51
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Gyuricza MR, Manheimer KB, Apte V, Krishnan B, Joyce EF, McKee BD, McKim KS. Dynamic and Stable Cohesins Regulate Synaptonemal Complex Assembly and Chromosome Segregation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1688-1698. [PMID: 27291057 PMCID: PMC4942336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC) in Drosophila depends on two independent pathways defined by the chromosome axis proteins C(2)M and ORD. Because C(2)M encodes a Kleisin-like protein and ORD is required for sister-chromatid cohesion, we tested the hypothesis that these two SC assembly pathways depend on two cohesin complexes. Through single- and double-mutant analysis to study the mitotic cohesion proteins Stromalin (SA) and Nipped-B (SCC2) in meiosis, we provide evidence that there are at least two meiosis-specific cohesin complexes. One complex depends on C(2)M, SA, and Nipped-B. Despite the presence of mitotic cohesins SA and Nipped-B, this pathway has only a minor role in meiotic sister-centromere cohesion and is primarily required for homolog interactions. C(2)M is continuously incorporated into pachytene chromosomes even though SC assembly is complete. In contrast, the second complex, which depends on meiosis-specific proteins SOLO, SUNN, and ORD is required for sister-chromatid cohesion, localizes to the centromeres and is not incorporated during prophase. Our results show that the two cohesin complexes have unique functions and are regulated differently. Multiple cohesin complexes may provide the diversity of activities required by the meiotic cell. For example, a dynamic complex may allow the chromosomes to regulate meiotic recombination, and a stable complex may be required for sister-chromatid cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes R Gyuricza
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Kathryn B Manheimer
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Vandana Apte
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Badri Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Eric F Joyce
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Bruce D McKee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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52
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Sysoev VO, Fischer B, Frese CK, Gupta I, Krijgsveld J, Hentze MW, Castello A, Ephrussi A. Global changes of the RNA-bound proteome during the maternal-to-zygotic transition in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12128. [PMID: 27378189 PMCID: PMC4935972 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is a process that occurs in animal embryos at the earliest developmental stages, during which maternally deposited mRNAs and other molecules are degraded and replaced by products of the zygotic genome. The zygotic genome is not activated immediately upon fertilization, and in the pre-MZT embryo post-transcriptional control by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) orchestrates the first steps of development. To identify relevant Drosophila RBPs organism-wide, we refined the RNA interactome capture method for comparative analysis of the pre- and post-MZT embryos. We determine 523 proteins as high-confidence RBPs, half of which were not previously reported to bind RNA. Comparison of the RNA interactomes of pre- and post-MZT embryos reveals high dynamicity of the RNA-bound proteome during early development, and suggests active regulation of RNA binding of some RBPs. This resource provides unprecedented insight into the system of RBPs that govern the earliest steps of Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy O. Sysoev
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Fischer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian K. Frese
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Hentze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfredo Castello
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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53
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Eikenes ÅH, Malerød L, Lie-Jensen A, Sem Wegner C, Brech A, Liestøl K, Stenmark H, Haglund K. Src64 controls a novel actin network required for proper ring canal formation in the Drosophila male germline. Development 2016; 142:4107-18. [PMID: 26628094 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In many organisms, germ cells develop as cysts in which cells are interconnected via ring canals (RCs) as a result of incomplete cytokinesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of incomplete cytokinesis remain poorly understood. Here, we address the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of RCs in the Drosophila male germline. We uncover a hierarchy of tyrosine phosphorylation within germline cysts that positively correlates with RC age. The kinase Src64 is responsible for mediating RC tyrosine phosphorylation, and loss of Src64 causes a reduction in RC diameter within germline cysts. Mechanistically, we show that Src64 controls an actin network around the RCs that depends on Abl and the Rac/SCAR/Arp2/3 pathway. The actin network around RCs is required for correct RC diameter in cysts of developing germ cells. We also identify that Src64 is required for proper germ cell differentiation in the Drosophila male germline independent of its role in RC regulation. In summary, we report that Src64 controls actin dynamics to mediate proper RC formation during incomplete cytokinesis during germline cyst development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Husabø Eikenes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Lene Malerød
