51
|
Sun W, Gan X, Hu J, Li L, Wang J. CYP17 gene plays a key role in goose genital growth by influencing the testosterone level at puberty. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1748-1756. [PMID: 29462369 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All birds reproduce by internal fertilization, but only 3% of birds have external genitalia. Hormone secretions and body size influence genital growth, but the actual regulatory mechanism is rarely reported. Thus, using 35 geese as experimental material, the regulatory mechanism of goose external genitalia growth was explored by measuring body size parameters, serum hormone concentrations, and related gene expression. In this study, genital growth was different among tested geese, but histological and morphological results showed that all geese external genitalia contained complete tissues. Measurements of hormone levels showed that at puberty, as the genital length increased, irregular decreases were observed in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas an irregular increase was observed in the levels of testosterone (T); furthermore, the levels of testosterone (T) gradually increased to a peak at 34 weeks. Based on RT-PCR results, as the genital length increased, only the expression of 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (CYP17) mRNA slightly decreased at first, and then significantly increased to a peak, whereas the expression patterns of other genes were irregular. Furthermore, the CYP17 immunohistochemistry results also showed a pattern that was highly consistent with the patterns of mRNA expression and T secretion. In addition, based on body measurements, as body weight increased, the genital length increased. Thus, these results suggested that the CYP17 gene plays a key role in goose genital growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Sun
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - X Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - J Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - L Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - J Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Baskin L, Shen J, Sinclair A, Cao M, Liu X, Liu G, Isaacson D, Overland M, Li Y, Cunha GR. Development of the human penis and clitoris. Differentiation 2018; 103:74-85. [PMID: 30249413 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions.
Collapse
|
53
|
Punjani N, McGarry P, Brock G. Successful Use of an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis for the Treatment of Distal Deficiency of the Tunica Albuginea and Cavernous Tissue. Sex Med 2018; 6:356-359. [PMID: 30078732 PMCID: PMC6302149 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital hypoplasia of the distal half of the tunica albuginea has not been previously described. Aim To review a patient presenting with erectile dysfunction secondary to congenital penile hypoplasia. Methods History, physical exam and penile Doppler ultrasound of the patient, followed by a discussed of treatment options and definitive management. Results Successful operative treatment of our patient with insertion of an inflatable penile prosthesis. Conclusion We present a case of congenital hypoplasia of the distal tunica albuginea and a successful treatment strategy. We highlight the need for further study of penile embryology. Punjani N, McGarry P, Brock G. Successful Use of an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis for the Treatment of Distal Deficiency of the Tunica Albuginea and Cavernous Tissue. Sex Med 2018;6:356–359.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Punjani
- Divison of Urology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Patrick McGarry
- Divison of Urology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald Brock
- Divison of Urology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Dossanova A, Lozovoy V, Manekenova K, Lozovaya Y, Seidakhmetov M, Dossanov B, Omarov T, Botabaeva A, Shakeeva A, Baubekov Z. Histological and morphological characteristics of the prepuce of penis skin structure in different age groups. J Pediatr Urol 2018; 14:280.e1-280.e6. [PMID: 29703688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in childhood. The number of cases has rapidly grown in recent years. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this research was to analyze the histological and morphological differences of the foreskin samples taken from boys in three age groups. STUDY DESIGN A total of 30 Asian patients participated in the research. Clinical materials obtained via biopsy were divided into three age groups. The first group included 10 biopsy materials of preputial skin taken from boys aged <3 years. The second included 10 similar biopsy materials from boys aged 3-5 years. The third included 10 biopsy materials taken from boys aged 5-7 years. The skin areas were taken from the dorsal, two lateral and the ventral surfaces (closer to the bridle) with dimensions of 1.0 × 1.0 cm. All removed foreskins underwent histological examination. RESULTS Obtained results showed that the number of vein clusters in the prepuce and the cases of vessel wall fibrosis grew with age. It is worth noting that no such discoveries were made in younger boys (aged <3 years). Sample analysis showed that the number of nerve, vessel, and collagen fibers increased with age. DISCUSSION It is believed that it is important to continue investigating the prepuce in hypospadias, in order to gain a better understanding of the abnormality depending on type. CONCLUSION Peculiarities of prepuce in hypospadias discovered in different age groups allowed a full understanding of the pathology development processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dossanova
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - V Lozovoy
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - K Manekenova
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Y Lozovaya
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | - B Dossanov
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - T Omarov
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - A Botabaeva
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - A Shakeeva
- JCS Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Z Baubekov
- West Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Dos Santos AC, Conley AJ, de Oliveira MF, de Assis Neto AC. Development of urogenital system in the Spix cavy: A model for studies on sexual differentiation. Differentiation 2018; 101:25-38. [PMID: 29684807 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study documented, for the first time, the morphological patterns of differentiation of male and female genital organs of Spix cavy (Galea spixii) using histological and ultrastructural analyses, with immuno-localization of steroidogenic enzymes, cytochromes P450 aromatase (P450arom) and 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (P450c17), involved in the synthesis of estrogens and androgens respectively throughout fetal sexual development. Undifferentiated gonads of Spix cavy develop into ovaries in females after 25 days of gestation (DG), exhibiting P450arom immunoreactivity. After 25 DG, paramesonephric ducts develop and form oviducts, uterine horns and cranial portion of the vagina. The caudal portion of the vagina originates from the urogenital sinus, and a vaginal closure membrane is present at the end of gestation. Partial channeling of the urethra into the clitoris occurs after 40 DG, but complete channeling never occurs. A preputial meatus emerges near the tip of organ. In males, undifferentiated gonads develop into testes at 25 DG and develop immunoreactivity for P450c17, which is required for androgens synthesis and likely maintenance of mesonephric ducts. Mesonephric ducts develop subsequently, forming the epididymis and ductus deferens. The pelvic urethra develops after 25 DG with channeling into the penis occurring around 30 DG. This is the first morphological study describing the process of sexual differentiation during gestation in a hystricomorph rodent and one of the most comprehensive analyses conducted in any mammal. Male genital organ development follows the general pattern described in other domestic mammals, but does not include formation of the baculum as occurs in mice and rats. In females, clitoral development includes partial canalization by the urethra and development of a preputial meatus. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms involved in the differentiative processes described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amilton Cesar Dos Santos
