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Acidophilic granulocytes in the gills of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata: evidence for their responses to a natural infection by a copepod ectoparasite. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:465-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Peng KC, Lee SH, Hour AL, Pan CY, Lee LH, Chen JY. Five different piscidins from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: analysis of their expressions and biological functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50263. [PMID: 23226256 PMCID: PMC3511469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscidins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play important roles in helping fish resist pathogenic infections. Through comparisons of tilapia EST clones, the coding sequences of five piscidin-like AMPs (named TP1∼5) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were determined. The complete piscidin coding sequences of TP1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 were respectively composed of 207, 234, 231, 270, and 195 bases, and each contained a translated region of 68, 77, 76, 89, and 64 amino acids. The tissue-specific, Vibrio vulnificus stimulation-specific, and Streptococcus agalactiae stimulation-specific expressions of TP2, -3, and -4 mRNA were determined by a comparative RT-PCR. Results of the tissue distribution analysis revealed high expression levels of TP2 mRNA in the skin, head kidneys, liver, and spleen. To study bacterial stimulation, S. agalactiae (SA47) was injected, and the TP4 transcript was upregulated by >13-fold (compared to the wild-type (WT) control, without injection) and was 60-fold upregulated (compared to the WT control, without injection) 24 h after the S. agalactiae (SA47) injection in the spleen and gills. Synthesized TP3 and TP4 peptides showed antimicrobial activities against several bacteria in this study, while the synthesized TP1, -2, and -5 peptides did not. The synthesized TP2, -3, and -4 peptides showed hemolytic activities and synthesized TP3 and TP4 peptides inhibited tilapia ovary cell proliferation with a dose-dependent effect. In summary, the amphiphilic α-helical cationic peptides of TP3 and TP4 may represent novel and potential antimicrobial agents for further peptide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Peng
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hour
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Han Lee
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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53
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Li M, Leatherland JF. The interaction between maternal stress and the ontogeny of the innate immune system during teleost embryogenesis: implications for aquaculture practice. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:1793-1814. [PMID: 23130684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The barrier defences and acellular innate immune proteins play critical roles during the early-stage fish embryos prior to the development of functional organ systems. The innate immune proteins in the yolk of embryos are of maternal origin. Maternal stress affects the maternal-to-embryo transfer of these proteins and, therefore, environmental stressors may change the course of embryo development, including embryonic immunocompetency, via their deleterious effect on maternal physiology. This review focuses on the associations that exist between maternal stress, maternal endocrine disturbance and the responses of the acellular innate immune proteins of early-stage fish embryos. Early-stage teleostean embryos are dependent upon the adult female for the formation of the zona pellucida as an essential barrier defence, for their supply of nutrients, and for the innate immunity proteins and antibodies that are transferred from the maternal circulation to the oocytes; maternally derived hormones are also transferred, some of which (such as cortisol) are known to exert a suppressive action on some aspects of the immune defences. This review summarizes what is known about the effects of oocyte cortisol content on the immune system components in early embryos. The review also examines recent evidence that embryonic cells during early cleavage have the capacity to respond to increased maternal cortisol transfer; this emphasizes the importance of maternal and early immune competence on the later life of fishes, both in the wild and in intensive culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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54
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Buonocore F, Randelli E, Casani D, Picchietti S, Belardinelli MC, de Pascale D, De Santi C, Scapigliati G. A piscidin-like antimicrobial peptide from the icefish Chionodraco hamatus (Perciformes: Channichthyidae): molecular characterization, localization and bactericidal activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1183-1191. [PMID: 22982327 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered one of the most ancient components of the innate immune system. They are able to exert their protection activity against a variety of microorganisms, and are widely distributed in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In this paper we focused on an AMP identified in the Antarctic teleost Chionodraco hamatus, an icefish species. The cDNA sequence of the AMP, named chionodracine, is comprised of 515 bp and translates for a putative protein precursor of 80 amino acids, with a signal peptide of 22 amino acids. The structural features evidenced in the primary sequence of chionodracine lead to the inclusion of