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Anette Lie-Jensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Catherine Sem Wegner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo N-0379, Norway
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54
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Varadarajan R, Ayeni J, Jin Z, Homola E, Campbell SD. Myt1 inhibition of Cyclin A/Cdk1 is essential for fusome integrity and premeiotic centriole engagement in Drosophila spermatocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2051-63. [PMID: 27170181 PMCID: PMC4927279 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Myt1 is essential for male fertility. Loss of Myt1 activity causes defective fusomes and premature centriole disengagement during premeiotic G2 phase due to lack of Myt1 inhibition of Cyclin A/Cdk1. These functions are distinct from known roles for Myt1 inhibition of Cyclin B/Cdk1 used to regulate G2/MI timing. Regulation of cell cycle arrest in premeiotic G2 phase coordinates germ cell maturation and meiotic cell division with hormonal and developmental signals by mechanisms that control Cyclin B synthesis and inhibitory phosphorylation of the M-phase kinase, Cdk1. In this study, we investigated how inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1 by Myt1 kinase regulates premeiotic G2 phase of Drosophila male meiosis. Immature spermatocytes lacking Myt1 activity exhibit two distinct defects: disrupted intercellular bridges (fusomes) and premature centriole disengagement. As a result, the myt1 mutant spermatocytes enter meiosis with multipolar spindles. These myt1 defects can be suppressed by depletion of Cyclin A activity or ectopic expression of Wee1 (a partially redundant Cdk1 inhibitory kinase) and phenocopied by expression of a Cdk1F mutant defective for inhibitory phosphorylation. We therefore conclude that Myt1 inhibition of Cyclin A/Cdk1 is essential for normal fusome behavior and centriole engagement during premeiotic G2 arrest of Drosophila male meiosis. The novel meiotic functions we discovered for Myt1 kinase are spatially and temporally distinct from previously described functions of Myt1 as an inhibitor of Cyclin B/Cdk1 to regulate G2/MI timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Varadarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Joseph Ayeni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ellen Homola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Shelagh D Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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55
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Mathieu J, Huynh JR. Monitoring complete and incomplete abscission in the germ line stem cell lineage of Drosophila ovaries. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 137:105-118. [PMID: 28065300 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In most species, cytokinesis is blocked in germ cells during at least some stage of their development. Abscission is difficult to assess directly in germ cells which are located in internal organs. Here, we described several indirect and direct methods to monitor the completion of abscission in Drosophila germ line cells. These methods are based on the observation that cells still connected by some cytoplasm share some degree of synchronization of their cell cycle. This synchrony can be detected on fixed tissue (Section 1.1), including using EdU incorporation to label S-phase (Section 1.2). Mitotic synchrony can also be observed using short-term live imaging (Section 1.3). Finally, we describe how the completion of abscission can be monitored using photoactivatable markers diffusing or not between two cells (Section 1.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mathieu
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
| | - J-R Huynh
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
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56
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Sanchez CG, Teixeira FK, Czech B, Preall JB, Zamparini AL, Seifert JRK, Malone CD, Hannon GJ, Lehmann R. Regulation of Ribosome Biogenesis and Protein Synthesis Controls Germline Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:276-90. [PMID: 26669894 PMCID: PMC4744108 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex regulatory networks regulate stem cell behavior and contributions to tissue growth, repair, and homeostasis. A full understanding of the networks controlling stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, however, has not yet been realized. To systematically dissect these networks and identify their components, we performed an unbiased, transcriptome-wide in vivo RNAi screen in female Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs). Based on characterized cellular defects, we classified 646 identified genes into phenotypic and functional groups and unveiled a comprehensive set of networks regulating GSC maintenance, survival, and differentiation. This analysis revealed an unexpected role for ribosomal assembly factors in controlling stem cell cytokinesis. Moreover, our data show that the transition from self-renewal to differentiation relies on enhanced ribosome biogenesis accompanied by increased protein synthesis. Collectively, these results detail the extensive genetic networks that control stem cell homeostasis and highlight the intricate regulation of protein synthesis during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Sanchez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Felipe Karam Teixeira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Benjamin Czech
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jonathan B Preall