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 ZC, 05508-270 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Alan James Conley
- Population Health&Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Antônio Chaves de Assis Neto
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 ZC, 05508-270 São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Picut CA, Ziejewski MK, Stanislaus D. Comparative Aspects of Pre- and Postnatal Development of the Male Reproductive System. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:190-227. [PMID: 29063715 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review describes pre- and postnatal development of the male reproductive system in humans and laboratory animals, and highlights species differences in the timing and control of hormonal and morphologic events. Major differences are that the fetal testis is dependent on gonadotropins in humans, but is independent of such in rats; humans have an extended postnatal quiescent period, whereas rats exhibit no quiescence; and events such as secretion by the prostate and seminal vesicles, testicular descent, and the appearance of spermatogonia are all prenatal events in humans, but are postnatal events in rats. Major differences in the timing of the developmental sequence between rats and humans include: gonocyte transformation period (rat: postnatal day 0-9; human: includes gestational week 22 to 9 months of age); masculinization programming window (rat: gestational day 15.5-17.5; human: gestational week 9-14); and mini-puberty (rat: 0-6 hr after birth; human: 3-6 months of age). Endocrine disruptors can cause unique lesions in the prenatal and early postnatal testis; therefore, it is important to consider the differences in the timing of the developmental sequence when designing preclinical studies as identification of windows of sensitivity for endocrine disruption or toxicants will aid in interpretation of results and provide clues to a mode of action. Birth Defects Research 110:190-227, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Picut
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mary K Ziejewski
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Stanislaus
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mohamed F, Jehangir S. Coexistent duplication of urethra and a refluxing ectopic ureter presenting as recurrent epididymo-orchitis in a child. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-220278. [PMID: 28928250 PMCID: PMC5747647 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUTs) occur in 3-6 per 1000 live births, accounting for most cases of paediatric end-stage kidney disease.1 However, the molecular basis of CAKUT and anomalies of the external genitalia is poorly understood. We, herein, describe a case with left recurrent epididymo-orchitis with a coexistent urethral duplication and an ectopic ureter with an ipsilateral non-functioning kidney, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of its kind. This case may bring about a paradigm shift in our comprehension of the development of the two entities. Understanding the pathogenesis may help develop preventive and renal preservation strategies. The Sonic hedgehog gene and bone morphogenetic protein 4 play crucial roles in preventing anomalies of the ureters and the external genitalia. In this article, we look at possible molecular pathways that could explain the synchronicity of this rare entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferzine Mohamed
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, India
| | - Susan Jehangir
- Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Nepelska M, Odum J, Munn S. Adverse Outcome Pathway: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation and Reproductive Toxicity—Development and Application in Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors/Reproductive Toxicants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nepelska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jenny Odum
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, England
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bustamante C, Hoyos-Martínez A, Pirela D, Díaz A. In utero virilization secondary to a maternal Krukenberg tumor: case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:785-790. [PMID: 28682787 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krukenberg tumors are ovarian metastatic adenocarcinomas with a primary origin usually located in the stomach, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, or breast. Occasionally, these tumors produce virilization in the affected individual due to androgen production by luteinization of the tumoral stroma. It is believed that during pregnancy these tumors are more likely to increase androgen production due to the elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). High maternal androgens can cross the placenta producing virilization of the female fetus. CASE PRESENTATION A 46,XX newborn female, whose mother was diagnosed with a metastatic ovarian tumor during her second trimester of gestation associated with worsening hirsutism and acne, was found to have ambiguous genitalia at birth. Testosterone levels in both the mother and infant were elevated. Follow-up laboratory tests showed progressive normalization of circulating androgens after delivery. CONCLUSIONS Krukenberg tumors are rare and may produce virilization of the mother and the female fetus when present during pregnancy.
Collapse
|
60
|
Rahimi M, Ghanbari M, Fazeli Z, Rouzrokh M, Omrani S, Mirfakhraie R, Omrani MD. Association of SRD5A2 gene mutations with risk of hypospadias in the Iranian population. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:391-396. [PMID: 27848231 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is one of the most common forms of congenital malformation of the male external genitalia worldwide. The ratio in the Iranian population is one in 250 live male births. The conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the presence of steroid 5α-reductase 2, which is encoded by SRD5A2 gene, plays an important role in the normal development of the male reproductive system. METHODS We examined whether SRD5A2 gene mutations (V89L and A49T polymorphisms) are associated with the risk of hypospadias in the Iranian population. We performed exons sequencing for SRD5A2 gene in 109 hypospadias patients. RESULTS We identified two new mutations in the subgroups of affected cases: including a substitution of the nucleotide T > A in the codon 73 [c.219T > A (p.Leu73_Ser74insHisPro)] and an insertion of an extra A nucleotide in the codon 77 [c.229insA* (p.Gly77*)]. Additionally, we performed PCR-RFLP for the two identified polymorphisms and revealed that V89L [OR = 5.8, 95% CI (3.8-8.8), p value < 0.001] and A49T [OR = 10.16, 95% CI (3.94-26.25), p value < 0.001] are significantly associated with hypospadias occurrence in patients. Our haplotype analysis further indicated that the Leu-Ala haplotype increases risk of hypospadias; conversely, the Val-Ala haplotype decreases the risk of hypospadias in the studied patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that polymorphisms in the SRD5A2 gene could be considered as a risk factor for hypospadias disease emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rahimi
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Koodakyar St., Daneshjoo Blvd., Evin, Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Z Fazeli
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Koodakyar St., Daneshjoo Blvd., Evin, Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Rouzrokh
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mofid Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Omrani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Mirfakhraie
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Koodakyar St., Daneshjoo Blvd., Evin, Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M D Omrani
