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Saresella M, Piancone F, Marventano I, La Rosa F, Tortorella P, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. A role for the TIM-3/GAL-9/BAT3 pathway in determining the clinical phenotype of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:5000-9. [PMID: 25091272 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) ligates galectin-9 (Gal-9); this process, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 responses and in the apoptosis of antigen-specific cells, is hampered by binding of the molecular adaptor human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B)-associated transcript 3 (Bat3) to the intracellular tail of Tim-3. Apoptosis of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes correlates with reduced rates of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We extensively analyzed the Tim-3/Gal-9/Bat3 pathway in 87 patients with a diagnosis of stable relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), or benign MS (BEMS), as well as in 40 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results showed that MBP-specific CD4(+)Tim-3(+), CD4(+)/Gal-9(+), and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) (apoptotic) T lymphocytes were augmented in the BEMS group, whereas CD4(+)/Bat3(+) and CD8(+)/Bat3(+) T lymphocytes were increased and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) T cells were reduced in the PPMS group (>2 fold and P<0.05 in all cases). Blocking the Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction with specific mAb reduced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and augmented production of IFNγ and IL-17 in the BEMS, RRMS, and HC groups, but not in the PPMS group. The Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction favors apoptosis of MBP-specific T lymphocytes in BEMS; this process is reduced in PPMS by the up-regulation of Bat3. Therapeutic interventions aimed at silencing Bat3 could be beneficial in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paola Tortorella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Marco Rovaris
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Li S, Peng D, He Y, Zhang H, Sun H, Shan S, Song Y, Zhang S, Xiao H, Song H, Zhang M. Expression of TIM-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis. APMIS 2014; 122:899-904. [PMID: 24689929 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that targets the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints. TIM-3 plays a key role in the negative regulation of the immune response. In this study, we investigated the expression of TIM-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from systemic (peripheral blood) and local (synovial fluid) perspectives of RA. Level of TIM-3+ cells from peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients as well as peripheral blood of healthy controls was measured by flow cytometry. Results showed that TIM-3 expression was significantly increased in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of RA (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, patients revealed even higher expression of TIM-3 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in synovial fluid than in peripheral blood. When comparing TIM-3 level with the severity of RA, we identified that the percentage of TIM-3 on both peripheral CD4+ and peripheral CD8+ T cells was negatively correlated with disease activity score 28 (DAS28) of the patients. Similarly, TIM-3 on synovial fluid CD4+ and CD8+ T cells also revealed inverse correlation with DAS28 of the cases. Our data demonstrate a negative correlation between TIM-3 and the disease progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
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Shan NN, Hu Y, Hou M, Gao J, Wang X, Liu X, Li Y. Decreased Tim-3 and its correlation with Th1 cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2014; 133:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ju Y, Shang X, Liu Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Liu B, Xu L, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zou J. The Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway involves in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs in a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Mol Immunol 2013; 58:85-91. [PMID: 24333756 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulator of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting CD4(+) Th1 cells and plays a key role in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report that galectin-9 expression was increased in hepatic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in a mouse model of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. Moreover, Tim-3 showed increased levels in CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Further analyses showed that blocking the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway resulted in the suppression of Tregs in vitro, thereby significantly increasing interferon (IFN)-γ production from hepatic Teffs. Moreover, blockade of Tim-3 in vivo with an anti-Tim-3 antibody exacerbated the acute hepatitis, possibly by increased IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that in vitro activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with the T cell receptor (TCR) plus interleukin 2 (IL-2) up-regulated Tim-3 expression. And the induced Tim-3 interacted with galectin-9 to induce CD4(+) T cell apoptosis which could be partly reversed by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Our results suggested that the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway plays a critical role in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs through the elimination induction in Teffs and the inhibition of IFN-γ release, which contributes to the pathogenesis of liver damage and constitutes at least part of the mechanism underlying the induction of hepatitis by Con A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Xuming Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Zhanfeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yuantang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yajuan Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Zhoushan, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
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Yu J, Xie Y. Role of Tim-3 in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2169-2175. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i22.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing molecules (Tim)-3 is a type I cell membrane glycoprotein that is expressed on the surface of cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. As the first discovered member of Tim family, Tim-3 participates in T cell-induced immune responses. By interacting with its ligands galectin-9 or PtdSer, Tim-3 induces cell apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells in autoimmune disorders, allergic diseases and virus infection-associated diseases. Tim-3 can act as a negative regulator of Th1/Th17 immune responses. Current research has shown that Tim-3 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Here we will review the progress in understanding the role of Tim-3 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system.