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Andrea L Zamparini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica R K Seifert
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA
| | - Colin D Malone
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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57
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D'Avino PP, Capalbo L. Regulation of midbody formation and function by mitotic kinases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:57-63. [PMID: 26802517 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final phase of cell division and safeguards the correct distribution of genomic and cytoplasmic materials between the two nascent daughter cells. The final separation, or abscission, of the daughter cells depends on the proper assembly of an organelle at the intercellular bridge, the midbody, which acts as a platform for the recruitment and organisation of various proteins involved in both the control and execution of the abscission process. Recent studies have led to the identification of the mechanisms, signalling pathways and molecules that control the two tightly linked processes of midbody formation and abscission. Here we review our current knowledge of the role that mitotic kinases play in these processes and offer our perspectives on the potential future challenges that await researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo D'Avino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Luisa Capalbo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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58
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Abstract
Drosophila oogenesis is a powerful model for studying a wide spectrum of cellular and developmental processes in vivo. Oogenesis starts in a specialized structure called the germarium, which harbors the stem cells for both germ and somatic cells. The germarium produces egg chambers, each of which will develop into an egg. Active areas of research in Drosophila germaria include stem cell self-renewal, division, and maintenance, cell cycle control and differentiation, oocyte specification, intercellular communication, and signaling, among others. The solid knowledge base, the genetic tractability of the Drosophila model, as well as the availability and fast development of tools and imaging techniques for oogenesis research ensure that studies in this model will keep being instrumental for novel discoveries within cell and developmental biology also in the future. This chapter focuses on antibody staining in Drosophila germaria and provides a protocol for immunostaining as well as an overview of commonly used antibodies for visualization of different cell types and cellular structures. The protocol is well-suited for subsequent confocal microscopy analyses, and in addition we present key adaptations of the protocol that are useful when performing structured illumination microscopy (SIM) super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Lie-Jensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
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59
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Caous R, Pascal A, Romé P, Richard-Parpaillon L, Karess R, Giet R. Spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation fails to suppress neuroblast tumour formation in aurA mutant Drosophila. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8879. [PMID: 26568519 PMCID: PMC4660220 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires accurate control of cell proliferation, differentiation and chromosome segregation. Drosophila sas-4 and aurA mutants present brain tumours with extra neuroblasts (NBs), defective mitotic spindle assembly and delayed mitosis due to activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here we inactivate the SAC in aurA and sas-4 mutants to determine whether the generation of aneuploidy compromises NB proliferation. Inactivation of the SAC in the sas-4 mutant impairs NB proliferation and disrupts euploidy. By contrast, disrupting the SAC in the aurA mutant does not prevent NB amplification, tumour formation or chromosome segregation. The monitoring of Mad2 and cyclin B dynamics in live aurA NBs reveals that SAC satisfaction is not coupled to cyclin B degradation. Thus, the NBs of aurA mutants present delayed mitosis, with accurate chromosome segregation occurring in a SAC-independent manner. We report here the existence of an Aurora A-dependent mechanism promoting efficient, timed cyclin B degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Caous
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes-Université de Rennes I-CNRS- UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Pascal
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes-Université de Rennes I-CNRS- UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Romé
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes-Université de Rennes I-CNRS- UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes-Université de Rennes I-CNRS- UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Roger Karess
- Institut Jacques Monod-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Régis Giet
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes-Université de Rennes I-CNRS- UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
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60
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Christophorou N, Rubin T, Bonnet I, Piolot T, Arnaud M, Huynh JR. Microtubule-driven nuclear rotations promote meiotic chromosome dynamics. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1388-400. [PMID: 26458247 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
