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Lysosome Positioning Influences mTORC2 and AKT Signaling. Mol Cell 2019; 75:26-38.e3. [PMID: 31130364 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor signaling is initiated at the plasma membrane and propagated through the cytoplasm for eventual relay to intracellular organelles such as lysosomes. The serine/threonine kinase mTOR participates in growth factor signaling as a component of two multi-subunit complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 associates with lysosomes, and its activity depends on the positioning of lysosomes within the cytoplasm, although there is no consensus regarding the exact effect of perinuclear versus peripheral distribution. mTORC2 and its substrate kinase AKT have a widespread distribution, but they are thought to act mainly at the plasma membrane. Using cell lines with knockout of components of the lysosome-positioning machinery, we show that perinuclear clustering of lysosomes delays reactivation of not only mTORC1, but also mTORC2 and AKT upon serum replenishment. These experiments demonstrate the existence of pools of mTORC2 and AKT that are sensitive to lysosome positioning.
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Ibata K, Kono M, Narumi S, Motohashi J, Kakegawa W, Kohda K, Yuzaki M. Activity-Dependent Secretion of Synaptic Organizer Cbln1 from Lysosomes in Granule Cell Axons. Neuron 2019; 102:1184-1198.e10. [PMID: 31072786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synapse formation is achieved by various synaptic organizers. Although this process is highly regulated by neuronal activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here we show that Cbln1, a synaptic organizer of the C1q family, is released from lysosomes in axons but not dendrites of cerebellar granule cells in an activity- and Ca2+-dependent manner. Exocytosed Cbln1 was retained on axonal surfaces by binding to its presynaptic receptor neurexin. Cbln1 further diffused laterally along the axonal surface and accumulated at boutons by binding postsynaptic δ2 glutamate receptors. Cbln1 exocytosis was insensitive to tetanus neurotoxin, accompanied by cathepsin B release, and decreased by disrupting lysosomes. Furthermore, overexpression of lysosomal sialidase Neu1 not only inhibited Cbln1 and cathepsin B exocytosis in vitro but also reduced axonal bouton formation in vivo. Our findings imply that co-release of Cbln1 and cathepsin B from lysosomes serves as a new mechanism of activity-dependent coordinated synapse modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Ibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Maya Kono
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sakae Narumi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Motohashi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kohda
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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53
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Perera RM, Di Malta C, Ballabio A. MiT/TFE Family of Transcription Factors, Lysosomes, and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2019; 3:203-222. [PMID: 31650096 PMCID: PMC6812561 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have an increased demand for energy sources to support accelerated rates of growth. When nutrients become limiting, cancer cells may switch to nonconventional energy sources that are mobilized through nutrient scavenging pathways involving autophagy and the lysosome. Thus, several cancers are highly reliant on constitutive activation of these pathways to degrade and recycle cellular materials. Here, we focus on the MiT/TFE family of transcription factors, which control transcriptional programs for autophagy and lysosome biogenesis and have emerged as regulators of energy metabolism in cancer. These new findings complement earlier reports that chromosomal translocations and amplifications involving the MiT/TFE genes contribute to the etiology and pathophysiology of renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma, suggesting pleiotropic roles for these factors in a wider array of cancers. Understanding the interplay between the oncogenic and stress-adaptive roles of MiT/TFE factors could shed light on fundamental mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and point to new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, 80138Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, 80138Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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54
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Verweij FJ, Revenu C, Arras G, Dingli F, Loew D, Pegtel DM, Follain G, Allio G, Goetz JG, Zimmermann P, Herbomel P, Del Bene F, Raposo G, van Niel G. Live Tracking of Inter-organ Communication by Endogenous Exosomes In Vivo. Dev Cell 2019; 48:573-589.e4. [PMID: 30745143 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types but providing evidence for their physiological relevance remains challenging due to a lack of appropriate model organisms. Here, we developed an in vivo model to study EV function by expressing CD63-pHluorin in zebrafish embryos. A combination of imaging methods and proteomic analysis allowed us to study biogenesis, composition, transfer, uptake, and fate of individual endogenous EVs. We identified a subpopulation of EVs with exosome features, released in a syntenin-dependent manner from the yolk syncytial layer into the blood circulation. These exosomes are captured, endocytosed, and degraded by patrolling macrophages and endothelial cells in the caudal vein plexus (CVP) in a scavenger receptor- and dynamin-dependent manner. Interference with exosome biogenesis affected CVP growth, suggesting a role in trophic support. Altogether, our work represents a system for studying endogenous EV function in vivo with high spatiotemporal accuracy, demonstrating functional inter-organ communication by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Verweij
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75005, France; Institute for Psychiatry and Neuroscience Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université Descartes, INSERM U894, Paris 75014, France.