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Liu X, You J, Zhao D, Guo M, Pan Y, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Dysregulated expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 is associated with the disease severity and the outcome of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1502-8. [PMID: 23665438 PMCID: PMC7124273 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) on peripheral blood cells in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients and to analyze its clinical significance. DESIGN AND METHODS Tim-3 expression on peripheral immunocytes from ICH patients and healthy volunteers was measured by flow cytometry. The correlation between Tim-3 expression and the clinical indices was estimated using linear regression. RESULTS Tim-3 expressions on peripheral CD3⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells in ICH patients are significantly downregulated, while Tim-3 expressions on CD14⁺ monocytes and CD16⁺CD56⁺ NK cells are increased. Furthermore, Tim-3 expression on peripheral CD8⁺ cells was negatively correlated with the inflammatory response, the disease severity and the outcome of ICH patients. However, there was no relationship between Tim-3 expression and blood glucose concentration. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of Tim-3 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH, demonstrating that Tim-3 might be a novel candidate molecule for prognosis evaluation of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Institute of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
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Imbalanced expression of T-bet and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 in patients with aplastic anaemia. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:809-16. [PMID: 23334427 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated T helper (Th)-1 CD4+ cells and their mediators are essential for pathogenesis processes in aplastic anaemia (AA). Recently, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) molecules, a Th1-specific type 1 membrane protein, have been suggested to be important regulators of both Th1 proliferation and the development of tolerance. Moreover, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) is a major T cell transcription factor that regulates the expression of Th1 cytokine genes and plays a crucial role in T cell differentiation. The function of Tim-3 and its association with T-bet in the pathophysiology of AA remain unclear. DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma IL-18, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were measured in patients with newly diagnosed AA (n = 29), AA in remission (n = 22) and healthy subjects (n = 30) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CD4+ Tim-3+ cells were evaluated via flow cytometry and expressed as a percentage of the total number of CD4+ cells. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and mRNA expression analysis the expression levels of Tim-3, IL-18, IFN-γ and T-box (T-bet) were examined in all subjects. RESULTS Tim-3 was expressed on CD4+T cells. The percentages of Tim-3 cells identified in newly diagnosed patients were significantly deceased compared with the controls. Meanwhile T-bet, IL-18 and IFN-γ levels were significantly elevated in patients, which resulted in an increased ratio of T-bet/Tim-3 expression levels in patients with active disease. During the remission stages, the levels of these cytokines were comparable with those observed in the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the imbalanced expression of Tim-3 and T-bet may play a role in the pathogenesis and course of AA, and the downregulation of T-bet/Tim-3 may represent a reasonable therapeutic strategy for AA treatment.
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Mattei F, Schiavoni G. TIM-3 as a molecular switch for tumor escape from innate immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 3:418. [PMID: 23316202 PMCID: PMC3540392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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Shi F, Guo X, Jiang X, Zhou P, Xiao Y, Zhou T, Chen G, Zhao Z, Xiao H, Hou C, Li X, Yang X, Wang R, Feng J, Shen B, Li Y, Han G. Dysregulated Tim-3 expression and its correlation with imbalanced CD4 helper T cell function in ulcerative colitis. Clin Immunol 2012; 145:230-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li X, Zhao YQ, Li CW, Yuan FL. T cell immunoglobulin-3 as a new therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1145-9. [PMID: 22998573 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.726616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3) is a surface molecule expressed on various cell types of the immune system which plays a central role in immune regulation. Recently, identification of galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a ligand for Tim-3 has established the Tim-3-Gal-9 pathway as an important regulator of Th1 immunity and induction of tolerance. The interaction of Tim-3 with Gal-9 induces cell death; the in vivo blockade of this interaction results in exacerbated autoimmunity and abrogation of tolerance in experimental models, thus establishing Tim-3 as a negative regulatory molecule. A number of previous studies have demonstrated that Tim-3 influences chronic autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, an association between Tim-3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases has been identified in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent work has focused on the role of Tim-3 in RA, and the results indicate that Tim-3 may represent a novel target for the treatment of RA. In this article we will discuss the Tim-3 pathway and the therapeutic potential of modulating the Tim-3 pathway in RA.
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Underexpression of TIM-3 and blunted galectin-9-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2012; 35:633-7. [PMID: 21717191 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the expression of TIM-3 from CD4+ T cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls and to evaluate the effect of galectin-9 (Gal-9) on apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in these patients. CD4+ T cells from RA patients and healthy controls were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and were activated. The expression of TIM-3 mRNA in CD4+ T cells was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of graded doses of Gal-9 or control, and Gal-9-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of CD4+ T cells were analyzed using MTT assays and annexin-V staining, respectively. TIM-3 mRNA expression was significantly lower in CD4+ T cells from RA patients compared with those in healthy controls (p = 0.028). CD4+ T cell survival as measured by MTT assay when incubated with Gal-9 (15 nM) was significantly higher in RA patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.002). Apoptotic activity of CD4+ T cells from healthy controls as measured by annexin staining increased with graded doses of Gal-9 (0 nM vs. 30 nM, 0 nM vs. 90 nM, p = 0.016 each). However, apoptotic activity of CD4+ T cells from RA patients did not change despite the stimulation with Gal-9. Gal-9-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ T cells is dysfunctional in RA patients. Blunted Gal-9-mediated apoptosis may be exerted through underexpression of TIM-3 that negatively regulates Th1 response. Our data suggest that TIM-3 and its interaction with Gal-9 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Construction and characterization of bifunctional TIM-3-EGFP fusion proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 86:1-6. [PMID: 22940503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) is the first surface molecule to be found that specifically identifies Th1 cells in both mice and humans, and it negatively regulates Th1 responses. TIM-3 protein is a type I membrane protein. Overexpression of membrane proteins is a major problem to overcome in studies of membrane protein structure and function. In this study, a fusion between the gene encoding human TIM-3 and EGFP was successfully constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. To our knowledge, this is the first time that human TIM-3 has been overexpressed in E. coli. We showed that the TIM-3-EGFP fusion protein mediates the recognition and binding of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the interactions of TIM-3-EGFP with apoptotic cells were blocked by TIM-3-Ig fusion proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that the human TIM-3 protein may act as a receptor for apoptotic cells.
