, with demonstrated efficacy in human cancer xenografts and some antitumor activity in human clinical studies. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that selectively target CSCs/TICs warrant further investigation. Better understanding of the interaction between CSCs and tumor immunology may help to identify strategies to eradicate the minor subpopulation that escapes conventional therapy attack, thus providing a solution to the problem of drug resistance and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Codony-Servat
- 1 Pangaea Biotech S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 3 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Fundación Molecular Oncology Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Pangaea Biotech S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 3 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Fundación Molecular Oncology Research, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tume L, Paco K, Ubidia-Incio R, Moya J. CD133 in breast cancer cells and in breast cancer stem cells as another target for immunotherapy. GACETA MEXICANA DE ONCOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gamo.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
57
|
Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Bishayee A, Azmi AS, Lokeshwar BL, Grue B, Panis C, Boosani CS, Poudyal D, Stafforini DM, Bhakta D, Niccolai E, Guha G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Fujii H, Honoki K, Mehta K, Aquilano K, Lowe L, Hofseth LJ, Ricciardiello L, Ciriolo MR, Singh N, Whelan RL, Chaturvedi R, Ashraf SS, Shantha Kumara HMC, Nowsheen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Helferich WG, Yang X. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S151-S184. [PMID: 25951989 PMCID: PMC4635070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State Univeristy, Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Dragu DL, Necula LG, Bleotu C, Diaconu CC, Chivu-Economescu M. Therapies targeting cancer stem cells: Current trends and future challenges. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1185-1201. [PMID: 26516409 PMCID: PMC4620424 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i9.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional therapies against cancer, chemo- and radiotherapy, have multiple limitations that lead to treatment failure and cancer recurrence. These limitations are related to systemic and local toxicity, while treatment failure and cancer relapse are due to drug resistance and self-renewal, properties of a small population of tumor cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells are involved in cancer initiation, maintenance, metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, in order to develop efficient treatments that can induce a long-lasting clinical response preventing tumor relapse it is important to develop drugs that can specifically target and eliminate CSCs. Recent identification of surface markers and understanding of molecular feature associated with CSC phenotype helped with the design of effective treatments. In this review we discuss targeting surface biomarkers, signaling pathways that regulate CSCs self-renewal and differentiation, drug-efflux pumps involved in apoptosis resistance, microenvironmental signals that sustain CSCs growth, manipulation of miRNA expression, and induction of CSCs apoptosis and differentiation, with specific aim to hamper CSCs regeneration and cancer relapse. Some of these agents are under evaluation in preclinical and clinical studies, most of them for using in combination with traditional therapies. The combined therapy using conventional anticancer drugs with CSCs-targeting agents, may offer a promising strategy for management and eradication of different types of cancers.
Collapse
|
59
|
Rong XX, Wei F, Lin XL, Qin YJ, Chen L, Wang HY, Shen HF, Jia LT, Xie RY, Lin TY, Hao WC, Yang J, Yang S, Cheng YS, Huang WH, Li AM, Sun Y, Luo RC, Xiao D. Recognition and killing of cancer stem-like cell population in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by cytokine-induced killer cells via NKG2d-ligands recognition. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1086060. [PMID: 27141341 PMCID: PMC4839362 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1086060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for more potent and safer approaches to eradicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) for curing cancer. In this study, we investigate cancer-killing activity (CKA) of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against CSCs of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To visualize CSCs in vitro by fluorescence imaging, and image and quantify CSCs in tumor xenograft-bearing mice by bioluminescence imaging, HCC cells were engineered with CSC detector vector encoding GFP and luciferase controlled by Nanog promoter. We found that CIK cells have a strong CKA in vitro against putative CSCs of HCC, as shown by tumorsphere formation and time-lapse imaging. Additionally, time-lapse recording firstly revealed that putative CSCs were attacked simultaneously by many CIK cells and finally eradicated by CIK cells, indicating the necessity of achieving sufficient effector-to-target ratios. We firstly illustrated that anti-NKG2D antibody blocking partially but significantly inhibited CKA of CIK cells against putative CSCs. More importantly, intravenous infusion of CIK cells remarkably delayed tumor growth in mice with a significant decrease in putative CSC number monitored by bioluminescence imaging. Taken together, these findings demonstrate CKA of CIK cells against putative CSCs of HCC, at least in part, by NKG2D-ligands recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fen Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ting Jia
- Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical College , Guilin, China