the peptide in the antimicrobial family of piscidins. The analysis by real-time PCR of the basal gene transcripts of chionodracine in different icefish tissues showed that the highest expression was found in gills, followed by head kidney. The chionodracine expression levels in head kidney leukocytes were up-regulated in vitro both by LPS and poly I:C, and in vivo by LPS. A putative chionodracine mature peptide was synthesized and employed to obtain a polyclonal antiserum, which was used in immunohistochemistry of gills sections and revealed a significant positivity associated with mast cells. The bactericidal activity of the peptide was investigated and found significant against Antarctic psychrophilic bacteria strains (Psychrobacter sp. TAD1 and TA144), the Gram-positive Bacillus cereus, and at a lesser extent against the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Interestingly, the haemolytic activity of chionodracine was tested in vitro on human erythrocytes and no significant lysis occurred until peptide concentration of 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Abstract
The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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DEZFULI BS, LUI A, GIARI L, CASTALDELLI G, SHINN AP, LORENZONI M. Innate immune defence mechanisms of tench,Tinca tinca(L.), naturally infected with the tapewormMonobothrium wageneri. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:511-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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57
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Li Y, Xiang Q, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Su Z. Overview on the recent study of antimicrobial peptides: origins, functions, relative mechanisms and application. Peptides 2012; 37:207-15. [PMID: 22800692 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are produced by several species including insects, other animals, micro-organisms and synthesis, are a critical component of the natural defense system. With the growing problem of pathogenic organisms resistant to conventional antibiotics, especially with the emergence of NDM-1, there is increased interest in the pharmacological application of AMPs. They can protect against a broad array of infectious agents, such as bacteria, fungi, parasite, virus and cancer cells. AMPs have a very good future in the application in pharmaceuticals industry and food additive. This review focuses on the AMPs from different origins in these recent years, and discusses their various functions and relative mechanisms of action. It will provide some detailed files for clinical research of pharmaceuticals industry and food additive in application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
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58
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Ruangsri J, Fernandes JMO, Rombout JHWM, Brinchmann MF, Kiron V. Ubiquitous presence of piscidin-1 in Atlantic cod as evidenced by immunolocalisation. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:46. [PMID: 22538079 PMCID: PMC3395576 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the natural antibiotics bestowed upon all forms of life, consist of small molecular weight proteins with a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Piscidins are one of the AMP families that are imperative for the innate defence mechanisms of teleosts. Atlantic cod, a basal fish belonging to the superorder Paracanthopterygii also possesses multiple piscidin peptides. Two piscidin paralogues (pis1 and pis2) and a novel alternative splice variant of pis2 of this fish were previously described by us. To shed light on other potent roles of these molecules, now we have mapped the distribution of piscidin 1 (Pis1), in different tissues and organs of cod through immunohistochemistry (IHC) employing an affinity purified polyclonal antibody specific to Pis1. Results Various cell types and tissues of Atlantic cod including those from the immune organs of naïve fish are armed with Pis1 peptide. Different types of the blood leucocytes and phagocytic cells among the leucocytes examined gave a relatively strong indication of Pis1 immunopositivity. In addition, other cell types such as hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells and multi-granular cells located in the mucosal and hematopoietic tissues were also Pis1-immunoreactive. More interestingly, chondrocytes appear to produce Pis1 and this is the first report on the presence of an AMP in cartilage tissue of fish. Furthermore, Pis1 immunopositivity was detected in other tissues and organs of naïve fish including neural tissues, exocrine and endocrine glands, compound gland cells, excretory kidney, intestinal and respiratory epithelial cells, swim bladder, skin and hypodermis layer, myosepta, liver, heart, eye and oocytes. Conclusions Pis1 peptide is produced by various cell types located in different tissues and organs of Atlantic cod. It is present in all immune-related organs of naïve fish and the elevated peptide expression following phagocytosis strongly suggest their involvement in innate defence. Further, its widespread occurrence in non-immune tissues and organs of apparently healthy fish implies that piscidin may have other functions in addition to its role as an immune effector molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jareeporn Ruangsri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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59