At the onset of meiosis, each chromosome needs to find its homologue and pair to ensure proper segregation. In Drosophila, pairing occurs during the mitotic cycles preceding meiosis. Here we show that germ cell nuclei undergo marked movements during this developmental window. We demonstrate that microtubules and Dynein are driving nuclear rotations and are required for centromere pairing and clustering. We further found that Klaroid (SUN) and Klarsicht (KASH) co-localize with centromeres at the nuclear envelope and are required for proper chromosome motions and pairing. We identified Mud (NuMA in vertebrates) as co-localizing with centromeres, Klarsicht and Klaroid. Mud is also required to maintain the integrity of the nuclear envelope and for the correct assembly of the synaptonemal complex. Our findings reveal a mechanism for chromosome pairing in Drosophila, and indicate that microtubules, centrosomes and associated proteins play a crucial role in the dynamic organization of chromosomes inside the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Christophorou
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3215, Inserm, U934 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rubin
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3215, Inserm, U934 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 168, UPMC, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Tristan Piolot
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3215, Inserm, U934 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Marion Arnaud
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3215, Inserm, U934 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3215, Inserm, U934 F-75248 Paris, France
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61
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Lenhart KF, DiNardo S. Somatic cell encystment promotes abscission in germline stem cells following a regulated block in cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2015; 34:192-205. [PMID: 26143993 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In many tissues, the stem cell niche must coordinate behavior across multiple stem cell lineages. How this is achieved is largely unknown. We have identified delayed completion of cytokinesis in germline stem cells (GSCs) as a mechanism that regulates the production of stem cell daughters in the Drosophila testis. Through live imaging, we show that a secondary F-actin ring is formed through regulation of Cofilin activity to block cytokinesis progress after contractile ring disassembly. The duration of this block is controlled by Aurora B kinase. Additionally, we have identified a requirement for somatic cell encystment of the germline in promoting GSC abscission. We suggest that this non-autonomous role promotes coordination between stem cell lineages. These findings reveal the mechanisms by which cytokinesis is inhibited and reinitiated in GSCs and why such complex regulation exists within the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari F Lenhart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Stephen DiNardo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.
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62
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Mackay DR, Ullman KS. ATR and a Chk1-Aurora B pathway coordinate postmitotic genome surveillance with cytokinetic abscission. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2217-26. [PMID: 25904336 PMCID: PMC4462940 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora B is a key regulator of cytokinetic abscission, yet the full range of cellular events and signaling factors that regulate Aurora B at this stage remains to be elucidated. Here it is shown that postmitotic genome surveillance is linked to the abscission checkpoint. This connection is dependent on ATR and a central Chk1-Aurora B signaling node. Aurora B regulates cytokinesis timing and plays a central role in the abscission checkpoint. Cellular events monitored by this checkpoint are beginning to be elucidated, yet signaling pathways upstream of Aurora B in this context remain poorly understood. Here we reveal a new connection between postmitotic genome surveillance and cytokinetic abscission. Underreplicated DNA lesions are known to be transmitted through mitosis and protected in newly formed nuclei by recruitment of 53BP1 and other proteins until repair takes place. We find that this genome surveillance initiates before completion of cytokinesis. Elevating replication stress increases this postmitotic process and delays cytokinetic abscission by keeping the abscission checkpoint active. We further find that ATR activity in midbody-stage cells links postmitotic genome surveillance to abscission timing and that Chk1 integrates this and other signals upstream of Aurora B to regulate when the final step in the physical separation of daughter cells occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Mackay
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Katharine S Ullman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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63
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Abstract
Cytokinesis mediates the physical separation of dividing cells after chromosome segregation. In animal cell cytokinesis, a contractile ring, mainly composed of actin and myosin filaments, ingresses a cleavage furrow midway between the two spindle poles. A distinct machinery, involving the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III), subsequently splits the plasma membrane of nascent daughter cells in a process termed abscission. Here, we provide a brief overview of early cytokinesis events in animal cells and then cover in depth recently emerging models for the assembly and function of the abscission machinery and its temporal coordination with chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Mierzwa