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Koodakyar St., Daneshjoo Blvd., Evin, Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. The condition is typically characterized by proximal displacement of the urethral opening, penile curvature, and a ventrally deficient hooded foreskin. In about 70%, the urethral meatus is located distally on the penile shaft; this is considered a mild form that is not associated with other urogenital deformities. The remaining 30% are proximal and often more complex. In these cases, endocrinological evaluation is advised to exclude disorders of sexual differentiation, especially in case of concomitant unilateral or bilateral undescended testis. Although the etiology of hypospadias is largely unknown, many hypotheses exist about genetic predisposition and hormonal influences. The goal of hypospadias repair is to achieve cosmetic and functional normality, and currently, surgery is recommended between 6 and 18 months of age. Hypospadias can be corrected at any age with comparable complication risk, functional, and cosmetic outcome; however, the optimal age of repair remains conclusive. Although long-term overall outcome concerning cosmetic appearance and sexual function is fairly good, after correction, men may more often be inhibited in seeking sexual contact. Moreover, lower urinary tract symptoms occur twice as often in patients undergoing hypospadias repair and can still occur many years after the initial repair. CONCLUSION This study explores the most recent insights into the management of hypospadias. What is Known: • Guidelines advise referral for treatment between 6 and 18 months of age. • Cosmetic outcome is considered satisfactory in over 70% of all patients. What is New: • Long-term complications include urinary tract symptoms and sexual and cosmetic issues. • New developments allow a more individualized approach, hopefully leading to less complications and more patient satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. R. van der Horst
- Department of Urology, VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. L. de Wall
- Department of Urology, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Belair DG, Abbott BD. Engineering epithelial-stromal interactions in vitro for toxicology assessment. Toxicology 2017; 382:93-107. [PMID: 28285100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between epithelial and stromal cells drives the morphogenesis of ectodermal organs during development and promotes normal mature adult epithelial tissue homeostasis. Epithelial-stromal interactions (ESIs) have historically been examined using mammalian models and ex vivo tissue recombination. Although these approaches have elucidated signaling mechanisms underlying embryonic morphogenesis processes and adult mammalian epithelial tissue function, they are limited by the availability of tissue, low throughput, and human developmental or physiological relevance. In this review, we describe how bioengineered ESIs, using either human stem cells or co-cultures of human primary epithelial and stromal cells, have enabled the development of human in vitro epithelial tissue models that recapitulate the architecture, phenotype, and function of adult human epithelial tissues. We discuss how the strategies used to engineer mature epithelial tissue models in vitro could be extrapolated to instruct the design of organotypic culture models that can recapitulate the structure of embryonic ectodermal tissues and enable the in vitro assessment of events critical to organ/tissue morphogenesis. Given the importance of ESIs towards normal epithelial tissue development and function, such models present a unique opportunity for toxicological screening assays to incorporate ESIs to assess the impact of chemicals on mature and developing epidermal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Belair
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Barbara D Abbott
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Miyado M, Miyado K, Nakamura A, Fukami M, Yamada G, Oda SI. Expression patterns of Fgf8 and Shh in the developing external genitalia of Suncus murinus. Reproduction 2017; 153:187-195. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and several signalling pathways regulate the development of the genital tubercle (GT), an embryonic primordium of external genitalia. The morphology of the adult male external genitalia of the Asian house musk shrew Suncus murinus (hereafter, laboratory name: suncus) belonging to the order Eulipotyphla (the former order Insectivora or Soricomorpha) differs from those of mice and humans. However, the developmental process of the suncus GT and its regulatory genes are unknown. In the present study, we explored the morphological changes and gene expression patterns during the development of the suncus GT. Morphological observations suggested the presence of common (during the initial outgrowth) and species-specific (during the sexual differentiation of GT) developmental processes of the suncus GT. In gene expression analysis, fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) and sonic hedgehog (Shh), an indicator and regulator of GT development in mice respectively, were found to be expressed in the cloacal epithelium and the developing urethral epithelium of the suncus GT. This pattern of expression specifically in GT epithelium is similar to that observed in the developing mouse GT. Our results indicate that the mechanism of GT formation regulated by the FGF and SHH signalling pathways is widely conserved in mammals.
Collapse
|
64
|
He F, Akbari P, Mo R, Zhang JJ, Hui CC, Kim PC, Farhat WA. Adult Gli2+/-;Gli3Δ699/+ Male and Female Mice Display a Spectrum of Genital Malformation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165958. [PMID: 27814383 PMCID: PMC5096680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) encompass a broad spectrum of urogenital malformations and are amongst the most common congenital birth defects. Although key genetic factors such as the hedgehog (Hh) family have been identified, a unifying postnatally viable model displaying the spectrum of male and female urogenital malformations has not yet been reported. Since human cases are diagnosed and treated at various stages postnatally, equivalent mouse models enabling analysis at similar stages are of significant interest. Additionally, all non-Hh based genetic models investigating DSD display normal females, leaving female urogenital development largely unknown. Here, we generated compound mutant mice, Gli2+/–;Gli3Δ699/+, which exhibit a spectrum of urogenital malformations in both males and females upon birth, and also carried them well into adulthood. Analysis of embryonic day (E)18.5 and adult mice revealed shortened anogenital distance (AGD), open ventral urethral groove, incomplete fusion of scrotal sac, abnormal penile size and structure, and incomplete testicular descent with hypoplasia in male mice, whereas female mutant mice displayed reduced AGD, urinary incontinence, and a number of uterine anomalies such as vaginal duplication. Male and female fertility was also investigated via breeding cages, and it was identified that male mice were infertile while females were unable to deliver despite becoming impregnated. We propose that Gli2+/–;Gli3Δ699/+ mice can serve as a genetic mouse model for common DSD such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and incomplete fusion of the scrotal sac in males, and a spectrum of uterine and vaginal abnormalities along with urinary incontinence in females, which could prove essential in revealing new insights into their equivalent diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedram Akbari
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter C. Kim
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Walid A. Farhat