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63
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Liberal R, Grant CR, Holder BS, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Longhi MS. The impaired immune regulation of autoimmune hepatitis is linked to a defective galectin-9/tim-3 pathway. Hepatology 2012; 56:677-86. [PMID: 22371007 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), liver-damaging CD4 T cell responses are associated with defective CD4(pos) CD25(pos) regulatory T cells (T-regs). Galectin-9 (Gal9), a β-galactosidase-binding protein expressed by T-regs, is key to their function, inhibiting T helper 1 immune responses by binding T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) on CD4 effector cells. We investigated whether impaired immunoregulation in AIH results from reduced expression of Gal9 in T-regs and/or Tim-3 on CD4 effector cells. Circulating Gal9(pos) CD4(pos) CD25(pos) and Tim-3(pos) CD4(pos) CD25(neg) T cell phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry in 75 AIH patients. To evaluate whether Tim-3 expression renders CD4(pos) CD25(neg) T cells amenable to T-reg control, purified CD4(pos) CD25(neg) Tim-3(pos) (Tim-3(pos)) and CD4(pos) CD25(neg) Tim-3(neg) (Tim-3(neg)) cells were cocultured with T-regs. To determine whether Gal9 expression is essential to function, T-regs were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to repress Gal-9 translation; T-reg suppressor function was assessed by proliferation. In AIH, Tim-3(pos) cells within CD4(pos) CD25(neg) cells and their T-bet(pos) and RORC(pos) subsets were fewer and contained higher numbers of interferon-γ (IFNγ)(pos) and interleukin (IL)-17(pos) cells than healthy subjects (HS). In AIH and HS, Tim-3(pos) cells proliferated less vigorously and were more susceptible to T-reg control than Tim-3(neg) cells. In AIH, Gal9(pos) T-regs were fewer and contained less FOXP3(pos), IL-10(pos), and transforming growth factor β(pos) and more IFNγ(pos) and IL-17(pos) cells than HS. siRNA treatment of Gal-9(pos) T-regs drastically reduced T-reg ability to suppress CD4(pos) CD25(neg) and Tim-3(pos) cell proliferation in AIH and HS. Tim-3(pos) cell percentage correlated inversely with aminotransferase and CD25(neg) T-bet(pos) cell values. CONCLUSION Reduced levels of Tim-3 on CD4(pos) CD25(neg) effector cells and of Gal9 in T-regs contribute to impaired immunoregulation in AIH by rendering effector cells less prone to T-reg control and T-regs less capable of suppressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Liberal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
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TNFRSF25 agonistic antibody and galectin-9 combination therapy controls herpes simplex virus-induced immunoinflammatory lesions. J Virol 2012; 86:10606-20. [PMID: 22811539 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01391-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) results in a chronic immunoinflamammtory reaction in the cornea, which is primarily orchestrated by CD4(+) T cells. Hence, targeting proinflammatory CD4(+) T cells or increasing the representation of cells that regulate their function is a relevant therapeutic strategy. In this report, we demonstrate that effective therapeutic control can be achieved using a combination of approaches under circumstances where monotherapy is ineffective. We use a convenient and highly effective monoclonal antibody (MAb) approach with MAbT25 to expand cells that express the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25). In naïve animals, these are predominantly cells that are Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells. MAbT25 treatment before or at the time of initial HSV infection was an effective means of reducing the severity of subsequent stromal keratitis lesions. However, MAbT25 treatment was not effective if given 6 days after infection since it expanded proinflammatory effector T cells, which also express TNFRSF25. Therefore, the MAbT25 procedure was combined with galectin-9 (Gal-9), an approach that compromises the activity of T cells involved in tissue damage. The combination therapy provided highly effective lesion control over that achieved by treatment with one of them. The beneficial outcome of the combination therapy was attributed to the expansion of the regulatory T cell population that additionally expressed activation markers such as CD103 needed to access inflammatory sites. Additionally, there was a marked reduction of CD4(+) gamma interferon-producing effector T cells responsible for orchestrating the tissue damage. The approach that we describe has potential application to control a wide range of inflammatory diseases, in addition to stromal keratitis, an important cause of human blindness.