| | - Rao-Ying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao-Yan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Chao Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hua Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering , School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- Department of Oncology, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Dionne LK, Driver ER, Wang XJ. Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells: From Identification to Tumor Immune Network. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1524-31. [PMID: 26253189 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515599766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common form of head and neck cancer. Annually, more than half a million individuals are diagnosed with this devastating disease, with increasing incidence in Europe and Southeast Asia. The diagnosis of HNSCC often occurs in late stages of the disease and is characterized by manifestation of a high-grade primary tumor and/or lymph node metastasis, precluding timely management of this deadly cancer. Recently, HNSCC cancer stem cells have emerged as an important factor for cancer initiation and maintenance of tumor bulk. Like normal stem cells, cancer stem cells can undergo self-renewal and differentiation. This unique trait allows for maintenance of the cancer stem cell pool and facilitates differentiation into heterogeneous neoplastic progeny when necessary. Recent studies have suggested coexistence of different cancer stem cell populations within a tumor mass, where the tumor initiation and metastasis properties of these cancer stem cells can be uncoupled. Cancer stem cells also possess resistant phenotypes that evade standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy, resulting in tumor relapse. Therefore, understanding distinctive pathways relating to cancer stem cells will provide insight into early diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC. In this review, we highlight current advances in identifying cancer stem cells, detail the interactions of these cells with the immune system within the tumor niche, and discuss the potential use of immunotherapy in managing HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L K Dionne
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - E R Driver
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - X J Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Pan Q, Li Q, Liu S, Ning N, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chang AE, Wicha MS. Concise Review: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Using Immunologic Approaches. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2085-92. [PMID: 25873269 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of tumor cells which have the ability to self-renew and generate the diverse cells that comprise the tumor bulk. They are responsible for local tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. However, they are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. To immunologically target CSC phenotypes, innate immune responses to CSCs have been reported using Natural killer cells and γδ T cells. To target CSC specifically, in vitro CSC-primed T cells have been successfully generated and shown targeting of CSCs in vivo after adoptive transfer. Recently, CSC-based dendritic cell vaccine has demonstrated significant induction of anti-CSC immunity both in vivo in immunocompetent hosts and in vitro as evident by CSC reactivity of CSC vaccine-primed antibodies and T cells. In addition, identification of specific antigens or genetic alterations in CSCs may provide more specific targets for immunotherapy. ALDH, CD44, CD133, and HER2 have served as markers to isolate CSCs from a number of tumor types in animal models and human tumors. They might serve as useful targets for CSC immunotherapy. Finally, since CSCs are regulated by interactions with the CSC niche, these interactions may serve as additional targets for CSC immunotherapy. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, such as interrupting the immune cell, for example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cytokines, for example, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the immune checkpoint (PD1/PDL1, etc.) may provide additional novel strategies to enhance the immunological targeting of CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pan
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ning
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Alfred E Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Prasad S, Gaedicke S, Machein M, Mittler G, Braun F, Hettich M, Firat E, Klingner K, Schüler J, Wider D, Wäsch RM, Herold-Mende C, Elsässer-Beile U, Niedermann G. Effective Eradication of Glioblastoma Stem Cells by Local Application of an AC133/CD133-Specific T-cell-Engaging Antibody and CD8 T Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2166-76. [PMID: 25840983 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) drive tumorigenesis and contribute to genotoxic therapy resistance, diffuse infiltrative invasion, and immunosuppression, which are key factors for the incurability of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The AC133 epitope of CD133 is an important CSC marker for GBM and other tumor entities. Here, we report the development and preclinical evaluation of a recombinant AC133×CD3 bispecific antibody (bsAb) that redirects human polyclonal T cells to AC133(+) GBM stem cells (GBM-SC), inducing their strong targeted lysis. This novel bsAb prevented the outgrowth of AC133-positive subcutaneous GBM xenografts. Moreover, upon intracerebral infusion along with the local application of human CD8(+) T cells, it exhibited potent activity in prophylactic and treatment models of orthotopic GBM-SC-derived invasive brain tumors. In contrast, normal hematopoietic stem cells, some of which are AC133-positive, were virtually unaffected at bsAb concentrations effective against GBM-SCs and retained their colony-forming abilities. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the high activity of this new bsAb against patient-derived AC133-positive GBM-SCs in models of local therapy of highly invasive GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Prasad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Gaedicke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcia Machein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mittler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Braun
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hettich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elke Firat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Dagmar Wider
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph M Wäsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriele Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Guo Y, Han W. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells: from basic research to clinical translation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:99-107. [PMID: 25962508 PMCID: PMC4593361 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of basic researches and clinical studies related to cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells has confirmed their safety and feasibility in treating malignant diseases. This review summarizes the available published literature related to the biological characteristics and clinical applications of CIK cells in recent years. A number of clinical trials with CIK cells have been implemented during the progressive phases of cancer, presenting potential widespread applications of CIK cells for the future. Furthermore, this review briefly compares clinical applications of CIK cells with those of other adoptive immunotherapeutic cells. However, at present, there are no uniform criteria or large-scale preparations of CIK cells. The overall clinical response is difficult to evaluate because of the use of autologous CIK cells. Based on these observations, several suggestions regarding uniform criteria and universal sources for CIK cell preparations and the use of CIK cells either combined with chemotherapy or alone as a primary strategy are briefly proposed in this review. Large-scale, controlled, grouped, and multi-center clinical trials on CIK cell-based immunotherapy should be conducted under strict supervision. These interventions might help to improve future clinical applications and increase the clinical curative effects of CIK cells for a broad range of malignancies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelei Guo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that display self-renewal and tumor initiation capacity and the ability to give rise to the heterogenous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs exhibit intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to modern cancer therapeutics, allowing them to survive current cancer therapies and to initiate tumor recurrence and metastasis. Various cell surface and transmembrane proteins expressed by CSCs, including CD44, CD47, CD123, EpCAM (CD326), CD133, IGF receptor I, and proteins of the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways have been identified. Recently, monoclonal antibodies and antibody constructs raised against these CSC proteins have shown efficacy against CSCs in human cancer xenograft mice, and some of them have demonstrated antitumor activity in clinical studies. Since current cancer therapies fail to eliminate CSCs, leading to cancer recurrence and progression, selective targeting of CSCs with monoclonal antibodies and antibody constructs may represent a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cord Naujokat
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Li Q, Prince MEP, Moyer JS. Immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:299-304. [PMID: 25624094 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current state of immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of the literature with emphasis on clinical trial data. RESULTS Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have long been known to be immunosuppressed. This impairment of the immune system is believed, at least in part, to underlie the poor outcomes in this patient population. Modulating the immune system to improve cancer outcomes is an attractive concept in this difficult to treat population. CONCLUSION New studies have started to unravel the mechanisms of immunosuppression and new therapies are being developed to exploit this new information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mark E P Prince
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moyer
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Immunobiology and immunotherapeutic targeting of glioma stem cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:139-66. [PMID: 25895711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For decades human brain tumors have confounded our efforts to effectively manage and treat patients. In adults, glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor with a patient survival of just over 14 months. In children, brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor cancer death and gliomas account for one-fifth of all childhood cancers. Despite advances in conventional treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy, the incidence and mortality rates for gliomas have essentially stayed the same. Furthermore, research efforts into novel therapeutics that initially appeared promising have yet to show a marked benefit. A shocking and somewhat disturbing view is that investigators and clinicians may have been targeting the wrong cells, resulting in the appearance of the removal or eradication of patient gliomas only to have brain cancer recurrence. Here we review research progress in immunotherapy as it pertains to glioma treatment and how it can and is being adapted to target glioma stem cells (GSCs) as a means of dealing with this potential paradigm.
Collapse
|
67
|
Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk EP, Gąbka-Buszek A, Jankowski J, Mackiewicz A. Immunotargeting of cancer stem cells. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:A52-9. [PMID: 25691822 PMCID: PMC4322523 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.47129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinctive population of tumour cells that control tumour initiation, progression, and maintenance. Their influence is great enough to risk the statement that successful therapeutic strategy must target CSCs in order to eradicate the disease. Because cancer stem cells are highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy, new tools to fight against cancer have to be developed. Expression of antigens such as ALDH, CD44, EpCAM, or CD133, which distinguish CSCs from normal cells, together with CSC immunogenicity and relatively low toxicity of immunotherapies, makes immune targeting of CSCs a promising approach for cancer treatment. This review will present immunotherapeutic approaches using dendritic cells, T cells, pluripotent stem cells, and monoclonal antibodies to target and eliminate CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza P. Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Diagnostic and Immunology Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Jankowski
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Diagnostic and Immunology Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
He Q, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ting HH, Yu W, Cao X, Ge W. Purified anti-CD3 × anti-HER2 bispecific antibody potentiates cytokine-induced killer cells of poor spontaneous cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:70. [PMID: 25485089 PMCID: PMC4258008 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemical crosslinking is the most straightforward method to produce bispecific antibodies (BsAb) for arming ex vivo activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, heterogeneous polymers are produced by chemical crosslinking. Currently, it is not known under what circumstances or to what extent further purification is needed. Results In this study, we purified Traut’s Reagent-Sulfo-SMCC crosslinked anti-CD3 × anti-HER2 by size-exclusion column chromatography and compared the capacity of the crude and the purified forms of the BsAb in enhancing cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. We found that the purified BsAb assisted CIK cells more efficiently than the crude form only when the spontaneous cytotoxicity of the CIK cells was relatively low; otherwise, the two forms performed almost identically. Conclusions For the CIK cells of low spontaneous cytotoxicity, purified BsAb is a more powerful substitute for crude BsAb in enhancing their killing efficacy. However, that purification of BsAb is not necessary for robust CIK cells. This phenomenon also corroborates that CIK-mediated cytotoxicity is highly dependent on cell contact. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2045-3701-4-70) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong He
