51
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Han KQ, He XQ, Ma MY, Guo XD, Zhang XM, Chen J, Han H, Zhang WW, Zhu QG, Zhao WZ. Targeted silencing of CXCL1 by siRNA inhibits tumor growth and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2131-40. [PMID: 26499374 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Our previous study shows that chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) was upregulated and CXCR1 was downregulated in tumor tissues as compared to peritumor tissues by chemotaxis assay. As the status of CXCL subgroups and their receptors affect progression of HCC, we evaluated potential mechanisms of CXCL1 associated with anticancer effects in HCC based on our previous study. The effects of targeting CXCL1 by RNA interference (RNAi) on the proliferation and apoptosis of CBRH-7919 cells were observed in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, whether CXCL1 knockdown significantly reduce the activity of STAT3, NF-κB and HIF-1 or not were also estimated. RNAi of CXCL1 in the CBRH-7919 cells decreased the growth of tumors in nude mice by inhibited cells proliferation and induced apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CXCL1 plays critical roles in the growth and apoptosis of HCC. RNAi of CXCL1 inhibits the growth and apoptosis of tumor cells, which indicates that CXCL1 may be a potential molecular target for use in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qi Han
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qun He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yu Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Gang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zhao Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Henan Science and Technology University, School of Medicine, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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Yang F, Yu Y. [Tumor microenvironment--the critical element of tumor metastasis]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:48-54. [PMID: 25603873 PMCID: PMC5999737 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
肿瘤转移是癌症治疗失败和患者死亡的主要原因,其分子机制复杂,涉及多步骤、多阶段、多基因的变化。作为肿瘤细胞赖以生存的场所,肿瘤微环境在肿瘤转移过程中起到至关重要的作用。因此,研究肿瘤微环境与肿瘤转移的动态关系,阐明微环境中不同因子在转移过程中的分子机制是抑制肿瘤转移的关键。
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Kubo H, Shibato J, Saito T, Ogawa T, Rakwal R, Shioda S. Unraveling the Rat Intestine, Spleen and Liver Genome-Wide Transcriptome after the Oral Administration of Lavender Oil by a Two-Color Dye-Swap DNA Microarray Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129951. [PMID: 26161641 PMCID: PMC4498626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lavender oil (LO)--a commonly, used oil in aromatherapy, with well-defined volatile components linalool and linalyl acetate--in non-traditional medicine is increasing globally. To understand and demonstrate the potential positive effects of LO on the body, we have established an animal model in this current study, investigating the orally administered LO effects genome wide in the rat small intestine, spleen, and liver. The rats were administered LO at 5 mg/kg (usual therapeutic dose in humans) followed by the screening of differentially expressed genes in the tissues, using a 4×44-K whole-genome rat chip (Agilent microarray platform; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) in conjunction with a dye-swap approach, a novelty of this study. Fourteen days after LO treatment and compared with a control group (sham), a total of 156 and 154 up (≧ 1.5-fold)- and down (≦ 0.75-fold)-regulated genes, 174 and 66 up- (≧ 1.5-fold)- and down (≦ 0.75-fold)-regulated genes, and 222 and 322 up- (≧ 1.5-fold)- and down (≦ 0.75-fold)-regulated genes showed differential expression at the mRNA level in the small intestine, spleen and liver, respectively. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) validation of highly up- and down-regulated genes confirmed the regulation of the Papd4, Lrp1b, Alb, Cyr61, Cyp2c, and Cxcl1 genes by LO as examples in these tissues. Using bioinformatics, including Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), differentially expressed genes were functionally categorized by their Gene Ontology (GO) and biological function and network analysis, revealing their diverse functions and potential roles in LO-mediated effects in rat. Further IPA analysis in particular unraveled the presence of novel genes, such as Papd4, Or8k5, Gprc5b, Taar5, Trpc6, Pld2 and Onecut3 (up-regulated top molecules) and Tnf, Slc45a4, Slc25a23 and Samt4 (down-regulated top molecules), to be influenced by LO treatment in the small intestine, spleen and liver, respectively. These results are the first such inventory of genes that are affected by lavender essential oil (LO) in an animal model, forming the basis for further in-depth bioinformatics and functional analyses and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kubo
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Oriental Aromatherapy College, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Saito