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Lin HJ, Huang TC, Muthusamy S, Lee JF, Duann YF, Lin CH. Piscidin-1, an Antimicrobial Peptide from Fish (Hybrid Striped BassMorone saxatilisxM. chrysops), Induces Apoptotic and Necrotic Activity in HT1080 Cells. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:327-32. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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60
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Ruangsri J, Salger SA, Caipang CMA, Kiron V, Fernandes JMO. Differential expression and biological activity of two piscidin paralogues and a novel splice variant in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:396-406. [PMID: 22178249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The piscidin (pis) family of potent antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum activity has an important role in innate host defence. We have identified and characterized two pis paralogues in Atlantic cod (pis1 and pis2), as well as a novel splice variant of pis2, termed pis2-β. Pis1 and pis2 genes have most likely originated from a recent duplication event, since they share the same four-exon structure with up to 91% identity at the intron level. The alternative transcript pis2-β is derived from intron retention and even if not translated it may regulate pis expression through nonsense mediated decay. In spite of their overall conservation, pis genes are being shaped by positive selection and pis1, pis2 and pis2-β code for structurally diverse mature peptides, which have different functional properties. Synthetic Pis1 displays antibacterial activity in the micromolar range against Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) bacteria, including the fish pathogens Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri. In contrast, synthetic Pis2 and Pis2-β have limited or no antibacterial activity, respectively, but exhibit more potent antiparasitic activity against Tetrahymena pyriformis. In adult cod, pis1 and pis2-β are constitutively expressed in immune-related organs, whereas pis2 is constitutively expressed in all tissues examined. Differential expression is also observed during embryonic development. In particular, pis2 and pis2-β are maternally inherited but pis1 transcripts are only present from gastrulation onwards. It was found that antigenic challenge with attenuated V. anguillarum induces a general down-regulation of all pis in head kidney, spleen and distal intestine, suggesting that they may be used as health indicators. Taken together, our data indicate that pis is an important component of the cod innate immune system. Moreover, the two pis paralogues have undergone structural diversification and it is likely that they play multifunctional roles in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jareeporn Ruangsri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Mørkved, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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61
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Lauriano ER, Calò M, Silvestri G, Zaccone D, Pergolizzi S, Lo Cascio P. Mast cells in the intestine and gills of the sea bream, Sparus aurata, exposed to a polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB 126. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:166-71. [PMID: 21565388 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mast cells has been reported in all classes of vertebrates, including many teleost fish families. The mast cells of teleosts, both morphologically and functionally, show a close similarity to the mast cells of mammals. Mast cells of teleosts, localized in the vicinity of blood vessels of the intestine, gills and skin, may play an important role in the mechanisms of inflammatory response, because they express a number of functional proteins, including piscidins, which are antimicrobical peptides that act against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. An increase in the number of mast cells in various tissues and organs of teleosts seems to be linked to a wide range of stressful conditions, such as exposure to heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead and mercury), exposure to herbicides and parasitic infections. This study analyzed the morphological localization and abundance of mast cells in the intestine and gills of sea bream, Sparus aurata, after a 12, 24 or 72 h exposure to PCB 126, a polychlorinated biphenyl, which is a potent immunotoxic agent. In the organs of fish exposed to PCB 126, it was observed that in addition to congestion of blood vessels, there was extravasation of red blood cells, infiltration of lymphocytes, and a progressive increase in numbers of mast cells. These data confirm the immunotoxic action of PCB, and the involvement of mast cells in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science FF.MM.NN., University of Messina, Italy
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62
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Dezfuli BS, Lui A, Giari L, Castaldelli G, Mulero V, Noga EJ. Infiltration and activation of acidophilic granulocytes in skin lesions of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, naturally infected with lymphocystis disease virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:174-182. [PMID: 21762724 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Light, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical investigations were carried out on the skin of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., naturally infected with lymphocystis iridovirus, to assess pathology and host cellular responses. Of 220,000 young seabream examined, 32,400 (14.7%) had clinical signs of lymphocystis and within 6 months of disease appearance, 45% of clinically affected fish had died. A subsample of 20 S. aurata (80.0 ± 12.5mm total length, mean ± S.D.), including 10 with lymphocystis on the skin and 10 clinically normal, were examined via immunohistochemistry. Affected skin displayed macroscopic, wart-like clusters of hypertrophic fibroblasts which arose from the dermis and were covered by the epithelium. Clusters were encountered on the head, trunk and fins, but there was no evidence of visceral lymphocystis. The lymphocysts were surrounded by numerous granular cells that were positive for the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) piscidin 3 and underwent intense degranulation. To identify the type of granular cells involved in this viral disease, a double immunohistochemical staining with the monoclonal antibody G7 (mAb G7), which is specific for seabream acidophilic granulocytes (AGs), and with anti-histamine (as a marker for mast cells, MCs) was applied to the skin sections of the 10 clinically normal fish and 10 fish with lymphocystis. In infected skin, the number of G7-positive cells (i.e., AGs) (18.5 ± 10.5, mean number of cells per 20,000 μm(2) ± S.D.) was significantly higher compared to their density in uninfected skin (1.4 ± 2.2) (t test, p<0.01). Notably, the AGs that infiltrated the skin lesions of infected animals were found to be degranulated and to produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. No histamine-positive granular cells (i.e., MCs) were encountered in the lymphocystis lesions. The present study shows the response of skin to lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) and provides evidence that AGs, but not MCs, are recruited and activated in response to this skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Dezfuli
- Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44123 Ferrara, Italy.
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63
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Rieger AM, Barreda DR. Antimicrobial mechanisms of fish leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1238-45. [PMID: 21414350 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Early activation and coordination of innate defenses are critical for effective responses against infiltrating pathogens. Rapid engagement of immune cells provides a critical first line of defense soon after pathogen infiltration. Activation leads to a well-orchestrated set of events that sees the induction and regulation of intracellular and extracellular antimicrobial defenses. An array of regulatory mediators, highly toxic soluble molecules, degradative enzymes and antimicrobial peptides provides maximal protection against a wide range of pathogens while limiting endogenous damage to host tissues. In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of innate cellular antimicrobial responses of teleost fish and discuss their implications to cell survival, immunomodulation and death. The evolutionary conservation of these responses is a testament to their effectiveness against pathogen infiltration and their commitment to effective maintenance of host homeostasis. Importantly, recent developments in teleost fish systems have identified novel host defense strategies that may be unique to this lower vertebrate group or may point to previously unknown innate mechanisms that also play a significant role in higher vertebrate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja M Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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64
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Dezfuli BS, Giari L, Lui A, Lorenzoni M, Noga EJ. Mast cell responses to Ergasilus (Copepoda), a gill ectoparasite of sea bream. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1087-1094. [PMID: 21316458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical, light microscopy and ultrastructural studies were conducted on gill of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., naturally parasitized with the important parasitic copepod Ergasilus sp. to assess pathology and cellular responses. Thirty-seven S. aurata were examined from a fish farm; 26 (70%) were parasitized, with infection intensity ranging from 3 to 55 parasites per fish. Hosts were divided into two groups, lightly infected fish (<15 parasites per fish) and heavily infected fish (>15 parasites per fish). In histological sections, the copepod encircled gill lamellae with its second antennae, compressed the epithelium, provoked hyperplasia and hemorrhage, occluded arteries and often caused lamellar disruption. Fusion of the secondary lamellae due to epithelial hyperplasia was common in all infected fish; heavily infected fish showed more intense branchial inflammation. In both healthy and infected fish, mast cells (MCs) were free within the connective tissue inside and outside the blood vessels of the primary lamellae and made close contact with vascular endothelial cells, mucous cells and rodlet cells (RCs). MCs were irregular in shape with a cytoplasm filled by numerous electron-dense, membrane-bound granules. Immunostaining of primary and secondary gill filaments with an antibody against the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) piscidin 3 (anti-piscidin 3 antibody, anti-HAGR) revealed a subpopulation of MCs that were positive. These MCs were more abundant in gills of heavily infected fish than in either lightly infected or uninfected fish (ANOVA, P<0.05). Our report documents the response of gill to ectoparasite infection and provides further evidence that mast cells and their AMPs may play a role in responding to branchial ectoparasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram S Dezfuli
- Department of Biology & Evolution, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44123 Ferrara, Italy.