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hashimoto Y, Kawai M, Nagai S, Matsukura T, Niwa F, Hasegawa T, Heike T. Fetal growth restriction but not preterm birth is a risk factor for severe hypospadias. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:573-7. [PMID: 26634292 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias has multifactorial causes and occurs at a high frequency among very low-birthweight infants. Placental insufficiency is hypothesized to be one cause of hypospadias; that is, decreased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion caused by placental insufficiency is suspected to result in abnormal male external genitalia, but there is little direct evidence to support this. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the features of hypospadias and to clarify the male genital abnormalities caused by fetal growth restriction (FGR). METHODS We reviewed the clinical data of boys who underwent hypospadias repair between 2005 and 2011 at Kyoto University Hospital. RESULTS Twenty boys were included in this study. Fifteen (75%) of the subjects were preterm or low-birthweight infants. Thirteen (65%) had FGR, 60% of whom had severe hypospadias regardless of gestational age. In addition, 92% of the FGR infants also had other genital anomalies, such as cryptorchidism, bifid scrotum, or micropenis. In contrast, only 14% and 43% of the non-FGR infants had severe hypospadias or genital anomalies other than hypospadias, respectively. Placental histopathology was available in eight FGR infants, in seven of whom it was suggestive of blood flow deficiency such as infarction and single umbilical artery. CONCLUSIONS Infants with FGR have a high incidence of hypospadias. FGR caused by placental dysfunction, but not low birthweight, is a risk factor for severe hypospadias associated with multiple genital anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kawai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sizuyo Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fusako Niwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Schneuer FJ, Bower C, Holland AJA, Tasevski V, Jamieson SE, Barker A, Lee L, Majzoub JA, Nassar N. Maternal first trimester serum levels of free-beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and male genital anomalies. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1895-903. [PMID: 27496947 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are maternal first trimester levels of serum free-beta hCG associated with the development of hypospadias or undescended testis (UDT) in boys? SUMMARY ANSWER Overall, first trimester maternal levels of serum free-beta hCG are not associated with hypospadias or UDT. However, elevated levels were found in severe phenotypes (proximal hypospadias and bilateral UDT) suggesting an altered pathway of hormonal release in early pregnancy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Human chorionic gonadotrophin peaks in first trimester of pregnancy stimulating fetal testosterone production, which is key to normal male genital development. Endocrine-disrupting insults early in pregnancy have been associated with increased risk of common genital anomalies in males such as hypospadias and UDT. One plausible etiological pathway is altered release of hCG. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We conducted a record-linkage study of two separate populations of women attending first trimester aneuploidy screening in two Australian states, New South Wales (NSW) and Western Australia (WA), in 2006-2009 and 2001-2003, respectively. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Included were women who gave birth to a singleton live born male infant. There were 12 099 boys from NSW and 10 518 from WA included, of whom 90 and 77 had hypospadias; and 107 and 109 UDT, respectively. Serum levels of free-beta hCG were ascertained from laboratory databases and combined with relevant birth outcomes and congenital anomalies via record linkage of laboratory, birth, congenital anomalies and hospital data. Median and quartile levels of gestational age specific free-beta hCG multiple of the median (MoM) were compared between affected and unaffected boys. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between levels of free-beta hCG MoM and hypospadias or UDT, stratified by suspected placental dysfunction and co-existing anomalies. Where relevant, pooled analysis was conducted. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was no difference in median hCG levels amongst women with an infant with hypospadias (NSW = 0.88 MoM, P = 0.83; WA = 0.84 MoM, P = 0.76) or UDT (NSW = 0.89 MoM, P = 0.54; WA = 0.95 MoM, P = 0.95), compared with women with an unaffected boy (NSW = 0.92 MoM; WA = 0.88 MoM). Low (<25th centile) or high (>75th centile) hCG levels were not associated with hypospadias or UDT, nor when stratifying by suspected placental dysfunction and co-existing anomalies. However, there was a tendency towards high levels for severe types, although confidence intervals were wide. When combining NSW and WA results, high hCG MoM levels (>75th centile) were associated with increased risk of proximal hypospadias (odds ratio (OR) 4.34; 95% CI: 1.08-17.4) and bilateral UDT (OR 2.86; 95% CI: 1.02-8.03). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There were only small numbers of proximal hypospadias and bilateral UDT in both cohorts and although we conducted pooled analyses, results reported on these should be interpreted with caution. Gestational age by ultrasound may have been inaccurately estimated in small and large for gestational age fetuses affecting hCG MoM calculation in those pregnancies. Despite the reliability of our datasets in identifying adverse pregnancy outcomes, we did not have pathology information to confirm tissue lesions in the placenta and therefore our composite outcome should be considered as a proxy for placental dysfunction. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is one of the largest population-based studies examining the association between maternal first trimester serum levels of free-beta hCG and genital anomalies-hypospadias and UDT; and the first to compare specific phenotypes by severity. Overall, our findings does not support the hypothesis that alteration in maternal hCG levels is associated with the development of male genital anomalies; however, high hCG free-beta levels found in severe types suggest different underlying etiology involving higher production and secretion of hCG. These findings require further exploration and replication. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grant APP1047263. N.N. is supported by a NHMRC Career Development Fellowship APP1067066. C.B. was supported by a NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship #634341. The funding agencies had no role in the design, analysis, interpretation or reporting of the findings. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Schneuer
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - C Bower
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A J A Holland
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - V Tasevski
- Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - S E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A Barker
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - L Lee
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J A Majzoub
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, CLSB 16028, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - N Nassar
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Computational modeling and simulation of genital tubercle development. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:151-61. [PMID: 27180093 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is a developmental defect of urethral tube closure that has a complex etiology involving genetic and environmental factors, including anti-androgenic and estrogenic disrupting chemicals; however, little is known about the morphoregulatory consequences of androgen/estrogen balance during genital tubercle (GT) development. Computer models that predictively model sexual dimorphism of the GT may provide a useful resource to translate chemical-target bipartite networks and their developmental consequences across the human-relevant chemical universe. Here, we describe a multicellular agent-based model of genital tubercle (GT) development that simulates urethrogenesis from the sexually-indifferent urethral plate stage to urethral tube closure. The prototype model, constructed in CompuCell3D, recapitulates key aspects of GT morphogenesis controlled by SHH, FGF10, and androgen pathways through modulation of stochastic cell behaviors, including differential adhesion, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis. Proper urethral tube closure in the model was shown to depend quantitatively on SHH- and FGF10-induced effects on mesenchymal proliferation and epithelial apoptosis-both ultimately linked to androgen signaling. In the absence of androgen, GT development was feminized and with partial androgen deficiency, the model resolved with incomplete urethral tube closure, thereby providing an in silico platform for probabilistic prediction of hypospadias risk across combinations of minor perturbations to the GT system at various stages of embryonic development.