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Liang SL, Wang WZ, Huang S, Wang XK, Zhang S, Wu Y. Th17 helper cell and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:1039-46. [PMID: 22738814 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.697469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN We investigated the involvement of Th17 cells and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in comparison to healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND SUBJECTS Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 29 healthy subjects and 29 GBS patients. TREATMENT Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4(+) T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs, in the absence or presence of anti-TIM-3 mAb. METHODS mRNA levels of TIM-3 and the transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) were determined by RT-PCR and were expressed relative to β-actin mRNA (housekeeping gene). Serum IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Compared to controls, relative TIM-3 mRNA levels were lower in both stimulated and unstimulated PBMCs from GBS patients. Unstimulated GBS CD4(+) T cells and GBS CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and CD28 mAbs had higher relative RORγt mRNA expression compared to controls. GBS CD4(+) T cells secreted significantly more IFN-γ and IL-17 in the presence of anti-TIM-3 mAb. GBS patients had (1) higher numbers of Th17, but not Th1 or Th2 cells in peripheral blood and (2) higher serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-17 compared to controls. CONCLUSION TIM-3 may inhibit Th17 cell activation, thereby modulating their cytokine secretion patterns. Th17 cell differentiation, IL-17 levels, and TIM-3 regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-lan Liang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital ofHarbin Medical University, Harbin, Helongjiang, PR China
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Gupta S, Thornley TB, Gao W, Larocca R, Turka LA, Kuchroo VK, Strom TB. Allograft rejection is restrained by short-lived TIM-3+PD-1+Foxp3+ Tregs. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2395-404. [PMID: 22684103 DOI: 10.1172/jci45138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregs play a pivotal role in inducing and maintaining donor-specific transplant tolerance. The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 protein (TIM-3) is expressed on many fully activated effector T cells. Along with program death 1 (PD-1), TIM-3 is used as a marker for exhausted effector T cells, and interaction with its ligand, galectin-9, leads to selective death of TIM-3+ cells. We report herein the presence of a galectin-9-sensitive CD4+FoxP3+TIM-3+ population of T cells, which arose from CD4+FoxP3+TIM-3- proliferating T cells in vitro and in vivo and were often PD-1+. These cells became very prominent among graft-infiltrating Tregs during allograft response. The frequency and number of TIM-3+ Tregs peaked at the time of graft rejection and declined thereafter. Moreover, these cells also arise in a tolerance-promoting donor-specific transfusion model, representing a pool of proliferating, donor-specific Tregs. Compared with TIM-3- Tregs, TIM-3+ Tregs, which are often PD-1+ as well, exhibited higher in vitro effector function and more robust expression of CD25, CD39, CD73, CTLA-4, IL-10, and TGF-β but not galectin-9. However, these TIM-3+ Tregs did not flourish when passively transferred to newly transplanted hosts. These data suggest that a heretofore unrecognized graft-infiltrating, short-lived subset of Tregs can restrain rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Cedeno-Laurent F, Dimitroff CJ. Evidence of a novel galectin-9-binding membrane glycoprotein ligand on T helper cells. Clin Immunol 2012; 143:6-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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68
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Wei D, Ren C, Chen X, Zhao H. The chronic protective effects of limb remote preconditioning and the underlying mechanisms involved in inflammatory factors in rat stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30892. [PMID: 22347410 PMCID: PMC3275571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that limb remote preconditioning (LRP) protects against focal ischemia measured 2 days post-stroke. Here, we studied whether LRP provides long-term protection and improves neurological function. We also investigated whether LRP transmits its protective signaling via the afferent nerve pathways from the preconditioned limb to the ischemic brain and whether inflammatory factors are involved in LRP, including the novel galectin-9/Tim-3 inflammatory cell signaling pathway, which induces cell death in lymphocytes. LRP in the left hind femoral artery was performed immediately before stroke. LRP reduced brain injury size both at 2 days and 60 days post-stroke and improved behavioral outcomes for up to 2 months. The sensory nerve inhibitors capsaicin and hexamethonium, a ganglion blocker, abolished the protective effects of LRP. In addition, LRP inhibited edema formation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability measured 2 days post-stroke. Western blot and immunostaining analysis showed that LRP inhibited protein expression of both galectin-9 and T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), which were increased after stroke. In addition, LRP decreased iNOS and nitrotyrosine protein expression after stroke. In conclusion, LRP executes long-term protective effects against stroke and may block brain injury by inhibiting activities of the galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingtai Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stroke Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Ningde Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Chuancheng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stroke Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Shanghai No.5 Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stroke Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jun KJ, Lee MJ, Shin DC, Woo MY, Kim K, Park S. Identification of CCL1 as a Gene Differentially Expressed in CD4 T Cells Expressing TIM-3. Immune Netw 2011; 11:203-9. [PMID: 22039368 PMCID: PMC3202619 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.4.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin mucin containing molecule (TIM)-3 is expressed in differentiated Th1 cells and is involved in the suppression of the cytokine production by these cells. However, the regulation of the expression of other T cell genes by TIM-3 is unclear. Herein, we attempted to identify differentially expressed genes in cells abundantly expressing TIM-3 compared to cells with low expression of TIM-3. METHODS TIM-3 overexpressing cell clones were established by transfection of Jurkat T cells with TIM-3 expression vector. For screening of differentially expressed genes, gene fishing technology based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using an annealing control primer system was used. The selected candidate genes were validated by semi quantitative and real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The transcription of TIMP-1, IFITM1, PAR3 and CCL1 was different between TIM-3 overexpressing cells and control cells. However, only CCL1 transcription was significantly different in cells transiently transfected with TIM3 expression vector compared with control cells. CCL1 transcription was increased in primary human CD4(+) T cells abundantly expressing TIM-3 but not in cells with low expression of TIM-3. CONCLUSION CCL1 was identified as a differentially transcribed gene in TIM-3-expressing CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Jung Jun