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences & Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim SS, Cho HJ, Won JH, Bae JI, Kang DR, Lee JD, Shin SJ, Lee KM, Yoo BM, Kim JK, Lee JH, Ahn SJ, Park JH, Cho SW, Cheong JY. Interleukin-8 level as a prognostic marker in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial chemoembolization. Cytokine 2015; 76:449-457. [PMID: 26163999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between serum interleukin (IL)-8 levels and post-transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) outcomes in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC. We enrolled 119 TACE-treated patients with HBV-associated HCC; TACE refractoriness and liver transplantation (LT)-free survival were evaluated during follow-up. Pre-TACE serum levels of various cytokines (epidermal growth factor [EGF], fibroblast growth factor 2, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor [G-CSF], interferon-γ, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17A, interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor) were analyzed. During a mean follow-up of 24.3 (1-79) months, 91 patients (76.5%) exhibited TACE refractoriness. In multivariate analyses, multiple tumors (hazard ratio [HR], 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-4.39; P=0.006), large tumor size (HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.38-4.03; P=0.002), and combination of alpha-fetoprotein and IL-8 levels (AFP>400 ng/mL or IL-8>32 pg/mL; HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.03-2.85; P=0.037) independently predicted overall TACE refractoriness. Higher EGF (>35 pg/mL) and lower G-CSF levels (⩽ 12.5 pg/mL) were associated with early TACE refractoriness (<1 year; HR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.01-11.96; P=0.049 and HR, 6.25; 95% CI, 1.62-23.81; P=0.008, respectively). Furthermore, high IL-8 level (>32 pg/mL; HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.09-2.59; P=0.020) was associated with poor LT-free survival. In conclusion, pretreatment serum IL-8 is a useful prognostic marker for TACE refractoriness and LT-free survival in TACE-treated patients with HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Je Hwan Won
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Ik Bae
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- Department of Medical Humanities & Social Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Dong Lee
- Office of Biostatistics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kee Myung Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byung Moo Yoo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jai Keun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jei Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seon Joo Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ju Han Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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le Rolle AF, Chiu TK, Fara M, Shia J, Zeng Z, Weiser MR, Paty PB, Chiu VK. The prognostic significance of CXCL1 hypersecretion by human colorectal cancer epithelia and myofibroblasts. J Transl Med 2015; 13:199. [PMID: 26104296 PMCID: PMC4477596 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains limited, especially when the tumor harbors a KRAS mutation. This study aimed to identify prognostic biomarkers in CRC that are accessible for therapeutic inhibition. Methods Conditioned media from human CRC epithelial cells and myofibroblasts were screened by cytokine arrays for tumorigenic factors. The protein and mRNA expressions of these factors were determined by immunohistochemistry and gene microarrays in human CRC tissues. Prognostic biomarkers were determined by correlation of mRNA expression to overall survival in stage IV CRC patients. Inhibition of CXCL1 was performed with specific neutralizing antibody and lentiviral shRNAs. Malignant growth was assessed by soft agar growth assays and xenograft tumor growth in immunocompromised mice. Results CXCL1 was highly secreted by KRAS mutant human CRC cells and myofibroblasts in a complementary adaptive response to serum deprivation. Elevated CXCL1 level promoted anchorage-independent growth of murine fibroblasts and human CRC cells. Inhibition of CXCL1 by neutralizing antibody and specific shRNAs decreased CRC tumor growth. Highly elevated CXCL1 expression significantly correlated with decreased overall survival in stage IV CRC patients (hazard ratio 0.28; 95% CI 0.11–0.72). Conclusions High CXCL1 expression is a poor prognostic biomarker in metastatic CRC. CXCL1 inhibition suppressed tumorigenic growth of KRAS mutant CRC cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0555-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-France le Rolle
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, 839 Health Sciences Road, Sprague Hall Office 116, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Thang K Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Michael Fara
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Zhaoshi Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Martin R Weiser
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Philip B Paty