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65
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Browne MJ, Feng CY, Booth V, Rise ML. Characterization and expression studies of Gaduscidin-1 and Gaduscidin-2; paralogous antimicrobial peptide-like transcripts from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:399-408. [PMID: 21108964 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Piscidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from fish that constitute an important component of their innate immune system. Based on previously generated Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) expressed sequence tags (ESTs), we identified sequences representing two paralogous AMP-like transcripts. These Atlantic cod paralogues were termed gaduscidins (GAD-1 and GAD-2), derived from the genus name Gadus. We obtained full-length cDNA sequences for these putative AMP-encoding transcripts using bi-directional rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). GAD-1 and GAD-2 putative peptides exhibit sequence similarity with members of the piscidin family from teleost fish. Quantitative reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was utilized in transcript expression studies of GAD-1 and GAD-2. We examined the constitutive expression of these transcripts in six tissues (head kidney, blood, brain, gill, pyloric caecum, and spleen) of non-stressed juvenile cod; GAD-1 and GAD-2 transcripts were detected in all six tissues, with the highest expression of both transcripts being in spleen, head kidney, and gill. Transcript expression of GAD-1 and GAD-2 was also examined in immune tissues (spleen and head kidney) following intraperitoneal (IP) injection of formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control). Both transcripts were weakly (less than 4-fold) up-regulated by ASAL in spleen but non-responsive to ASAL in head kidney. Since GAD-1 and GAD-2 transcripts are highly expressed constitutively in immune-relevant tissues (e.g. spleen and head kidney), and are weakly induced in spleen following IP injection with bacterial antigens, they may represent important components of innate immunity in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Browne
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7 Canada
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66
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Noga EJ, Ullal AJ, Corrales J, Fernandes JM. Application of antimicrobial polypeptide host defenses to aquaculture: Exploitation of downregulation and upregulation responses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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67
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DEZFULI BS, CASTALDELLI G, BO T, LORENZONI M, GIARI L. Intestinal immune response of Silurus glanis and Barbus barbus naturally infected with Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:116-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zahran E, Noga EJ. Evidence for synergism of the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 2 with antiparasitic and antioomycete drugs. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:995-1003. [PMID: 21091726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Piscidins are potent, broad-spectrum, host-produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that appear to constitute the most common AMP family in teleost fish. Here, we show that piscidin 2 has potent activity against the water mould Saprolegnia, one of the most important pathogens of freshwater fish. The minimum oomyceticidal concentration (MOC₁₀₀) of piscidin 2 against zoospores of three pathogenic isolates of Saprolegnia ranged from 12.5 to 25.0 μg mL⁻¹. This piscidin concentration is well within levels that have been estimated to be present in at least some fish (1-32.5 μg mL⁻¹). In the presence of either copper or malachite green, two drugs commonly used to treat water moulds, there was evidence for partial synergism (PSYN) with piscidin 2. There was also evidence for PSYN after exposure of the ciliate parasite Tetrahymena pyriformis to piscidin 2 plus copper. Our data provide further evidence that piscidins may be an important host defence against skin and gill pathogens and that the piscidin levels in host tissue might influence the success of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zahran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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69
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Dezfuli BS, Squerzanti S, Fabbri S, Castaldelli G, Giari L. Cellular response in semi-intensively cultured sea bream gills to Ergasilus sieboldi (Copepoda) with emphasis on the distribution, histochemistry and fine structure of mucous cells. Vet Parasitol 2010; 174:359-65. [PMID: 20850928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light and ultrastructure studies were carried out on gill of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., naturally infected with Ergasilus sieboldi (Copepoda) to assess pathology and host cell responses. Thirty S. aurata were examined, and 23 (74%) were infected, the intensity of infection ranging from 3 to 50 parasites per host. The copepod encircled gill lamellae with its second antennae, occluded arteries, compressed the epithelium, provoked hyperplasia and haemorrhage, and often caused tissue disruption. Adjacent to the site of attachment, rodlet cells (RCs), mast cells (MCs) and mucous cells were observed. In parasitized fish, mucous cells were more abundant in infected gills than in uninfected (t-test, P<0.01), while no significant differences were encountered in the numbers of RCs and MCs between gill of infected and uninfected fish (t-test, P>0.01). In both infected and uninfected gill, the RCs were within the primary lamella and also sometimes occurred in secondary lamella. In healthy and infected gill, MCs were free within the connective tissue inside and outside the blood vessels of the primary lamellae and made close contact with vascular endothelial cells. Infected and uninfected gill mucous cells stained positively for neutral muco-substances (PAS positive). In all sea bream, gill mucous cells presented a central or eccentric electron-dense core within the mucus granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Dezfuli
- Department of Biology & Evolution, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, Italy.