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-749, Korea
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Ndhlovu LC, Leal FE, Hasenkrug AM, Jha AR, Carvalho KI, Eccles-James IG, Bruno FR, Vieira RGS, York VA, Chew GM, Jones RB, Tanaka Y, Neto WK, Sanabani SS, Ostrowski MA, Segurado AC, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. HTLV-1 tax specific CD8+ T cells express low levels of Tim-3 in HTLV-1 infection: implications for progression to neurological complications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1030. [PMID: 21541358 PMCID: PMC3082508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) receptor is highly expressed on HIV-1-specific T cells, rendering them partially "exhausted" and unable to contribute to the effective immune mediated control of viral replication. To elucidate novel mechanisms contributing to the HTLV-1 neurological complex and its classic neurological presentation called HAM/TSP (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis), we investigated the expression of the Tim-3 receptor on CD8(+) T cells from a cohort of HTLV-1 seropositive asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Patients diagnosed with HAM/TSP down-regulated Tim-3 expression on both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells compared to asymptomatic patients and HTLV-1 seronegative controls. HTLV-1 Tax-specific, HLA-A*02 restricted CD8(+) T cells among HAM/TSP individuals expressed markedly lower levels of Tim-3. We observed Tax expressing cells in both Tim-3(+) and Tim-3(-) fractions. Taken together, these data indicate that there is a systematic downregulation of Tim-3 levels on T cells in HTLV-1 infection, sustaining a profoundly highly active population of potentially pathogenic T cells that may allow for the development of HTLV-1 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Lee J, Oh JM, Hwang JW, Ahn JK, Bae EK, Won J, Koh EM, Cha HS. Expression of human TIM-3 and its correlation with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 40:334-40. [PMID: 21446887 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2010.547871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is a novel transmembrane protein that is involved in the regulation of T-helper 1 (Th1)-cell-mediated immunity. This study was undertaken to investigate the expressions of TIM-3 and its ligand galectin 9 (Gal-9) with respect to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Blood was collected from 39 RA patients and 31 healthy controls. Blood leucocyte TIM-3 and Gal-9 mRNA levels and RA disease activity were determined. Synovial tissue (ST) from five RA patients and five osteoarthritis (OA) patients were examined for TIM-3 mRNA expression and were also analysed for TIM-3 by immunohistology. RESULTS TIM-3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the ST of RA patients than in the ST of OA patients. TIM-3 was expressed in the synovial sublining area in ST of RA patients but not in OA ST. TIM-3 mRNA expression from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of RA patients was negatively correlated with the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28). Gal-9 mRNA level in PBMCs of RA patients was higher than in healthy controls, and was significantly higher in patients with low disease activity compared to those with moderate to high disease activity. Gal-9 mRNA expression in PBMCs of RA patients was positively correlated with forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) mRNA expression. CONCLUSION TIM-3 and its interaction with Gal-9 are closely associated with RA disease activity and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. In addition to the negative regulatory effect of Gal-9 mediated through the TIM-3-Gal-9 pathway, Gal-9 may exert its suppressive effect on RA disease activity by modulation of regulatory T (Treg) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li WX, Chen GM, Yuan H, Yao YS, Li RJ, Pan HF, Li XP, Xu JH, Tao JH, Ye DQ. Polymorphisms of the TIM-1 and TIM-3 genes are not associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:507-11. [PMID: 21367814 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune diseases, which affects multiple organ systems such as kidney. The imbalance of T-helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cells is critical in the pathogenesis of SLE. The T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) proteins comprise a family of cell surface molecules expressed on T cells that regulate Th1- and Th2-cell-mediated immunity. Recent work has found increased expression of TIM-1 and TIM-3 ligand (galactin-9) mRNA in SLE patients and implied that TIM proteins might be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this study, genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed for TIM-1 (rs1501909 and rs12522248) and TIM-3 (rs9313439 and rs10515746) in 202 SLE patients and 217 healthy individuals in a Chinese population. Results showed no significant differences existed between the patients with SLE and the controls as well as SLE patients with nephritis and those without nephritis, in all four SNPs. The findings suggest that the polymorphisms of TIM gene family might not contribute to SLE susceptibility in the Chinese population. However, it should be noted that the statistical power of our study is relatively low, which likely did not have adequate power to detect the actual correlation between the selected SNPs and SLE susceptibility; moreover, we cannot discard a possible association of other variants within the region covering TIM with SLE as a genetic risk factor, with larger samples in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xian Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
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Uchida Y, Ke B, Freitas MCS, Yagita H, Akiba H, Busuttil RW, Najafian N, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 determines severity of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice in a TLR4-dependent manner. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2195-206. [PMID: 20637206 PMCID: PMC2970711 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) genes are expressed by T cells and regulate host immunity and tolerance. CD4(+) T cells mediate innate immunity-dominated liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) by unknown mechanisms. TIM-1 is involved in liver IRI, which is activated in part by the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4; we investigated the role of TIM-3 and TLR4 in IRI. METHODS Using an antibody against TIM-3 (anti-TIM-3), we studied TIM-3 signaling in mice following partial warm liver ischemia and reperfusion. RESULTS Mice given anti-TIM-3 had more liver damage than controls. Histological studies revealed that anti-TIM-3 increased hepatocellular damage and local neutrophil infiltration, facilitated local accumulation of T cells and macrophages, and promoted liver cell apoptosis. Intrahepatic neutrophil activity; induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines; and expression of cleaved caspase-3, nuclear factor-κB, and TLR4 all increased in mice given anti-TIM-3. Administration of anti-TIM-3 followed by anti-galectin-9 (Gal-9 is a TIM-3 ligand) increased production of interferon-γ by concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated spleen T cells and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in ConA-stimulated macrophages co-cultured with T cells. Anti-TIM-3 did not affect liver IRI in TLR4-deficient mice. CONCLUSION TIM-3 blockade exacerbated local inflammation and liver damage, indicating the importance of TIM-3-Gal-9 signaling in maintaining hepatic homeostasis. TIM-3-TLR4 cross-regulation determined the severity of liver IRI in TLR4-dependent manner; these findings provide important information about the modulation of innate vs adaptive responses in patients that received liver transplants. Negative co-stimulation signaling by hepatic T-cells might be developed to minimize innate immunity-mediated liver tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Uchida