Collapse
|
68
|
Elbakry A, Hegazy M, Matar A, Zakaria A. Tubularised incised-plate versus tubularisation of an intact and laterally augmented plate for hypospadias repair: A prospective randomised study. Arab J Urol 2016; 14:163-70. [PMID: 27489745 PMCID: PMC4963157 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the outcome of hypospadias repair using tubularised incised-plate (TIP) urethroplasty and tubularisation of an intact and laterally augmented urethral plate. PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospective randomised study included 370 patients with primary distal hypospadias. All had urethral plate widths of 8-10 mm and a glans of ⩾15 mm. Exclusion criteria were previous repair, circumcision, a wide urethral plate of >10 mm or a narrow plate of <8 mm in diameter, a small glans of <15 mm in diameter, chordee of >30°, and hormonal stimulation. Patients were randomised into two groups: Group 1 (185 patients) underwent TIP urethroplasty and Group 2 (185 patients) underwent tubularisation of the intact plate with lateral augmentation of the urethral plate using penile skin. The follow-up period was 12-28 months. RESULTS There were 172 evaluable patients in Group 1 and 177 in Group 2. The urethroplasty was successful in 83.2% and 94.4% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Complications occurred in 16.8% in Group 1 and 5.6% in Group 2 (P = 0.001). Meatal stenosis occurred in 7% and 3.4% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.130). There were statistically significant differences in the wound dehiscence, fistula, and re-operation rates of Group 1 versus Group 2, at 6% versus 0%, 9.8% versus 2.8%, and 13.4% versus 5.6%, respectively. The presence of mild chordee did not affect the complication rate (P = 0.242). The mean (SD) operative time was 56.7 (8.9) min in Group 1 and 93.7 (8.3) min in Group 2 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The outcome of tubularised intact and laterally augmented plate is better than classical TIP urethroplasty of hypospadias. Further trials are mandatory to extend the indications of the technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Elbakry
- Department of Urology, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hegazy
- Department of Urology, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Adel Matar
- Department of Urology, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zakaria
- Department of Urology, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Matsushita S, Suzuki K, Ogino Y, Hino S, Sato T, Suyama M, Matsumoto T, Omori A, Inoue S, Yamada G. Androgen Regulates Mafb Expression Through its 3'UTR During Mouse Urethral Masculinization. Endocrinology 2016; 157:844-57. [PMID: 26636186 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
External genitalia are prominent organs showing hormone-dependent sexual differentiation. Androgen is an essential regulator of masculinization of the genital tubercle, which is the anlage of external genitalia. We have previously shown that v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) is an androgen-inducible regulator of embryonic urethral masculinization in mice. However, it remains unclear how androgen regulates Mafb expression. The current study suggests that the Mafb 3' untranslated region (UTR) is an essential region for its regulation by androgen. We identified 2 functional androgen response elements (AREs) in Mafb 3'UTR. Androgen receptor is bound to such AREs in 3'UTR during urethral masculinization. In addition to 3'UTR, Mafb 5'UTR also showed androgen responsiveness. Moreover, we also demonstrated that β-catenin, one of genital tubercle masculinization factors, may be an additional regulator of Mafb expression during urethral masculinization. This study provides insights to elucidate mechanisms of gene regulation through AREs present in Mafb 3'UTR for a better understanding of the processes of urethral masculinization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Matsushita
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ogino
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akiko Omori
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Suzuki H, Suzuki K, Yamada G. Systematic analyses of murine masculinization processes based on genital sex differentiation parameters. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:639-47. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Bouty A, Ayers KL, Pask A, Heloury Y, Sinclair AH. The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias. Sex Dev 2015; 9:239-259. [PMID: 26613581 DOI: 10.1159/000441988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias results from a failure of urethral closure in the male phallus and affects 1 in 200-300 boys. It is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The development of the penis progresses in 2 stages: an initial hormone-independent phase and a secondary hormone-dependent phase. Here, we review the molecular pathways that contribute to each of these stages, drawing on studies from both human and mouse models. Hypospadias can occur when normal development of the phallus is disrupted, and we provide evidence that mutations in genes underlying this developmental process are causative. Finally, we discuss the environmental factors that may contribute to hypospadias and their potential immediate and transgenerational epigenetic impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Bouty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Katie L Ayers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew Pask
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Yves Heloury
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew H Sinclair
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Keihani S, Kajbafzadeh AM. Concomitant Anterior and Posterior Urethral Valves: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Urology 2015; 86:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
73
|
Abbo O, Ferdynus C, Kalfa N, Huiart L, Sauvat F, Harper LH. Male infants with hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism show a lower 2D/4D digit ratio than normal boys. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:643-7. [PMID: 25688099 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans the ratio of the index finger to the ring finger is sexually dimorphic, with the mean ratio being larger in women than in men. It has been suggested that this difference is related to prenatal androgen exposure. This has been further demonstrated in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Normal development of the male external genitalia is linked to androgen-mediated events during gestation. We therefore wanted to determine if the 2D:4D digit ratio was normal in boys with cryptorchidism or hypospadias. METHODS We prospectively enrolled all prepubertal patients seen in the outpatient clinic for cryptorchidism or hypospadias between September and December 2012. We then compared their 2D:4D digit ratio with two control groups made up of normal boys and normal girls. Interobserver and intraobserver variability was evaluated. RESULTS We included 57 boys with hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism, 79 boys without genital abnormalities and 25 girls without genital abnormalities. The mean 2D:4D ratio for both hands was significantly different between the three groups, with the digit ratio for boys with genital anomalies being lower than for normal boys and normal girls (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS It appears that boys with genital abnormalities (cryptorchidism and/or hypospadias) have a lower 2D:4D digit ratio than boys without genital anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Abbo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU F Guyon, Bellepierre, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion Island, France
| | - C Ferdynus
- Unité de Soutien Méthodologique, CHU F Guyon, Bellepierre, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion Island, France
| | - N Kalfa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - L Huiart