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5 #, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Haisong Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No.212, Yu Hua East Rd, Nan Shi District, Baoding, Hebei 071000 China
| | - Youzhao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5 #, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Hong Hoi Ting
- JiangSu Laitai Medical Biotechnology Co., LTD, 3F, Building4, No.879 Zhongjiang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5 #, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5 #, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5 #, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100005 China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Phenotypic characterization and anti-tumor effects of cytokine-induced killer cells derived from cord blood. Cytotherapy 2014; 17:86-97. [PMID: 25457278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy represents a feasible immunotherapeutic option for treating malignancies. However, the number of anti-tumor lymphocytes cannot be easily obtained from the cancer patients with poor immunity status, and older patients cannot tolerate repeated collection of blood. Cord blood-derived CIK (CB-CIK) cells have shown efficacy in treating the patients with cancer in several clinical trials. This study was conducted to evaluate the biological characteristics and anti-tumor function of CB-CIK cells. METHODS The immunogenicity, chemokine receptors and proliferation of CB-CIK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The CIK cells on day 13 were treated with cisplatin and the anti-apoptosis capacity was analyzed. The function of CB-CIK cells against the human cancer was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Compared with peripheral blood-derived CIK (PB-CIK) cells, CB-CIK cells demonstrated lower immunogenicity and increased proliferation rates. CB-CIK cells also had a higher percentage of main functional fraction CD3(+)CD56(+). The anti-apoptosis ability of CB-CIK cells after treatment with cisplatin was higher than that of PB-CIK cells. Furthermore, CB-CIK cells were effective for secreting interleukin-2 and interferon-γ and a higher percentage of chemokine receptors CCR6 and CCR7. In addition, tumor growth was greatly inhibited by CB-CIK treatment in a nude mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS CB-CIK cells exhibit more efficient anti-tumor activity in in vitro analysis and in the preclinical model and may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
|
70
|
Determination of immunity T-cell link state and content of cancer stem cells as criterion to estimate efficiency of preventive breast cancer therapy with cryopreserved fetal liver cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/cryo24.03.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
71
|
Jhaveri DT, Zheng L, Jaffee EM. Specificity delivers: therapeutic role of tumor antigen-specific antibodies in pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:559-75. [PMID: 25440603 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the most deadly cancers with less than 5% of the patients living beyond 5 years post-diagnosis. Lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and resistance to current therapies help explain these disappointing numbers. Thus, more effective and better-targeted therapies are needed quickly. Monoclonal antibodies offer an attractive alternative targeted therapy option for PDA because they are highly specific and potent. However, currently available monoclonal antibody therapies for PDA are still in their infancy with a low success rate and low likelihood of being approved. The challenges faced by these therapies include the following: lack of predictive and response biomarkers, unfavorable safety profiles, expression of targets not restricted to the cancer cells, flawed preclinical model systems, drug resistance, and PDA's complex nature. Additionally, discovery of novel PDA-specific antigen targets, present on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix, is needed. Predictive and response markers also need to be determined for PDA patient subgroups so that the most appropriate effective therapy can be delivered. Serologic approaches, recombinant antibody-producing technologies, and advances in antibody engineering techniques will help to identify these predictive biomarkers and aid in the development of new therapeutic antibodies. A combinatorial approach simultaneously targeting antigens on the PDA cell, stroma, and immunosuppressive cells should be employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darshil T Jhaveri
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Jäkel CE, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. An update on new adoptive immunotherapy strategies for solid tumors with cytokine-induced killer cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:905-16. [PMID: 24673175 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.900537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are mainly CD3(+)CD56(+) NKT cells exhibiting non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against a broad range of tumors. Much research is going on to improve CIK cell effectivity and to evaluate the clinical benefit of different combinations with conventional therapies. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on in vitro/in vivo studies and clinical trials applying CIK cells for the treatment of solid tumors. This comprises attempts using additional cytokines, genetic engineering and combinations with different conventional and modern therapies. EXPERT OPINION Since our last review, much effort has been made to improve CIK cell cytotoxicity and clinical effectivity. Targeted CIK cell therapy and combinations of CIK cells with antiangiogenic drugs or oncolytic viruses are examples of recent outstanding achievements in the field of adoptive CIK cell therapy. The clinical application of CIK cells in combination with conventional therapies, especially, obtained promising results. However, the best combination and the optimal therapy schedule have yet to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara E Jäkel
- University Hospital Bonn, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) , Bonn , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|