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bibo Ke
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maria Cecilia S Freitas
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisaya Akiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ronald W Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.,Address correspondence to: Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski, MD, PhD. Dumont - UCLA Transplant Center 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095. Phone: (310) 825-4196; Fax: (310) 267-2358;
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A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection. PLoS One 2010. [PMID: 20209097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish persistence (approximately 70-80%) and progressive liver injury. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with diverse roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-9, the natural ligand for the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), circulates at very high levels in the serum and its hepatic expression (particularly on Kupffer cells) is significantly increased in patients with chronic HCV as compared to normal controls. Galectin-9 production from monocytes and macrophages is induced by IFN-gamma, which has been shown to be elevated in chronic HCV infection. In turn, galectin-9 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver-derived and peripheral mononuclear cells; galectin-9 also induces anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral but not hepatic mononuclear cells. Galectin-9 results in expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)CD127(low) regulatory T cells, contraction of CD4(+) effector T cells, and apoptosis of HCV-specific CTLs. In conclusion, galectin-9 production by Kupffer cells links the innate and adaptive immune response, providing a potential novel immunotherapeutic target in this common viral infection.
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Mengshol JA, Golden-Mason L, Arikawa T, Smith M, Niki T, McWilliams R, Randall JA, McMahan R, Zimmerman MA, Rangachari M, Dobrinskikh E, Busson P, Polyak SJ, Hirashima M, Rosen HR. A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9504. [PMID: 20209097 PMCID: PMC2831996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish persistence (∼70–80%) and progressive liver injury. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with diverse roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-9, the natural ligand for the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), circulates at very high levels in the serum and its hepatic expression (particularly on Kupffer cells) is significantly increased in patients with chronic HCV as compared to normal controls. Galectin-9 production from monocytes and macrophages is induced by IFN-γ, which has been shown to be elevated in chronic HCV infection. In turn, galectin-9 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver-derived and peripheral mononuclear cells; galectin-9 also induces anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral but not hepatic mononuclear cells. Galectin-9 results in expansion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127low regulatory T cells, contraction of CD4+ effector T cells, and apoptosis of HCV-specific CTLs. In conclusion, galectin-9 production by Kupffer cells links the innate and adaptive immune response, providing a potential novel immunotherapeutic target in this common viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Mengshol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Arikawa
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Maxwell Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan McWilliams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rachel McMahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Zimmerman
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pierre Busson
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hugo R. Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Anderson AC, Lord GM, Dardalhon V, Lee DH, Sabatos CA, Glimcher LH, Kuchroo VK. T-bet, a Th1 transcription factor regulates the expression of Tim-3. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:859-66. [PMID: 20049876 PMCID: PMC2837127 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin, mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) is a membrane protein expressed at late stages of IFN-gamma secreting CD4(+) Th1 cell differentiation and constitutively on DC. Ligation of Tim-3 on Th1 cells terminates Th1 immune responses. In addition, Tim-3 plays a role in tolerance induction, although the mechanism by which this is accomplished has yet to be elucidated. While it is clear that Tim-3 plays an important role in the immune system, little is known regarding the molecular pathways that regulate Tim-3 expression. In the current study, we examine the role of Th1-associated transcription factors in regulating Tim-3 expression. Our experiments reveal that Tim-3 expression is regulated by the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet. This introduces a novel paradigm into the generation of a Th1 response, whereby a transcription factor responsible for effector Th1 cell differentiation also increases the expression of a specific counter-regulatory molecule to ensure appropriate termination of pro-inflammatory Th1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Graham M. Lord
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Valerie Dardalhon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David H. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Catherine A. Sabatos
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laurie H. Glimcher
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Niwa H, Satoh T, Matsushima Y, Hosoya K, Saeki K, Niki T, Hirashima M, Yokozeki H. Stable form of galectin-9, a Tim-3 ligand, inhibits contact hypersensitivity and psoriatic reactions: A potent therapeutic tool for Th1- and/or Th17-mediated skin inflammation. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) engulf apoptotic cells to maintain peripheral immune tolerance. However, the mechanism for the recognition of dying cells by phagocytes is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) recognizes apoptotic cells through the FG loop in the IgV domain, and is crucial for clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Whereas Tim-4 is highly expressed on peritoneal resident macrophages, Tim-3 is expressed on peritoneal exudate macrophages, monocytes, and splenic DCs, indicating distinct Tim-mediated phagocytic pathways used by different phagocytes. Furthermore, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by CD8(+) DCs is inhibited by anti-Tim-3 mAb, resulting in a reduced cross-presentation of dying cell-associated antigens in vitro and in vivo. Administration of anti-Tim-3 as well as anti-Tim-4 mAb induces autoantibody production. These results indicate a crucial role for Tim-3 in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cross-presentation, which may be linked to peripheral tolerance.