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Matias NR, Mathieu J, Huynh JR. Abscission is regulated by the ESCRT-III protein shrub in Drosophila germline stem cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004653. [PMID: 25647097 PMCID: PMC4372032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final event of cytokinesis that leads to the physical separation of the two daughter cells. Recent technical advances have allowed a better understanding of the cellular and molecular events leading to abscission in isolated yeast or mammalian cells. However, how abscission is regulated in different cell types or in a developing organism remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized the function of the ESCRT-III protein Shrub during cytokinesis in germ cells undergoing a series of complete and incomplete divisions. We found that Shrub is required for complete abscission, and that levels of Shrub are critical for proper timing of abscission. Loss or gain of Shrub delays abscission in germline stem cells (GSCs), and leads to the formation of stem-cysts, where daughter cells share the same cytoplasm as the mother stem cell and cannot differentiate. In addition, our results indicate a negative regulation of Shrub by the Aurora B kinase during GSC abscission. Finally, we found that Lethal giant discs (lgd), known to be required for Shrub function in the endosomal pathway, also regulates the duration of abscission in GSCs. Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis which allows the physical separation of sister cells through the scission of a thin cytoplasmic bridge that links them at the end of mitosis. The duration of abscission varies depending on cell types, indicating that the event is developmentally regulated. Recently, we have identified two kinases, Aurora B and CycB/Cdk-1, which regulate the timing of abscission in germ cells and in mammalian cells. However, these kinases are upstream regulators and do not perform abscission per se. Here, we show that Shrub, a potential target of Aurora B and one of the most downstream effectors of abscission, is required for complete abscission in germline stem cells. In the absence of Shrub, the mother stem cell remains linked to its daughter cells, which then share the same cytoplasm and cannot differentiate. Loss of Shrub and Aurora B have opposite effects on abscission duration suggesting that Aurora B regulates negatively Shrub. We further show that Shrub acts together with its interactor Lethal giant disc to ensure proper abscission timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Reis Matias
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JM); (JRH)
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JM); (JRH)
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Eikenes ÅH, Malerød L, Christensen AL, Steen CB, Mathieu J, Nezis IP, Liestøl K, Huynh JR, Stenmark H, Haglund K. ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control cytokinetic abscission during germline stem cell division in vivo. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004904. [PMID: 25635693 PMCID: PMC4312039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that involves the cleavage of the intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells. Recent studies have given novel insight into the spatiotemporal regulation and molecular mechanisms controlling abscission in cultured yeast and human cells. The mechanisms of abscission in living metazoan tissues are however not well understood. Here we show that ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission during Drosophila female germline stem cell (fGSC) division. Loss of ALIX or Shrub function in fGSCs leads to delayed abscission and the consequent formation of stem cysts in which chains of daughter cells remain interconnected to the fGSC via midbody rings and fusome. We demonstrate that ALIX and Shrub interact and that they co-localize at midbody rings and midbodies during cytokinetic abscission in fGSCs. Mechanistically, we show that the direct interaction between ALIX and Shrub is required to ensure cytokinesis completion with normal kinetics in fGSCs. We conclude that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs and that their complex formation is required for accurate abscission timing in GSCs in vivo. Cytokinesis, the final step of cell division, concludes with a process termed abscission, during which the two daughter cells physically separate. In spite of their importance, the molecular machineries controlling abscission are poorly characterized especially in the context of living metazoan tissues. Here we provide molecular insight into the mechanism of abscission using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. We show that the scaffold protein ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission in Drosophila female germline stem cells (fGSCs). ESCRT-III has been implicated in topologically similar membrane scission events as abscission, namely intraluminal vesicle formation at endosomes and virus budding. Here we demonstrate that ALIX and Shrub co-localize and interact to promote abscission with correct timing in Drosophila fGSCs. We thus show that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs cells and report an evolutionarily conserved function of the ALIX/ESCRT-III pathway during cytokinesis in a multi-cellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund H. Eikenes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Malerød