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Vi K Chiu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, 839 Health Sciences Road, Sprague Hall Office 116, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Chen ZY, Raghav K, Lieu CH, Jiang ZQ, Eng C, Vauthey JN, Chang GJ, Qiao W, Morris J, Hong D, Hoff P, Tran H, Menter DG, Heymach J, Overman M, Kopetz S. Cytokine profile and prognostic significance of high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1088-97. [PMID: 25688736 PMCID: PMC4366901 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High circulating neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) appears to be prognostic in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We investigated the relationship of NLR with circulating cytokines and molecular alterations. Methods: We performed retrospective analyses on multiple cohorts of CRC patients (metastatic untreated (n=166), refractory metastatic (n=161), hepatectomy (n=198), stage 2/3 (n=274), and molecularly screened (n=342)). High NLR (ratio of absolute neutrophil-to-lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood) was defined as NLR>5. Plasma cytokines were evaluated using multiplex-bead assays. Kaplan–Meier estimates, non-parametric correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analyses were used. Results: High NLR was associated with poor prognosis in mCRC (hazard ratio (HR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.03–2.89; P=0.039) independent of known prognostic factors and molecular alterations (KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA/CIMP). High NLR correlated with increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-2Rα, hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and vascular epidermal growth factor in exploratory (n=39) and validation (n=166) cohorts. Fourteen additional cytokines correlated with high NLR in the validation cohort. All 20 cytokines fell into three major clusters: inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic cytokines, and epidermal growth factor ligands. In mCRC, composite stratification based on NLR-cytokine score provided enhanced prognostic information (HR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.59–2.76; P<0.001) over and above NLR. Conclusions: High NLR is an independent poor prognostic marker in CRC and correlates with a distinct cytokine profile related to key biological processes involved in carcinogenesis. A composite NLR-cytokine stratification has enhanced prognostic value in mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - K Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C H Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Z-Q Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J-N Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - G J Chang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - P Hoff
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Oncologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Tran
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Lim JB, Chung HW. Serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and their combinations as potential biomarkers for prediction of the presence and distant metastasis of primary gastric cancer. Cytokine 2015; 73:16-22. [PMID: 25689618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines play important roles in cancer development and progression. Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA78/CXCL5) and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) supposedly contribute to gastric cancer (GC) development and progression. This study aims to evaluate serum levels of ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 along the GC carcinogenesis, and analyze their clinical significance, and diagnostic potentials through human serum samples. METHODS A total of 300 subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12, measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, were compared among 4 disease groups; normal, high-risk (intestinal metaplasia and adenoma), early GC (EGC), and advanced GC (AGC) groups in both training (n=25 per group) and validation dataset (n=70, 30, 50, 50, respectively) by ANOVA test (post hoc Bonferroni). Correlations between serum ENA78/CXCL5 or SDF-1/CXCL12 levels and clinicopathological parameters of GC patients were evaluated (Spearman's correlation; γs). To validate the diagnostic accuracy, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Serum ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 levels were significantly higher in AGC groups than EGC, high-risk and normal groups in both training and validation dataset (Bonferroni, from p<0.01 to p<0.001). Clinicopathologically, serum ENA78/CXCL5 was correlated with T-stage (γs=0.231, p=0.021) and distant metastasis (γs=0.357, p<0.001), while serum SDF-1/CXCL12 was correlated with lymph node (γs=0.220, p=0.029) and distant (γs=0.425, p<0.001) metastasis. ROC curve and logistic regression demonstrated that serum ENA78/CXCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 showed higher diagnostic accuracy compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in predicting GC. Serum ENA78/CXCL5 could predict both the presence of GC and distant metastasis, while serum SDF-1/CXCL12 could mainly predict its distant metastasis. All combination of serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CEA achieved 92.8% specificity at 75.0% sensitivity to predict distant metastasis of GC. CONCLUSIONS Combinations of initial serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and CEA before any treatment for GC can produce valuable serum biomarker panels to predict the presence and distant metastasis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Baeck Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea.