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Wang F, Wan L, Zhang C, Zheng X, Li J, Chen ZK. Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway involves the suppression induced by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Immunobiology 2008; 214:342-9. [PMID: 19362679 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered to play a key role as suppressors of immune-mediated reactions. The mechanisms of this suppression in animals and patients with autoimmune, allergic or oncogenic diseases have been investigated under various conditions. However, the precise mode of suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs is still not clear. In this report, Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway was explored as one of the mechanisms for the suppression and cytotoxicity induced by Tregs. Here, we demonstrated that Galectin-9 was expressed on CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Interestingly, blocking Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway resulted in an obvious decreased suppression activity of Tregs and enhanced Th1 cytokine level in vitro. Furthermore, blocking Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway negated prolonged survival of allogeneic skin grafts induced by CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs in vivo. Our results suggest that Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway involves the function of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Blood diffusion and Th1-suppressive effects of galectin-9-containing exosomes released by Epstein-Barr virus-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Blood 2008; 113:1957-66. [PMID: 19005181 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-142596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the third most frequent virus-associated human malignancy. How this tumor escapes immune recognition despite the expression of several viral antigens has remained poorly understood. Our previous in vitro studies have shown that NPC cells release exosomes containing high amounts of galectin-9, a ligand of the membrane receptor Tim-3, which is able to induce apoptosis in mature Th1 lymphocytes. Here, we sought to determine whether galectin-9-carrying exosomes were produced in NPC patients and whether such exosomes might play a role in the immune evasion of NPC cells. We report that galectin-9-containing exosomes are selectively detected in plasma samples from NPC patients and mice xenografted with NPC tumors. The incorporation into exosomes protects galectin-9 against proteolytic cleavage but retains its Tim-3-binding capacity. Importantly, NPC exosomes induce massive apoptosis in EBV-specific CD4(+) cells used as a model of target T cells. This effect is inhibited by both anti-Tim-3 and antigalectin-9 blocking antibodies. These results indicate that blocking galectin-9/Tim-3 interaction in vivo might alleviate the Th1-suppressive effect of NPC exosomes and sustain antitumoral T-cell responses and thereby improve clinical efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches against NPC.
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Jones RB, Ndhlovu LC, Barbour JD, Sheth PM, Jha AR, Long BR, Wong JC, Satkunarajah M, Schweneker M, Chapman JM, Gyenes G, Vali B, Hyrcza MD, Yue FY, Kovacs C, Sassi A, Loutfy M, Halpenny R, Persad D, Spotts G, Hecht FM, Chun TW, McCune JM, Kaul R, Rini JM, Nixon DF, Ostrowski MA. Tim-3 expression defines a novel population of dysfunctional T cells with highly elevated frequencies in progressive HIV-1 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2763-79. [PMID: 19001139 PMCID: PMC2585847 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Progressive loss of T cell functionality is a hallmark of chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We have identified a novel population of dysfunctional T cells marked by surface expression of the glycoprotein Tim-3. The frequency of this population was increased in HIV-1-infected individuals to a mean of 49.4 +/- SD 12.9% of CD8(+) T cells expressing Tim-3 in HIV-1-infected chronic progressors versus 28.5 +/- 6.8% in HIV-1-uninfected individuals. Levels of Tim-3 expression on T cells from HIV-1-infected inviduals correlated positively with HIV-1 viral load and CD38 expression and inversely with CD4(+) T cell count. In progressive HIV-1 infection, Tim-3 expression was up-regulated on HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells. Tim-3-expressing T cells failed to produce cytokine or proliferate in response to antigen and exhibited impaired Stat5, Erk1/2, and p38 signaling. Blocking the Tim-3 signaling pathway restored proliferation and enhanced cytokine production in HIV-1-specific T cells. Thus, Tim-3 represents a novel target for the therapeutic reversal of HIV-1-associated T cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brad Jones
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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82
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Zhang J, Gu Y, Xu C, Qu X. Increased T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and its ligand in acquired aplastic anemia. Eur J Haematol 2008; 81:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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83
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Activation of Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway improves survival of fully allogeneic skin grafts. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:12-9. [PMID: 18346632 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim)-3 is a molecule expressed on terminally differentiated murine Th1 cells but not on Th2 cells. Identification of Galectin-9 as a ligand for Tim-3 has now firmly established the Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway as an important regulator of Th1 immunity, which results in apoptosis of Th1 cells. Here, we demonstrate that engagement of Tim-3 by mouse recombinant Galectin-9 remarkably suppresses allograft rejection and improves survival of allogeneic skin grafts. Furthermore, administration of recombinant Galectin-9 decreases Tim-3 positive cells in draining lymph node and selectively inhibits production of IFN-gamma after skin transplantation. At last, even low dose of Galectin-9 (1 microg/ml) can obviously inhibit TCR crosslinking-induced primary T cell proliferation in vitro. These observations suggest that Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway plays an important role in the termination of productive Th1-immune response and could lead to developing novel therapies in transplant medicine.