- Unité de Soutien Méthodologique, CHU F Guyon, Bellepierre, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion Island, France
| | - F Sauvat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU F Guyon, Bellepierre, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion Island, France
| | - L H Harper
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU F Guyon, Bellepierre, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion Island, France
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Phillips TR, Wright DK, Gradie PE, Johnston LA, Pask AJ. A Comprehensive Atlas of the Adult Mouse Penis. Sex Dev 2015; 9:162-72. [PMID: 26112156 DOI: 10.1159/000431010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice are routinely used to study the development of the external genitalia and, in particular, the process of male urethral closure. This is because misplacement of the male penile urethra, or hypospadias, is amongst the most common birth defects reported in humans. While mice present a tractable model to study penile development, several structures differ between mice and humans, and there is a lack of consensus in the literature on their annotation and developmental origins. Defining the ontology of the mouse prepuce is especially important for the relevance and interpretation of mouse models of hypospadias to human conditions. We have developed a detailed annotation of the adult mouse penis that addresses these differences and enables an accurate comparison of murine and human hypospadias phenotypes. Through MRI data, gross morphology and section histology, we define the origin of the mouse external and internal prepuces, their relationship to the single human foreskin as well as provide a comprehensive view of the various structures of the mouse penis and their associated muscle attachments within the body. These data are combined to annotate structures in a novel 3D adult penis atlas that can be downloaded, viewed at any angle, and manipulated to examine the relationship of various structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Phillips
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Harada M, Omori A, Nakahara C, Nakagata N, Akita K, Yamada G. Tissue-specific roles of FGF signaling in external genitalia development. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:759-73. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Harada
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Clinical Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiko Omori
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakahara
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering; Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Keiichi Akita
- Department of Clinical Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Marrocco G, Grammatico P, Vallasciani S, Gulia C, Zangari A, Marrocco F, Bateni ZH, Porrello A, Piergentili R. Environmental, parental and gestational factors that influence the occurrence of hypospadias in male patients. J Pediatr Urol 2015; 11:12-9. [PMID: 25725611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypospadias is a congenital defect, which affects normal development of the male urogenital external tract. In this malformation, the urethral orifice of the penis is positioned ventrally, thus interfering with normal urination and creating, in some adults, problems during sexual intercourse. Heritability of hypospadias has been shown in some reports, and the abnormality has been associated with the presence of mutations in one of the genes involved in urogenital development. However, even for patients who were born in families with a higher incidence rate of this defect, no evident genetic alteration could be identified in known genes, indicating that the list of loci involved is still incomplete. To further complicate matters, recent reports also underline that epigenetic changes, without any identifiable gene sequence mutation, may be involved in gene function impairment. Therefore, the inheritance of most hypospadias cases is not evident, suggesting that the genetic background is not the only cause of this malformation; indeed, the majority of hypospadias cases are classified as sporadic and idiopathic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evidence has accumulated highlighting the role of the environment and of its relationships with the genome in the etiology of this abnormality. In particular, the interaction between some chemicals, which are able to mimic endogenous molecules such as sexual hormones--for this reason called endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC)--and specific receptors has been extensively investigated during the pregnancy. Additionally, several articles have shown that parental and gestational factors play a significant role too. Indeed, physiological alterations, such as body weight of the mother and/or of the newborn, mother's diabetes, impaired father fertility, and exposure of one parent to job-related pollutants, show in many cases a direct correlation with hypospadias incidence. The overall prevalence of this condition has been studied in many countries, suggesting that at least in some periods and/or in specific populations there are detectable fluctuations, probably mirroring the different natural environments. However, many articles present data that do not agree with these findings and, consequently, most causes of hypospadias are still highly debated. RESULTS In this review, we summarize the developmental steps involved in urogenital tract formation, with a particular emphasis on the genes that most frequently are associated with this condition, or that are subject to environmental stress, or that may be the targets of hormone-like, exogenous molecules. Then, we make an overview of the identified factors able to impair the function of important genes, even in the absence of their mutations, including those for which contradictory reports have been published. Finally, we propose an explanation of sporadic cases of hypospadias that reconciles these contradictions and suggest some steps for moving forward in the research focused on this condition. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that most patients develop hypospadias because of gene-environment interactions acting on polymorphic genes that, in the absence of environmental stimuli, would otherwise cause no developmental anomaly during urogenital development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacinto Marrocco
- UOC Division of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hospital San Camillo - Forlanini, Rome
| | - Paola Grammatico
- UOC Laboratory of Medical Genetics, San Camillo - Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Gulia
- Department of Gynecology - Obstetrics and Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Zangari
- UOC Division of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hospital San Camillo - Forlanini, Rome
| | | | | | - Alessandro Porrello
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roberto Piergentili
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Kon M, Suzuki E, Dung V, Hasegawa Y, Mitsui T, Muroya K, Ueoka K, Igarashi N, Nagasaki K, Oto Y, Hamajima T, Yoshino K, Igarashi M, Kato-Fukui Y, Nakabayashi K, Hayashi K, Hata K, Matsubara Y, Moriya K, Ogata T, Nonomura K, Fukami M. Molecular basis of non-syndromic hypospadias: systematic mutation screening and genome-wide copy-number analysis of 62 patients. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:499-506. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
78
|