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70
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Smith VJ, Desbois AP, Dyrynda EA. Conventional and unconventional antimicrobials from fish, marine invertebrates and micro-algae. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1213-62. [PMID: 20479976 PMCID: PMC2866484 DOI: 10.3390/md8041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms, single-celled or multi-cellular, produce a diverse array of natural anti-infective agents that, in addition to conventional antimicrobial peptides, also include proteins and other molecules often not regarded as part of the innate defences. Examples range from histones, fatty acids, and other structural components of cells to pigments and regulatory proteins. These probably represent very ancient defence factors that have been re-used in new ways during evolution. This review discusses the nature, biological role in host protection and potential biotechnological uses of some of these compounds, focusing on those from fish, marine invertebrates and marine micro-algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Smith
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK.
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71
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Andrews M, Battaglene S, Cobcroft J, Adams M, Noga E, Nowak B. Host response to the chondracanthid copepod Chondracanthus goldsmidi, a gill parasite of the striped trumpeter, Latris lineata (Forster), in Tasmania. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:211-220. [PMID: 19912458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The chondracanthid copepod, Chondracanthus goldsmidi is an ectoparasite of gills, inner opercula and nasal cavities of cultured striped trumpeter, Latris lineata (Forster). Whilst often present in high numbers (up to 60 parasites per host), little is known about its effect on striped trumpeter. In this study C. goldsmidi was associated with extensive epithelial hyperplasia and necrosis. Pathological changes were most pronounced near the parasite's attachment site, with papilloma-like growths surrounding the entire parasite resulting in deformation of the filament. The number of mucous cells increased near the parasite attachment sites on both the opercula and gills. Mast cells were absent in healthy gills; in contrast numerous mast cells were identified in the papilloma-like growths. Immunostaining identified piscidin-positive mast cells in the papilloma-like growths, presenting the first evidence of piscidin in the family Latridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrews
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, AMC Institute, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
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72
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Corrales J, Mulero I, Mulero V, Noga EJ. Detection of antimicrobial peptides related to piscidin 4 in important aquacultured fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:331-343. [PMID: 19913049 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces of fish, such as the gut, skin and gills, comprise a large surface area for possible pathogen invasion. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), innate immunity components, play a significant role in protecting fish. Piscidins are a family of AMPs. In this study, we detected the presence of the recently discovered piscidin 4 via bug blot, Western blot, ELISA and/or immunohistochemistry in striped bass (Morone saxatilis), white bass (M. chrysops), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Via bug blot, gill extracts from all species had antibacterial activity corresponding to the migration rate of piscidin 4. Western blotting showed that piscidin 4 immunoreactivity was greatest in striped bass gill extract. The concentrations of piscidin 4 detected by the ELISA in striped bass gill (approximately 20 microg/ml) were well within the levels that are inhibitory to important fish bacterial pathogens. Piscidin 4 was also detected via immunohistochemistry in all fish except barramundi. Piscidin 4-positive cells were identified as mast cells (MC), but not all MC were piscidin 4-positive. Species, age, size and physiological condition at sampling were some factors that might affect piscidin expression in different species. Our data provide strong evidence that piscidin 4 isoforms are present in all these commercially important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Corrales
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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73
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Characterization of three novel β-defensin antimicrobial peptides in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3358-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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