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84
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Muthukumarana PADS, Zheng XX, Rosengard BR, Strom TB, Metcalfe SM. In primed allo-tolerance, TIM-3-Ig rapidly suppresses TGFbeta, but has no immediate effect on Foxp3. Transpl Int 2008; 21:593-7. [PMID: 18282245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) is only expressed by differentiated TH1 cells following their proliferative response to antigen, functioning to terminate TH1-mediated immunity upon binding to the TIM-3 ligand, galectin-9. This critical regulatory process involves Treg cells via their stable expression of galectin-9. Soluble TIM-3-Ig blocks galectin-9 and prevents induction of peripheral tolerance. Here we have looked for evidence that TIM-3-Ig might also break established regulatory tolerance. Using allo-primed spleen cells cultured ex vivo and challenged with irradiated donor-type stimulator cells either alone or together with 20 microg/ml TIM-3-Ig, we measured daily cytokine release [IL2, inferon gamma (INFgamma), transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), IL6, IL10] and cellular Foxp3 protein. In allo-tolerance, a specific effect of TIM-3-Ig was some fourfold reduction in TGFbeta. Foxp3 was induced in the allo-tolerant response to donor and this was not altered by TIM-3-Ig over the 5-day culture period. No Foxp3 was detected in either rejected or donor stimulator cells at any time. Thus, in an ex vivo model of in vivo tolerance to heart allografts, TIM-3-Ig therapy appears to reduce the stable tolerogenic environment by a rapid and specific repression of TGFbeta release.
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85
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Wang Y, Meng J, Wang X, Liu S, Shu Q, Gao L, Ju Y, Zhang L, Sun W, Ma C. Expression of Human TIM-1 and TIM-3 on Lymphocytes from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. Scand J Immunol 2007; 67:63-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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86
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Abstract
Tim molecules regulate T cell responses; however, the molecular basis of their ligand recognition remains largely unknown. In this issue of Immunity, Santiago et al. (2007) and Cao et al. (2007) report the crystal structures of several Tims and provide insights into the structure-function relationship of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Anderson
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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van de Weyer PS, Muehlfeit M, Klose C, Bonventre JV, Walz G, Kuehn EW. A highly conserved tyrosine of Tim-3 is phosphorylated upon stimulation by its ligand galectin-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:571-6. [PMID: 17069754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tim-3 is a member of the TIM family of proteins (T-cell immunoglobulin mucin) involved in the regulation of CD4+ T-cells. Tim-3 is a T(H)1-specific type 1 membrane protein and regulates T(H)1 proliferation and the development of tolerance. Binding of galectin-9 to the extracellular domain of Tim-3 results in apoptosis of T(H)1 cells, but the intracellular pathways involved in the regulatory function of Tim-3 are unknown. Unlike Tim-1, which is expressed in renal epithelia and cancer, Tim-3 has not been described in cells other than neuronal or T-cells. Using RT-PCR we demonstrate that Tim-3 is expressed in malignant and non-malignant epithelial tissues. We have cloned Tim-3 from an immortalized liver cell carcinoma line and identified a highly conserved tyrosine in the intracellular tail of Tim-3 (Y265). We demonstrate that Y265 is specifically phosphorylated in vivo by the interleukin inducible T cell kinase (ITK), a kinase which is located in close proximity of the TIM genes on the allergy susceptibility locus 5q33.3. Stimulation of Tim-3 by its ligand galectin-9 results in increased phosphorylation of Y265, suggesting that this tyrosine residue plays an important role in downstream signalling events regulating T-cell fate. Given the role of TIM proteins in autoimmunity and cancer, the conserved SH2 binding domain surrounding Y265 could represent a possible target site for pharmacological intervention.
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