| | - Celine Revenu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Guillaume Arras
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gautier Follain
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Allio
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Philippe Herbomel
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75005, France; Institute for Psychiatry and Neuroscience Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université Descartes, INSERM U894, Paris 75014, France.
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55
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Kelley LC, Chi Q, Cáceres R, Hastie E, Schindler AJ, Jiang Y, Matus DQ, Plastino J, Sherwood DR. Adaptive F-Actin Polymerization and Localized ATP Production Drive Basement Membrane Invasion in the Absence of MMPs. Dev Cell 2019; 48:313-328.e8. [PMID: 30686527 PMCID: PMC6372315 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with decreased patient prognosis but have failed as anti-invasive drug targets despite promoting cancer cell invasion. Through time-lapse imaging, optical highlighting, and combined genetic removal of the five MMPs expressed during anchor cell (AC) invasion in C. elegans, we find that MMPs hasten invasion by degrading basement membrane (BM). Though irregular and delayed, AC invasion persists in MMP- animals via adaptive enrichment of the Arp2/3 complex at the invasive cell membrane, which drives formation of an F-actin-rich protrusion that physically breaches and displaces BM. Using a large-scale RNAi synergistic screen and a genetically encoded ATP FRET sensor, we discover that mitochondria enrich within the protrusion and provide localized ATP that fuels F-actin network growth. Thus, without MMPs, an invasive cell can alter its BM-breaching tactics, suggesting that targeting adaptive mechanisms will be necessary to mitigate BM invasion in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cáceres
- CNRS, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research Université, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
| | - Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adam J Schindler
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David Q Matus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Julie Plastino
- CNRS, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research Université, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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56
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Wilson BJ, Allen JL, Caswell PT. Vesicle trafficking pathways that direct cell migration in 3D matrices and in vivo. Traffic 2018; 19:899-909. [PMID: 30054969 PMCID: PMC6282850 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a vital process in development and disease, and while the mechanisms that control motility are relatively well understood on two-dimensional surfaces, the control of cell migration in three dimensions (3D) and in vivo has only recently begun to be understood. Vesicle trafficking pathways have emerged as a key regulatory element in migration and invasion, with the endocytosis and recycling of cell surface cargos, including growth factor and chemokine receptors, adhesion receptors and membrane-associated proteases, being of major importance. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of how endocytic trafficking controls the availability and local activity of these cargoes to influence the movement of cells in 3D matrix and in developing organisms. In particular, we discuss how endocytic trafficking of different receptor classes spatially restricts signals and activity, usually to the leading edge of invasive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley J. Wilson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Jennifer L. Allen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Patrick T. Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
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Cáceres R, Bojanala N, Kelley LC, Dreier J, Manzi J, Di Federico F, Chi Q, Risler T, Testa I, Sherwood DR, Plastino J. Forces drive basement membrane invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11537-11542. [PMID: 30348801 PMCID: PMC6233148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808760115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During invasion, cells breach basement membrane (BM) barriers with actin-rich protrusions. It remains unclear, however, whether actin polymerization applies pushing forces to help break through BM, or whether actin filaments play a passive role as scaffolding for targeting invasive machinery. Here, using the developmental event of anchor cell (AC) invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans, we observe that the AC deforms the BM and underlying tissue just before invasion, exerting forces in the tens of nanonewtons range. Deformation is driven by actin polymerization nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex and its activators, whereas formins and cross-linkers are dispensable. Delays in invasion upon actin regulator loss are not caused by defects in AC polarity, trafficking, or secretion, as appropriate markers are correctly localized in the AC even when actin is reduced and invasion is disrupted. Overall force production emerges from this study as one of the main tools that invading cells use to promote BM disruption in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cáceres
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nagagireesh Bojanala
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Jes Dreier
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10014 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Manzi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fahima Di Federico
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Thomas Risler