Grinspon RP, Rey RA. When hormone defects cannot explain it: malformative disorders of sex development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:359-73. [PMID: 25472912 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The birth of a baby with malformations of the genitalia urges medical action. Even in cases where the condition is not life-threatening, the identification of the external genitalia as male or female is emotionally essential for the family, and genital malformations represent one of the most stressful situations around a newborn. The female or male configuration of the genitalia normally evolves during fetal life according to the genetic, gonadal, and hormonal sex. Disorders of sex development occur when male hormone (androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone) secretion or action is insufficient in the 46,XY fetus or when there is an androgen excess in the 46,XX fetus. However, sex hormone defects during fetal development cannot explain all congenital malformations of the reproductive tract. This review is focused on those congenital conditions in which gonadal function and sex hormone target organ sensitivity are normal and, therefore, not responsible for the genital malformation. Furthermore, because the reproductive and urinary systems share many common pathways in embryo-fetal development, conditions associating urogenital malformations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Sexually dimorphic expression of Mafb regulates masculinization of the embryonic urethral formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16407-12. [PMID: 25362053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413273111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Masculinization of external genitalia is an essential process in the formation of the male reproductive system. Prominent characteristics of this masculinization are the organ size and the sexual differentiation of the urethra. Although androgen is a pivotal inducer of the masculinization, the regulatory mechanism under the control of androgen is still unknown. Here, we address this longstanding question about how androgen induces masculinization of the embryonic external genitalia through the identification of the v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (Mafb) gene. Mafb is expressed prominently in the mesenchyme of male genital tubercle (GT), the anlage of external genitalia. MAFB expression is rarely detected in the mesenchyme of female GTs. However, exposure to exogenous androgen induces its mesenchymal expression in female GTs. Furthermore, MAFB expression is prominently down-regulated in male GTs of androgen receptor (Ar) KO mice, indicating that AR signaling is necessary for its expression. It is revealed that Mafb KO male GTs exhibit defective embryonic urethral formation, giving insight into the common human congenital anomaly hypospadias. However, the size of Mafb KO male GTs is similar with that of wild-type males. Moreover, androgen treatment fails to induce urethral masculinization of the GTs in Mafb KO mice. The current results provide evidence that Mafb is an androgen-inducible, sexually dimorphic regulator of embryonic urethral masculinization.
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
Hypospadias is the most common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. After the heart and circulatory system, it is the second most common developmental disorder in males. It is due to a midline fusion defect of the male urethra, which results in a misplaced urethral meatus. Hypospadias may be distal, medial and proximal. It may occur as an isolated defect or it may develop together with other genital disorders (retention of testes in one or both sides, microphallus, bifid scrotum) or with malformation of other organs. In some cases syndromic forms may also occur. Genetic factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of early developmental defect, but endocrine and environmental factors may also be important in the aetiology of hypospadias. It may be associated with various sex and autosomal chromosomal abnormalities. Monogenic and chromosomal causes of hypospadias accounts for about in 30% of all cases, while genetic factors remain unknown in 70% of cases. The authors summarize the development of the male external genitalia, the prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias. They propose that better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease may contribute to the prevention and decreased prevalence of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Ságodi
- Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar Preventív Egészségtudományi Tanszék Miskolc Egyetemváros u. 1. 3515
| | - Akos Kiss
- Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Kórház és Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Gyermeksebészeti Osztály Miskolc
| | - Emőke Kiss-Tóth
- Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar Preventív Egészségtudományi Tanszék Miskolc Egyetemváros u. 1. 3515
| | - László Barkai
- Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar Elméleti Egészségtudományi Tanszék Miskolc Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Kórház és Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Csecsemő- és Gyermekosztály Miskolc Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Gyermekegészségügyi Továbbképző Intézet Miskolc
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
The power and perils of animal models with urogenital anomalies: handle with care. J Pediatr Urol 2014; 10:699-705. [PMID: 24768568 PMCID: PMC4454504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the urogenital tracts form a major part of clinical practice for paediatric urologists, but their knowledge of normal and abnormal development is often limited. Advances in understanding frequently come from studying experimental findings from animal models, however, most clinicians underestimate both the power and perils of extrapolating scientific knowledge from animals. In this review, the key issues that urologists need to understand in order to link animal studies to clinical practice are discussed. Urologists must avoid the traps of anthropomorphism (assuming humans are always the same as animal models) or anthropocentrism (assuming humans are too different from animal models). This review used two common disorders: hypospadias and undescended testes.
Collapse
|
82
|
Armoskus C, Mota T, Moreira D, Tsai HW. Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure on Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression in the Neonatal Mouse Cortex and Hippocampus. JOURNAL OF STEROIDS & HORMONAL SCIENCE 2014; 5:1000139. [PMID: 25411648 PMCID: PMC4233715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using gene expression microarrays and reverse transcription with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we have recently identified several novel genes that are differentially expressed in the neonatal male versus female mouse cortex/hippocampus (Armoskus et al.). Since perinatal testosterone (T) secreted by the developing testes masculinizes cortical and hippocampal structures and the behaviors regulated by these brain regions, we hypothesized that sexually dimorphic expression of specific selected genes in these areas might be regulated by T during early development. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we treated timed pregnant female mice daily with vehicle or testosterone propionate (TP) starting on embryonic day 16 until the day of birth. The cortex/hippocampus was collected from vehicle- and TP-treated, male and female neonatal pups. Total RNA was extracted from these brain tissues, followed by RT-qPCR to measure relative mRNA levels of seven sex chromosome genes and three autosomal genes that have previously showed sex differences. RESULTS The effect of prenatal TP was confirmed as it stimulated Dhcr24 expression in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus and increased the anogenital distance in females. We found a significant effect of sex, but not TP, on expression of three Y-linked (Ddx3y, Eif2s3y, and Kdm5d), four X-linked (Eif2s3x, Kdm6a, Mid1, and Xist), and one autosomal (Klk8) genes in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus. CONCLUSION Although most of the selected genes are not directly regulated by prenatal T, their sexually dimorphic expression might play an important role in the control of sexually differentiated cognitive and social behaviors as well as in the etiology of sex-biased neurological disorders and mental illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Houng-Wei Tsai
- Corresponding author: Houng-Wei Tsai, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-3702, USA, Tel: (562) 985-8878;