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Reciprocal interaction between carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and squamous carcinoma cells through interleukin-1α induces cancer progression. Neoplasia 2014; 16:928-38. [PMID: 25425967 PMCID: PMC4240921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between cancer cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has earned recognition as an interaction that plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Thus, we attempted to clarify whether increase in the level of CAFs promotes cancer progression by proportionally enhancing the interaction between cancer cells and CAFs. We first analyzed clinical correlation between the levels of fibroblasts and cancer progression and found that the level of CAFs made a noticeable difference on the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In vivo animal study also demonstrated that tumor volume depended on the dose of CAFs that was co-injected with OSCC cells. The same tendency was observed in an in vitro study. We also found that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) secreted from OSCC cells had dual effects on CAFs: IL-1α not only promoted the proliferation of CAFs but also upregulated the secretion of cytokines in CAFs such as CCL7, CXCL1, and IL-8. The induction activity of cytokine secretion by IL-1α surpassed that of proliferation in OSCC cells. In summary, we unraveled an important interactive mechanism of carcinogenesis: IL-1α released from carcinoma stimulates the proliferation of CAFs and the simultaneous increase in cytokine secretion from CAFs promotes cancer progression in human OSCC. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the level of CAFs is eligible for being selected as a prognostic factor that will be useful in routine diagnosis. We also propose that blockage of reciprocal interaction between cancer cells and CAFs will provide an insight for developing novel chemotherapeutic strategy.
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Haigh O, Depelsenaire AC, Meliga SC, Yukiko SR, McMillan NA, Frazer IH, Kendall MA. CXCL1 gene silencing in skin using liposome-encapsulated siRNA delivered by microprojection array. J Control Release 2014; 194:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boissière-Michot F, Lazennec G, Frugier H, Jarlier M, Roca L, Duffour J, Du Paty E, Laune D, Blanchard F, Le Pessot F, Sabourin JC, Bibeau F. Characterization of an adaptive immune response in microsatellite-instable colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e29256. [PMID: 25101223 PMCID: PMC4121339 DOI: 10.4161/onci.29256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic or hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI) is frequently characterized by inflammatory lymphocytic infiltration and tends to be associated with a better outcome than microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC, probably reflecting a more effective immune response. We investigated inflammatory mechanisms in 48 MSI CRCs and 62 MSS CRCs by analyzing: (1) the expression of 48 cytokines using Bio-Plex multiplex cytokine assays, and (2) the in situ immune response by immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies against CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD45RO (memory T lymphocytes), T-bet (Th1 CD4 cells), and FoxP3 (regulatory T cells). MSI CRC exhibited significantly higher expression of CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL9 (MIG), IL-1β, CXCL10 (IP-10), IL-16, CXCL1 (GROα), and IL-1ra, and lower expression of MIF, compared with MSS CRC. Immunohistochemistry combined with image analysis indicated that the density of CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+, and T-bet+ T lymphocytes was higher in MSI CRC than in MSS CRC, whereas the number of regulatory T cells (FoxP3+) was not statistically different between the groups. These results indicate that MSI CRC is associated with a specific cytokine expression profile that includes CCL5, CXCL10, and CXCL9, which are involved in the T helper type 1 (Th1) response and in the recruitment of memory CD45RO+ T cells. Our findings highlight the major role of adaptive immunity in MSI CRC and provide a possible explanation for the more favorable prognosis of this CRC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Boissière-Michot
- Pathology Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle; Montpellier, France
| | | | - Hélène Frugier
- Pathology Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle; Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Jarlier
- Biostatistics Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle; Montpellier, France
| | - Lise Roca
- Biostatistics Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle; Montpellier, France
| | - Jacqueline Duffour
- Oncology Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle; Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Bibeau
- Pathology Department, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle; Montpellier, France