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Testa
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10014 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Julie Plastino
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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58
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Petrova V, Eva R. The Virtuous Cycle of Axon Growth: Axonal Transport of Growth-Promoting Machinery as an Intrinsic Determinant of Axon Regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:898-925. [PMID: 29989351 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the brain and spinal cord has devastating consequences because adult central nervous system (CNS) axons fail to regenerate. Injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a better prognosis, because adult PNS neurons support robust axon regeneration over long distances. CNS axons have some regenerative capacity during development, but this is lost with maturity. Two reasons for the failure of CNS regeneration are extrinsic inhibitory molecules, and a weak intrinsic capacity for growth. Extrinsic inhibitory molecules have been well characterized, but less is known about the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms which prevent axon re-growth. Key signaling pathways and genetic/epigenetic factors have been identified which can enhance regenerative capacity, but the precise cellular mechanisms mediating their actions have not been characterized. Recent studies suggest that an important prerequisite for regeneration is an efficient supply of growth-promoting machinery to the axon; however, this appears to be lacking from non-regenerative axons in the adult CNS. In the first part of this review, we summarize the evidence linking axon transport to axon regeneration. We discuss the developmental decline in axon regeneration capacity in the CNS, and comment on how this is paralleled by a similar decline in the selective axonal transport of regeneration-associated receptors such as integrins and growth factor receptors. In the second part, we discuss the mechanisms regulating selective polarized transport within neurons, how these relate to the intrinsic control of axon regeneration, and whether they can be targeted to enhance regenerative capacity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000-000, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Petrova
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, United Kingdom
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59
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Abstract
The basement membrane is a thin but dense, sheet-like specialized type of extracellular matrix that has remarkably diverse functions tailored to individual tissues and organs. Tightly controlled spatial and temporal changes in its composition and structure contribute to the diversity of basement membrane functions. These different basement membranes undergo dynamic transformations throughout animal life, most notably during development. Numerous developmental mechanisms are regulated or mediated by basement membranes, often by a combination of molecular and mechanical processes. A particularly important process involves cell transmigration through a basement membrane because of its link to cell invasion in disease. While developmental and disease processes share some similarities, what clearly distinguishes the two is dysregulation of cells and extracellular matrices in disease. With its relevance to many developmental and disease processes, the basement membrane is a vitally important area of research that may provide novel insights into biological mechanisms and development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Here we present a review of developmental and disease dynamics of basement membranes in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and vertebrates.
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60
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Mastrodonato V, Morelli E, Vaccari T. How to use a multipurpose SNARE: The emerging role of Snap29 in cellular health. Cell Stress 2018; 2:72-81. [PMID: 31225470 PMCID: PMC6551745 DOI: 10.15698/cst2018.04.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive study, regulation of membrane trafficking is incompletely understood. In particular, the specific role of SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment REceptor) proteins for distinct trafficking steps and their mechanism of action, beyond the core function in membrane fusion, are still elusive. Snap29 is a SNARE protein related to Snap25 that gathered a lot of attention in recent years. Here, we review the study of Snap29 and its emerging involvement in autophagy, a self eating process that is key to cell adaptation to changing environments, and in other trafficking pathways. We also discuss Snap29 role in synaptic transmission and in cell division, which might extend the repertoire of SNARE-mediated functions. Finally, we present evidence connecting Snap29 to human disease, highlighting the importance of Snap29 function in tissue development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Morelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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61
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Abstract
Cell invasion across basement membrane barriers is important in both normal development and cancer metastasis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Naegeli et al. (2017) identify a mechanism for breaching basement membranes. Localized lysosome exocytosis fuels generation of large, invasive cellular protrusions that expand tiny basement membrane openings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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