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Herrera AM, Brennan PL, Cohn MJ. Development of Avian External Genitalia: Interspecific Differences and Sexual Differentiation of the Male and Female Phallus. Sex Dev 2014; 9:43-52. [DOI: 10.1159/000364927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
84
|
Schneider JE, Brozek JM, Keen-Rhinehart E. Our stolen figures: the interface of sexual differentiation, endocrine disruptors, maternal programming, and energy balance. Horm Behav 2014; 66:104-19. [PMID: 24681201 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". The prevalence of adult obesity has risen markedly in the last quarter of the 20th century and has not been reversed in this century. Less well known is the fact that obesity prevalence has risen in domestic, laboratory, and feral animals, suggesting that all of these species have been exposed to obesogenic factors present in the environment. This review emphasizes interactions among three biological processes known to influence energy balance: Sexual differentiation, endocrine disruption, and maternal programming. Sexual dimorphisms include differences between males and females in body weight, adiposity, adipose tissue distribution, ingestive behavior, and the underlying neural circuits. These sexual dimorphisms are controlled by sex chromosomes, hormones that masculinize or feminize adult body weight during perinatal development, and hormones that act during later periods of development, such as puberty. Endocrine disruptors are natural and synthetic molecules that attenuate or block normal hormonal action during these same developmental periods. A growing body of research documents effects of endocrine disruptors on the differentiation of adipocytes and the central nervous system circuits that control food intake, energy expenditure, and adipose tissue storage. In parallel, interest has grown in epigenetic influences, including maternal programming, the process by which the mother's experience has permanent effects on energy-balancing traits in the offspring. This review highlights the points at which maternal programming, sexual differentiation, and endocrine disruption might dovetail to influence global changes in energy balancing traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Schneider
- Lehigh University, Department of Biological Sciences, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Jeremy M Brozek
- Lehigh University, Department of Biological Sciences, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Erin Keen-Rhinehart
- Susquehanna University, Department of Biological Sciences, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Guo C, Sun Y, Guo C, MacDonald BT, Borer JG, Li X. Dkk1 in the peri-cloaca mesenchyme regulates formation of anorectal and genitourinary tracts. Dev Biol 2014; 385:41-51. [PMID: 24479159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a common birth defect but the developmental history and the underlying molecular mechanism are poorly understood. Using murine genetic models, we report here that a signaling molecule Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a critical regulator. The anorectal and genitourinary tracts are major derivatives of caudal hindgut, or the cloaca.Dkk1 is highly expressed in the dorsal peri-cloacal mesenchymal (dPCM) progenitors. We show that the deletion of Dkk1 causes the imperforate anus with rectourinary fistula. Mutant genital tubercles exhibit a preputial hypospadias phenotype and premature urethral canalization.Dkk1 mutants have an ectopic expansion of the dPCM tissue, which correlates with an aberrant increase of cell proliferation and survival. This ectopic tissue is detectable before the earliest sign of the anus formation, suggesting that it is most likely the primary or early cause of the defect. Deletion of Dkk1 results in an elevation of the Wnt/ß-catenin activity. Signaling molecules Shh, Fgf8 and Bmp4 are also upregulated. Furthermore, genetic hyperactivation of Wnt/ß-catenin signal pathway in the cloacal mesenchyme partially recapitulates Dkk1 mutant phenotypes. Together, these findings underscore the importance ofDKK1 in regulating behavior of dPCM progenitors, and suggest that formation of anus and urethral depends on Dkk1-mediated dynamic inhibition of the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoshe Guo
- Department of Urology, Department of Surgery and Pathology; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Urology, Department of Surgery and Pathology; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chunming Guo
- Department of Urology, Department of Surgery and Pathology; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bryan T MacDonald
- The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Joseph G Borer
- Department of Urology, Department of Surgery and Pathology; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology, Department of Surgery and Pathology; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Gredler ML, Larkins CE, Leal F, Lewis AK, Herrera AM, Perriton CL, Sanger TJ, Cohn MJ. Evolution of External Genitalia: Insights from Reptilian Development. Sex Dev 2014; 8:311-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000365771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
87
|
Pechriggl EJ, Bitsche M, Blumer MJ, Fritsch H. The male urethra: Spatiotemporal distribution of molecular markers during early development. Ann Anat 2013; 195:260-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
88
|
Wang C, Wang J, Borer JG, Li X. Embryonic origin and remodeling of the urinary and digestive outlets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55587. [PMID: 23390542 PMCID: PMC3563631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Separating digestive and urinary outlets is a critical step during mammalian embryogenesis. However, the natural history of these structures is poorly studied, and little is known about their embryonic origin. Here, we show that peri-cloacal mesenchymal (PCM) progenitors are the major source of these structures. Surprisingly, PCM progenitors also contribute to perineum, a structural barrier separating the urinary and digestive tracts, suggesting a potential role of PCM progenitors in establishing independent urinary and digestive outlets. We demonstrate that Six1 and Six2 are complementarily but asymmetrically expressed in the PCM progenitors. Deletion of these genes results in decreased cell survival and proliferation, and consequently in agenesis of the perineum and severe hypoplasia of the genital tubercle. Together, these findings suggest that PCM progenitors are the unexpected source of perineum and genital tubercle, and establish a basic framework for investigating normal and abnormal development of anorectal and genitourinary structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - JingYing Wang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Borer
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Li M, Qiu L, Zhang Y, Hua Y, Tu S, He Y, Wen S, Wang Q, Wei G. Dose-related effect by maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer on inducing hypospadiac male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:55-60. [PMID: 23228707 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate dose-related effects on external genitalia of adult male offspring rats by maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer. Timed-pregnant rats were given DEHP by gastric intubation at doses of 0, 500, 750 or 1000mg/kg body weight/day from gestation day 12-19 to establish a hypospadiac rat model. The hypospadias was observed and the incidence in three DEHP dosage levels was 10.7%, 30.6% and 37.0%, respectively. With exposed dose increased, mild, moderate and severe hypospadiac rats were distinguished and an increased incidence of severe hypospadias was observed. The other reproductive lesions like reduced penile length and anogenital distance/body weight were observed. The results indicated the dose-related external genitalia teratogenic toxicity, and graded hypospadias on male offspring was resulted from high dosage DEHP maternal exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|