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Li Z, Wang Y, Dong S, Ge C, Xiao Y, Li R, Ma X, Xue Y, Zhang Q, Lv J, Tan Q, Zhu Z, Song X, Tan J. Association of CXCR1 and 2 expressions with gastric cancer metastasis in ex vivo and tumor cell invasion in vitro. Cytokine 2014; 69:6-13. [PMID: 25022956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR1 and CXCR2, cell surface receptors of interleukin-8, regulate cell migration and alteration of their expression has been associated with poor prognosis of various cancers. The aim of this study was to detect their expression in gastric cancer to identify associations with another cell adhesion molecule, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and with clinicopathological data ex vivo, and then explore their potential role in gastric cancer cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 172 cases of gastric cancer tissue specimens were collected for immunohistochemical analysis of CXCR1, CXCR2, and MMP9 expression. Expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 proteins was knocked in or down using their cDNA and shRNA, respectively, in gastric cancer cell lines to assess the changed cell phenotypes and gene expression. RESULTS CXCR1, CXCR2, and MMP9 were expressed in 61.0%, 77.9%, and 75.6% of gastric cancer tissues, respectively. Moreover, CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression was associated with tumor differentiations, advanced clinical stages, lymph node, and distant metastasis of gastric cancer. Similarly, MMP9 expression was associated with CXCR1 and CXCR2. Expression of these three proteins was interrelated. In vitro study showed that levels of CXCR1 and CXCR2 proteins were associated with the capacity of gastric cancer cell migration, while knockdown of their expression inhibited gastric cancer cell migration and invasion abilities in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 proteins promoted tumor cell migration and invasion. At the gene levels, knockdown of CXCR1 or CXCR2 expression suppressed expression of Ets-1, SRC-1, and JNK proteins and phosphorylated c-Jun and Erk1/2. Conversely, upregulation of CXCR1 or CXCR2 promoted expression of Ets-1, SRC-1, JNK, and c-Jun proteins and phosphorylated JNK, c-Jun and Erk1/2. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CXCR1 and CXCR2 play an important role in gastric cancer progression. Further study will be performed to investigate whether target of their expression can be used as a novel strategy in clinical control of gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Suiwei Dong
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunlei Ge
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanbin Xiao
- Department of Osteology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruilei Li
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Osteology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanbo Xue
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qinghua Tan
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhitao Zhu
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Song
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Chen L, Qu C, Chen H, Xu L, Qi Q, Luo J, Wang K, Meng Z, Chen Z, Wang P, Liu L. Chinese herbal medicine suppresses invasion-promoting capacity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96177. [PMID: 24781445 PMCID: PMC4004556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, due to aggressive growth, high metastatic rates during the early stage and the lack of an effective therapeutic approach. We previously showed that Qingyihuaji (QYHJ), a seven-herb Chinese medicine formula, exhibited significant anti-cancer effects in pancreatic cancer, associated with modifications in the tumor microenvironment, particularly the inhibition of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation. In the present study, we generated CAF and paired normal fibroblast (NF) cultures from resected human pancreatic cancer tissues. We observed that CAFs exhibited an enhanced capacity for inducing pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion compared with NFs, while QYHJ-treated CAFs exhibited decreased migration and invasion-promoting capacities in vitro. The results of further analyses indicated that compared with NFs, CAFs exhibit increased CXCL1, 2 and 8 expression, contributing to the enhanced invasion-promoting capacities of these cells, while QYHJ treatment significantly suppressed CAF proliferation activities and the production of CAF-derived CXCL1, 2 and 8. These in vitro observations were confirmed in mice models of human pancreatic cancer. Taken together, these results suggested that suppressing the tumor-promoting capacity of CAFs through Chinese herbal medicine attenuates pancreatic cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Litao Xu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (PW); (ZC)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (PW); (ZC)
| | - Luming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (PW); (ZC)
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Sueoka H, Hirano T, Uda Y, Iimuro Y, Yamanaka J, Fujimoto J. Blockage of CXCR2 suppresses tumor growth of intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma. Surgery 2014; 155:640-9. [PMID: 24582495 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Complete operative resection is the only approach to cure for intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC), but the disease's prognosis is notably poor. A novel therapeutic approach is urgently required. CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) has been associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in human cancers. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of ICC growth by blocking CXCR2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The role of CXCR2 was estimated using the human ICC cell lines, RBE and SSP25. CXCR2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and an antagonist (SB225002) were used to block CXCR2. Proliferation assays, migration assays, and invasion assays were performed to confirm the suppressive effect of blocking CXCR2. Subcutaneous SSP25 tumors were established in athymic nude mice, and the mice were given SB225002. The expression of CXCR2 in ICC was determined by immunohistochemical staining of 34 ICC specimens. We investigated the relationship between CXCR2 expression and prognosis in ICC. RESULTS The prognosis of patients who had higher CXCR2 expression in ICC was significantly poor (P = .004). CXCR2 siRNA treatment significantly suppressed CXCR2 expression in both RBE and SSP25. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly suppressed by both CXCR2 siRNA and SB225002 compared with the control group. SB225002 also suppressed the growth of transplanted subcutaneous tumors (P = .02) CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that blocking CXCR2 clearly suppressed the development of ICC. Blocking CXCR2 may be a promising therapeutic approach for ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Sueoka