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Lie Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé B. Steen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934 F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934 F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Olga Afonso
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Irina Matos
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
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67
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Gershony O, Pe’er T, Noach-Hirsh M, Elia N, Tzur A. Cytokinetic abscission is an acute G1 event. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:3436-41. [PMID: 25485587 PMCID: PMC4614370 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.956486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cell division ends with the cutting of the microtubule and membrane intercellular bridge connecting the 2 daughter cells. This process, known as cytokinetic abscission (abscission), is widely regarded as the last step of cytokinesis, i.e., the last step of the cell cycle. Major breakthroughs have been recently achieved, illuminating mechanistic aspects of abscission; however, the timing of abscission with respect to the mammalian cell cycle remains unclear. In this study, we carefully measured the onset and progression of abscission in dividing cells expressing a G1 reporter. We conclude that abscission commences long after cells enter the G1 phase. Affiliating abscission with G1 is beyond semantics since it essentially postulates that the last step of the cell cycle is regulated in, and probably by, the following cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Gershony
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University; Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Pe’er
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Meirav Noach-Hirsh
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Natalie Elia
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev; Ben-Gurion University; Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Amit Tzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, Israel
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68
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O'Neill RS, Clark DV. The Drosophila melanogaster septin gene Sep2 has a redundant function with the retrogene Sep5 in imaginal cell proliferation but is essential for oogenesis. Genome 2013; 56:753-8. [PMID: 24433211 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2013-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Septins are cytoskeletal proteins that form hetero-oligomeric complexes and function in many biological processes, including cytokinesis. Drosophila melanogaster has five septin genes. Sep5, which is the most recently evolved septin gene in Drosophila, is a retrogene copy of Sep2. Sep5 mutants appear wild type, whereas Sep2 mutant females are semisterile. Their ovaries have egg chambers containing abnormal numbers of nurse cells. The egg chamber phenotype is rescued to wild type by expressing a Sep2 cDNA, but it is only partially rescued by expressing a Sep5 cDNA, showing that these paralogs have diverged in function at the protein level. Sep2 Sep5 double mutants have an early pupal lethal phenotype and lack imaginal discs, suggesting that these genes have redundant functions during imaginal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S O'Neill
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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69
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Eykelenboom JK, Harte EC, Canavan L, Pastor-Peidro A, Calvo-Asensio I, Llorens-Agost M, Lowndes NF. ATR activates the S-M checkpoint during unperturbed growth to ensure sufficient replication prior to mitotic onset. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1095-107. [PMID: 24268773 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must accurately replicate and segregate their DNA once per cell cycle in order to successfully transmit genetic information. During S phase in the presence of agents that cause replication stress, ATR-dependent checkpoints regulate origin firing and the replication machinery as well as prevent untimely mitosis. Here, we investigate the role of ATR during unperturbed growth in vertebrate cells. In the absence of ATR, individual replication forks progress more slowly, and an increased number of replication origins are activated. These cells also enter mitosis early and divide more rapidly, culminating in chromosome bridges and laggards at anaphase, failed cytokinesis, and cell death. Interestingly, cell death can be rescued by prolonging mitosis with partial inhibition of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Our data indicate that one of the essential roles of ATR during normal growth is to minimize the level of unreplicated DNA before the onset of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kenneth Eykelenboom
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emma Christina Harte
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lynn Canavan
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ana Pastor-Peidro
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Irene Calvo-Asensio
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marta Llorens-Agost
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Noel Francis Lowndes
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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