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Hirano
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yugo Uda
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuji Iimuro
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamanaka
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Circulating galectins -2, -4 and -8 in cancer patients make important contributions to the increased circulation of several cytokines and chemokines that promote angiogenesis and metastasis. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:741-52. [PMID: 24384681 PMCID: PMC3915140 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating concentrations of the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and chemokines monocyte chemotatic protein 1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 and growth-regulator oncogene α (GROα)/chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 are commonly increased in cancer patients and they are increasingly recognised as important promoters, via divergent mechanisms, of cancer progression and metastasis. Methods: The effect of galectins-2, -4 and -8, whose circulating levels are highly increased in cancer patients, on endothelial secretion of cytokines was assessed in vitro by cytokine array and in mice. The relationship between serum levels of galectins and cytokines was analysed in colon and breast cancer patients. Results: Galectins-2, -4 and -8 at pathological concentrations induce secretion of G-CSF, IL-6, MCP-1 and GROα from the blood vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in mice. Multiple regression analysis indicates that increased circulation of these galectins accounts for 41∼83% of the variance of these cytokines in the sera of colon and breast cancer patients. The galectin-induced secretion of these cytokines/chemokines is shown to enhance the expression of endothelial cell surface adhesion molecules, causing increased cancer-endothelial adhesion and increased endothelial tubule formation. Conclusion: The increased circulation of galectins -2, -4 and -8 in cancer patients contributes substantially to the increased circulation of G-CSF, IL-6 and MCP-1 by interaction with the blood vascular endothelium. These cytokines and chemokines in turn enhance endothelial cell activities in angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Hong S, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Xu C. Targeted gene silencing using a follicle-stimulating hormone peptide-conjugated nanoparticle system improves its specificity and efficacy in ovarian clear cell carcinoma in vitro. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:80. [PMID: 24252539 PMCID: PMC3843555 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference technology has shown high therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. However, serum instability, poor tissue permeability and non-specific uptake of short interfering RNA (siRNA) limit its administration in vivo. To overcome these limitations and improve the specificity for ovarian cancer, we developed a targeted nanoparticle delivery system for siRNA. This system included follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β 33-53 peptide as a targeting moiety that specifically recognized FSH receptor (FSHR) expressed on ovarian cancer cells. Growth regulated oncogene α (gro-α) has been reported to be involved in ovarian cancer development and progression. Thus, siRNA targeted to gro-α was used as an antitumor drug in this delivery system. METHODS FSH β 33-53 peptide-conjugated gro-α siRNA-loaded polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polyethylenimine (PEI) nanoparticles (FSH33-G-NP) were prepared and characterized by gel retardation assay and transmission electron microscopy. Particle size and zeta potential were determined. Expression of gro-α mRNA and protein was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proliferation, migration and invasion of the ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line ES-2 were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay, cell scratch assay and transwell migration assay. RESULTS A siRNA sequence that is effective in silencing gro-α expression was obtained and loaded into the targeted delivery system. Compared with gro-α siRNA-loaded nanoparticles without FSH peptide modification (G-NP), FSH33-G-NP significantly down-regulated gro-α expression in ES-2 cells at mRNA and protein levels. Consequently, the aggressive biological behaviors of ES-2 cells, including proliferation, migration and invasion, were suppressed after silencing gro-α expression, and the addition of the FSH β 33-53 peptide enhanced the suppressive effects. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that a FSHR-mediated delivery system could mediate the highly selective delivery of siRNA into ovarian cancer cells and that silencing gro-α expression could be a potential choice for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
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